维甲酸诱导甲状腺滤泡状癌FIE-133细胞凋亡前后的蛋白质差异表达

目的：建立双向电泳和质谱技术探索维甲酸诱导甲状腺滤泡状癌凋亡的蛋白差异表达,为肿瘤治疗提供分子生物学证据。方法：无菌的含10%胎牛血清1640培养基培养甲状腺滤泡状癌细胞株FIE-133,分为正常对照组和实验组,实验组用维甲酸刺激24小时共同培养,提取对照组和实验组全蛋白,双向电泳分离蛋白质,采用PDQuest2-DE软件分析两组间差异表达的蛋白质斑点,用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间串联质谱进行鉴定。结果：双向电泳图谱显示：实验组（维甲酸刺激组）与对照组的蛋白组存在显著性差异,质谱初步鉴定了5种主要蛋白。结论：双向电泳和质谱鉴定技术可以有效分离和分析维甲酸诱导甲状腺滤泡状癌FIE-133细胞凋亡的蛋白差异表达,为探索维甲酸治疗甲状腺滤泡状癌提供分子生物学的证据。     

维甲酸耐药细胞与敏感细胞的差异表达蛋白分析

背景与目的:维甲酸耐药机制有待进一步的深入研究。蛋白质组学以所有蛋白质为研究对象,从细胞水平及整体水平研究蛋白质的组成及其变化规律。本实验应用蛋白组学技术整体比较维甲酸耐药细胞与敏感细胞蛋白表达谱,筛选差异表达蛋白,以期获得维甲酸耐药相关蛋白。方法:提取维甲酸耐药细胞株MR2及维甲酸敏感细胞株NB4的总蛋白,通过双向凝胶电泳分离,获得二者高质量的蛋白表达谱,经PDQuestv7.1软件比较分析,筛选出二者间差异表达的蛋白质点,通过质谱仪鉴定表达差异的蛋白。结果:获得了分辨率高、重复性好的APL细胞的双向电泳图谱。PDQuestv7.1软件分析结果表明,MR2细胞及NB4细胞的pH4～7双向凝胶电泳所展示的蛋白点分别有(890±45)个和(912±56)个。二者间有57个差异显著的蛋白点,其中23个在MR2细胞中上调,34个下调。经质谱鉴定了10个蛋白,鉴定成功率达70%,鉴定的蛋白涉及癌蛋白、细胞周期调控和信号转导相关蛋白质。结论:应用双向凝胶电泳技术整体展示了维甲酸耐药细胞株MR2及敏感细胞株NB4的蛋白表达谱,并分析、鉴定、筛选出与维甲酸耐药相关的差异表达蛋白,为进一步从多因素角度研究认识维甲酸耐药机制提供了新的线索。     

人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及癌旁组织蛋白质双向电泳图谱的差异分析

目的筛选并鉴定存在明显表达差异的蛋白质,为人肺腺癌发病机制及其早期诊断的研究提供理论依据。方法采用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳技术分离12例Ⅰ期肺腺癌及其相配的癌旁正常肺组织可溶性总蛋白,建立人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及相配癌旁正常肺组织蛋白质的双向电泳凝胶图谱;PDQuest凝胶图像分析软件比较分析,筛选出差异表达的蛋白质点;基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱获得相应蛋白质点的肽质量指纹图谱;搜索蛋白质数据库鉴定差异表达的蛋白质。结果建立了重复性较好的人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及相配癌旁正常肺组织蛋白质的双向电泳凝胶图谱;筛选出存在明显表达差异的蛋白质点26个,挖取其中的9个蛋白质点进行质谱分析,9个蛋白质点均得到了满意的肽质量指纹图谱;搜索蛋白质数据库鉴定出4种蛋白质,分别是:60S核糖体蛋白P2、组织蛋白酶B1、载脂蛋白A-I前体和La4.1蛋白。结论成功建立了人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及相配癌旁正常肺组织蛋白质的双向电泳凝胶图谱,鉴定出4种在肺腺癌发生早期出现明显表达变化的蛋白质,为进一步探索人肺腺癌的发病机制及寻找特异性的早期分子标志物提供了理论依据。     

