用塑料条法检测唾液中的变形链球菌

用塑料条法检测唾液中的变形链球菌朱莲娜，沈菁，李云（广西医科大学一附院，南宁５３００００）关键词变形链球菌，塑料条，唾液变形链球菌（Ｓ．ｍｕｔａｎｓ）是重要的致龋菌［１］，检测唾液中的变形链球菌是临床龋病防治研究中常用的方法。塑料条法由Ｊｅｎｓｏｎ等...     

一种KRAS基因突变检测方法的建立及初步应用

目的建立一种KRAS基因实时荧光定量PCR-Sanger测序突变检测方法,并初步探讨其临床应用价值。方法以KRAS基因热点突变区域12、13密码子为研究位点设计特异性扩增、测序引物,利用已知野生型、突变型样品以TA克隆技术构建相应质粒作为标准品,建立KRAS基因实时荧光定量PCR—Sanger测序突变检测方法,并进行方法学和应用评估。结果成功构建了KRAS基因12、13密码子野生型、突变型质粒。建立了KRAS基因实时荧光定量PCR—Sanger测序突变检测方法,该方法灵敏度高（9．39×10^1copies／uL）,重复性好（实时荧光定量PCR部分批内、批间变异系数分别为1．60％、2．54％）。该法与传统Sanger测序法同时检测40例临床样品,结果符合率为100％。结论本研究成功建立了可用于临床样品检测的KRAS基因实时荧光定量PCR—Sanger测序突变检测方法。     

远缘链球菌对儿童猛性龋影响的研究--附92例检测报告

目的:研究远缘链球菌在猛性龋与非猛性龋儿童牙面菌斑上的分布和数量,分析其对猛性龋发生、发展的影响,为儿童猛性龋的防治提供依据.方法:设计并合成针对远缘链球菌葡糖基转移酶基因的特异性引物和小沟聚合物探针,对92例儿童猛性龋患者磨牙唇侧菌斑样品进行实时检测,并与相同数目非猛性龋儿童菌斑样品检测结果进行比较.结果:92例猛性龋患儿的菌斑样品中,远缘链球菌的检出率为33%(30/92),对照组则为4%(4/92);差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.猛性龋组变形链球菌和远缘链球菌模板数比的平均值为5.64,低于对照组的17.61,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论:远缘链球菌在儿童猛性龋中的检出率高于非猛性龋儿童.     

TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测肺炎链球菌

目的利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（实时PCR）方法进行肺炎链球茵的检测和流行病学调查。方法用实时PCR技术扩增并检测400例临床标本的肺炎链球菌的自溶素（1yt）基因,并将其与传统的培养法进行对比。结果400例,临床标本中,实时PCR检测肺炎链球菌为阳性的有78例（阳性率为18％）,传统培养法结果为阳性的有29例（阳性率为7．25％）。结论实时PCR是一种灵敏、特异、快速的检测肺炎链球菌方法,其可用于肺炎链球菌的诊断和流行病学调查。     

肺炎链球菌TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR的建立及临床应用

目的：建立TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测肺炎链球菌的方法,应用于临床儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）标本的快速筛查。方法根据 GenBank公布的肺炎链球菌自溶酶基因（lytA）设计引物和探针,建立实时荧光定量 PCR,并对体系进行优化;同时以痰培养法做双盲对照,应用于1504份 CAP患儿标本检测。结果 TaqMan实时荧光定量 PCR菌液的最低检出限可达18.75 cfu/PCR,无交叉反应,特异度好;对1504份儿童CAP标本检测,141份肺炎链球菌实时荧光定量PCR阳性,其中140份肺炎链球菌痰培养阳性,该方法灵敏度为100％,特异度为99.93％。从样品处理到结果报告仅需2.5 h。结论 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR快速、简便、灵敏度高、特异度强,可用于儿童CAP中肺炎链球菌的初筛和指导抗生素的的合理使用。     

荧光定量PCR技术在结核杆菌检测中的应用

目的：建立结核病荧光定量PCR快速检测方法。方法：建立检测结核杆菌的荧光定量PCR方法并进行特异性、敏感性、重复性实验，对临床样品进行检测分析。结果：该方法的敏感性达到了1Pg，且特异性高．重复性好。应用荧光定量PCR法及抗酸染色、结核杆菌培养法，对332例活动性肺结核患者晨痰、215例活动性肺结核患者外周血、187例结核性胸膜炎患者胸水进行检测．荧光定量PCR技术阳性率分别为53．0％（176／332）、34．4％（74／215）、36．9％（69／187），经统计学比较分析，3种方法检测率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：荧光定量PCR技术具有简便、快速、防污染、敏感性与特异性高等优点，是结核病诊断的有效方法之一。[著者文摘]     

TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌方法的建立及应用

目的 建立TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法 ,用于流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌的检测和鉴别诊断.方法 针对流感嗜血杆菌种属特异性基因bexA和肺炎链球菌种属特异性基因lytA,设计合成引物和TaqMan探针,研究不同引物和探针荧光定量PCR检测的特异性和灵敏度,确定标本检测中循环阈值(Ct)的临界值(cut-off值).将荧光定量PCR、乳胶凝集和细菌培养3种检测方法 同时应用于278份细菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊髓液标本的检测.结果 bexA基因引物和探针能特异性检测流感嗜血杆菌a、b、c、d血清型的菌株,检测灵敏度为每个反应10个基因组DNA拷贝;lytA基因引物和探针能特异性检测肺炎链球菌常见致病的血清型肺炎链球菌菌株,检测灵敏度为每个反应90个基因组DNA拷贝.通过荧光定量PCR方法 ,278份脑脊髓液标本中共检测出 4份流感嗜血杆菌阳性和7份肺炎链球菌阳性,其中各有2份培养出相应的病原菌,另有1份流感嗜血杆菌和2份肺炎链球菌乳胶凝集结果 阳性.结论 TaqMan荧光定苗PCR方法 能特异地检测和鉴定流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌,具有较高的灵敏度和快速检测的特点,能提高临床流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌感染患者标本的阳性检出率.     

变形链球菌thrS基因生物信息学分析及同源重组质粒的构建

背景:变形链球菌是公认的主要致龋菌,细菌的黏附、生物膜形成、产酸、耐酸等各个表型都与细菌的致龋性相关.有研究结果提示,苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因(threonyl-tRNA synthetase,thrS)可能与变形链球菌的黏附、产酸、耐酸等致龋性表型相关.目的:对苏氨酰tRNA合成酶基因进行保守性分析,构建用于变形链球菌苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因敲除的重组质粒.方法:首先通过生物信息学结合Southern Blot对苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因的保守性进行分析,再将变形链球菌苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因上下游序列分别克隆至自杀质粒pFW5上的多克隆位点,构建用于基因敲除的重组质粒.观察苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因的保守性及重组质粒的构建结果.结果与结论:苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因在实验中所列6种变形链球菌中保守存在:经过聚合酶链反应和酶切分析,重组质粒所插入片断无误.表明重组质粒pFW5-thrS构建成功.重组质粒pFW5-thrS的构建可用于今后变形链球菌苏氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因功能的研究.     

实时荧光定量PCR检测人粪便中空肠弯曲杆菌方法的建立与评价

目的：建立一种快速检测人粪便样本中空肠弯曲杆菌的实时荧光定量 PCR方法。方法根据空肠弯曲杆菌保守序列设计特异引物,建立空肠弯曲杆菌的实时荧光定量 PCR检测法。对该方法的线性范围、抗干扰能力进行考察。同时采用培养法和实时荧光定量 PCR法对150例粪便样本进行检测,以培养法检测结果作为参照标准,对实时荧光定量 PCR方法的灵敏度、特异度、准确度和重复性进行考察。采用 Kappa检验对两种检测方法的结果进行统计学分析。结果建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法标准曲线线性关系良好Y＝-3.51 Log（X）＋37.09,相关系数为0.996,理论检测下限为102 CFU/ml。抗干扰能力强,仅空肠弯曲杆菌出现特异性扩增曲线。与培养法相比,其灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为92.4％,95.8％和94％;检测结果重复性良好（CV％＜5％）。统计学分析显示两种方法检测结果具有一致性,且一致性强度为极强（Kappa＝0.88,P＜0.05）。结论实时荧光定量PCR法能准确快速检测粪便样品中的空肠弯曲杆菌。     

酶联免疫吸附法与定量聚合酶链反应对乙肝两对半测定的比较分析

目的探讨酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）与定量聚合酶链反应（Q—PCR）检测乙型肝炎血清标志物（乙肝两对半）的应用价值。方法225例疑似乙肝患者分别采用ELISA与274例Q—PCR进行乙肝两对半检测，对结果进行对比分析。结果ELISA的检出率为88．9％，Q—PCR的检出率为94．2％，两组相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论ELISA与Q—PCR检测乙肝两对半的符合率高，结果基本一致，但是Q—PCR法快速简单，更适合于急诊检验。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.