紫杉醇抗胆管癌细胞差异表达蛋白的分离、质谱鉴定及生物信息学分析

目的:筛选紫杉醇诱导胆管癌细胞凋亡的相关蛋白并鉴定差异表达的蛋白点以寻找抗胆管癌药物作用的新靶点,筛选胆管癌新的肿瘤标志物,为胆管癌的早期诊断、疗效观察提供基础理论依据.方法:应用比较蛋白质组学技术对紫杉醇诱导凋亡的胆管癌QBC939细胞进行蛋白分离和蛋白表达谱差异分析,筛选并鉴定其相关蛋白并测定其胶内酶解后的肽指纹图谱.结果:本研究发现对照组和实验组蛋白点匹配率分别为(90.1±0.14)%和(87.1±0.22)%(P＜0.05),匹配后在干预组中共发现68个差异表达蛋白点,其中47个表达下调和21个上调;共获得28张PMF,初步质谱鉴定发现11个与凋亡相关的差异表达蛋白,其中6种蛋白表达上调,5种蛋白表达下调.结论:应用蛋白质组学技术分析所获得的68个差异蛋白质点可能在QBC939细胞发生凋亡过程中发挥重要作用;被鉴定出的11个与细胞凋亡相关的差异蛋白点提示紫杉醇是通过多个重要蛋白,发挥其诱导细胞凋亡的抗癌作用机制的.     

二烯丙基二硫对人白血病HL-60细胞凋亡启动过程的影响

背景与目的：二烯丙基二硫（diallyl disulfide,DADS）作为一种抗肿瘤物质日益受到关注。本研究在建立DADS启动HL-60细胞凋亡模型的基础上,研究DADS启动人白血病HL-60细胞凋亡的相关蛋白。方法：提取未处理HL-60细胞和3．6mg／LDADS处理2d的HL-60细胞的总蛋白,双向电泳分离细胞总蛋白质,绘制图谱,PDQuest软件分析,切割差异蛋白质,进行质谱分析、生物信息学分析。Westernblot以及RT-PCR验证部分差异蛋白。结果：对照组和处理组蛋白质表达量相差2倍以上的点有29个,其中22个上调,7个下调。质谱分析和数据库搜索鉴定了9个蛋白质点。其中7个蛋白质点有意义。这些蛋白功能分别与信号转导、基因转录及调控、细胞骨架、细胞新陈代谢等有关。Western blot结果显示DADS处理后Rac2（ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate2）蛋白表达明显上调,RT-PCR显示DADS处理后Rac2表达增强。结论：Rac2等蛋白参与了DADS诱导的HL-60细胞凋亡,但其具体机制还有待于进一步研究。     

紫杉醇抗胆管癌细胞差异表达蛋白的分离、质谱鉴定及生物信息学分析

目的：筛选紫杉醇诱导胆管癌细胞凋亡的相关蛋白并鉴定差异表达的蛋白点以寻找抗胆管癌药物作用的新靶点,筛选胆管癌新的肿瘤标志物,为胆管癌的早期诊断、疗效观察提供基础理论依据。方法：应用比较蛋白质组学技术对紫杉醇诱导凋亡的胆管癌QBC939细胞进行蛋白分离和蛋白表达谱差异分析,筛选并鉴定其相关蛋白并测定其胶内酶解后的肽指纹图谱。结果：本研究发现对照组和实验组蛋白点匹配率分别为（90．1±0．14）％和（87．1±0．22）％（P〈0．05）,匹配后在干预组中共发现68个差异表达蛋白点,其中47个表达下调和21个上调;共获得28张PMF,初步质谱鉴定发现11个与凋亡相关的差异表达蛋白,其中6种蛋白表达上调,5种蛋白表达下调。结论：应用蛋白质组学技术分析所获得的68个差异蛋白质点可能在QBC939细胞发生凋亡过程中发挥重要作用;被鉴定出的11个与细胞凋亡相关的差异蛋白点提示紫杉醇是通过多个重要蛋白,发挥其诱导细胞凋亡的抗癌作用机制的。     

S100A6蛋白在甲状腺癌中的表达及意义

[目的]探讨S100A6蛋白在甲状腺癌中的表达及临床意义。[方法]应用免疫组织化学法检测108例甲状腺石蜡标本中S100A6蛋白表达情况,其中甲状腺癌57例(乳头状癌43例,滤泡状癌14例),甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤15例,癌旁甲状腺组织36例。[结果]S100A6蛋白在甲状腺癌、甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤及癌旁正常甲状腺组织中的阳性表达率分别为82.5%(47/57)、40.0%(6/15)和16.7%(6/36),三组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。乳头状癌、滤泡状癌中S100A6蛋白的阳性表达率分别为97.7%(42/43)、35.7%(5/14),乳头状癌组织中S100A6蛋白的阳性表达率显著高于滤泡状癌(P<0.01)。[结论]S100A6蛋白在甲状腺癌组织中过表达,不同病理类型甲状腺癌组织S100A6蛋白表达水平不同。S100A6有望成为甲状腺癌的早期诊断和鉴别诊断标志物之一。     

Her-2阳性与Her-2阴性人乳腺癌组织蛋白质组的差异表达

摘 要：［目的］ 通过蛋白质组学方法探讨Her-2阳性与Her-2阴性人乳腺癌组织蛋白质组的差异表达。［方法］ 采用顺序抽提的方法将细胞总蛋白分级为水溶性和疏水性两个组分,并应用双向电泳方法对其进行分离,以获取蛋白质的表达谱;通过软件分析,找出表达量存在显著差异的蛋白质点;再应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱与生物信息学相结合的方法对差异表达蛋白点进行分析鉴定。［结果］ 双向电泳图谱分析表明对水溶性蛋白质和疏水性蛋白都取得了很好的分离,并成功鉴定出7个差异表达蛋白,其中4个下调,3个上调。［结论］ 乳腺癌的发生发展与蛋白的表达改变有关,这些蛋白质参与信号传导、浸润转移及能量代谢等多个方面。     

促凋亡胱天蛋白酶衔接蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达研究

[目的]寻找前列腺肿瘤组织与正常组织的差异表达蛋白.[方法]运用蛋白质组学的方法分析前列腺癌组织和正常组织蛋白表达谱的差异,通过双向电泳筛选差异蛋白,质谱鉴定.[结果]成功构建了前列腺组织的双向电泳图谱,并筛选出一个差异蛋白,该差异蛋白在17例( 17/24,70.8％)前列腺癌组织中表达上调,仅在5例(5/24,20.8％)对照组中呈高表达,两者具有统计学差异(P=0.001).经鉴定,该差异蛋白为促凋亡胱天蛋白酶衔接蛋白(PACAP).[结论]促凋亡胱天蛋白酶衔接蛋白可以视作潜在的前列腺癌肿瘤标志物.     

高恶性膀胱移行细胞癌的蛋白质组学研究及差异蛋白mortalin的表达验证

目的:寻找高恶性膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)和正常膀胱黏膜的差异表达蛋白,并对筛选出的有潜在应用价值的差异蛋白进行再验证,试图发现与高恶性膀胱移行细胞癌发生、进展相关的生物学标记物.方法:联合手工显微切割、双向电泳(2-DE)及基质辅助激光解吸/电离串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS)对高恶性膀胱移行细胞癌与癌旁相应正常膀胱移行上皮进行蛋白质的分离和鉴定.并采用半定量RT-PCR技术和免疫组织化学技术对鉴定出的差异蛋白进行再验证.结果:共鉴定出11个差异表达蛋白,其中细胞角蛋白7(CK-7)、细胞角蛋白8(CK-8)、热休克蛋白60(HSP60)、膜联蛋白Ⅴ、抑制素这5个蛋白曾在文献中报道过,其表达失调与BTCC的发生发展可能相关;其余6个蛋白,包括mortalin、14-3-3ε蛋白、蛋白质二硫键异构酶A6前体蛋白、膜联蛋白Ⅳ、结蛋白、微管蛋白β4,目前尚未见到与BTCC的相关报道.半定量RT-PCR和免疫组织化学染色结果显示mortalin在高恶性膀胱移行细胞癌中mRNA和蛋白表达水平均高于正常膀胱移行上皮(P<0.01).结论:高恶性BTCC的蛋白表达谱与相应正常的膀胱移行上皮相比有明显差异,由此表明膀胱移行细胞癌的发生是一个多基因多途径参与的复杂过程.mortalin蛋白在高恶性膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达明显上调与双向电泳的结果一致,mortalin可能成为一个潜在的、有应用价值的膀胱移行细胞癌的标记物.     

Differential uptake, binding, and metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by 10T1/2 cells

Previous studies have shown that all-trans-retinoic acid fails to inhibit chemically induced transformation in 10T1/2 cells except at toxic levels, whereas retinol and many synthetic retinoids are potent inhibitors. In contrast, in many systems retinoic acid is a more effective modulator of differentiation and carcinogenesis than is retinol. In any attempt to explain this anomaly, we have studied the differential metabolism of retinoic acid and retinol by 10T1/2 cells and by their initiated and transformed derivatives, and have also reexamined these cells for the presence of retinoid-binding proteins. Whereas retinoic acid was depleted from the medium bathing 10T1/2 and initiated 10T1/2 cells within 48 h of treatment, retinol was concentrated 500-fold by these cells, and disappeared from the culture medium no faster than from cell-free medium. Retinoic acid metabolism by a number of transformed cell lines varied widely. There was no apparent correlation between metabolizing ability and transforming agent (methylcholanthrene, X-rays, fission spectrum neutrons, and plasmid oncogene transfection). Uptake of retinoic acid was seen in all cell lines and was not correlated with its metabolism. Retinol was metabolized minimally by all cell lines tested; metabolism of retinol was not correlated with retinoic acid metabolizing ability. Retinoic acid-induced growth inhibition and cytotoxicity were not correlated with metabolizing ability, suggesting that the rate of metabolism of retinoic acid is not a major determinant of its acute biological effects. Using sensitive radioimmunoassays, cellular retinoic acid- (CRABP) and retino-binding proteins (CRBP) were both detected in 10T1/2 and initiated 10T1/2 cells. CRABP levels of about 16 ng/10(6) cells were about 4-fold higher than CRBP levels. Therefore, lack of CRABP does not explain the failure of retinoic acid to inhibit carcinogen-induced transformation in these cells. These studies suggest that the inability of retinoic acid to inhibit transformation in the 10T1/2 cell system may be due to its rapid metabolism and clearance from the medium. On the other hand, the high cellular uptake and stability of retinol in these cells could be an important factor in the inhibition of neoplastic transformation by this retinoid.     

Sex difference in cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in human colon adenocarcinomas

Human colon adenocarcinomas and adjacent non-cancerous, normal colon from the same patient were assayed for the presence and amounts of cellular binding proteins for retinol (CRBP) and retinoic acid (CRABP) by sucrose gradient analysis. In male patients, the mean concentrations of both CRBP and CRABP in the colon cancers were statistically significantly higher than in the adjacent normal colon. By contrast, in female colon cancers, the mean levels for both binding proteins were reduced approximately 2-fold, compared to the concentrations in the adjacent normal colon. These findings reveal an unexpected sex difference in the binding proteins for retinol and retinoic acid in human colon malignancies.     

Induction of retinoic acid-binding protein in normal and malignant human myeloid cells by retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients.

Retinoic acid has striking effects on development and cell differentiation. Its biological effect is a highly regulated process that is controlled by specific proteins. In the nucleus, different retinoic acid receptors have been identified and their genes cloned. In the cytosol, retinoid binding proteins, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein and cellular retinol-binding protein, have been correlated with normal and malignant tissue differentiation. Recently, differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemias (AML3 subtype) with all-trans-retinoic acid has been shown to be an efficient alternative to chemotherapy. The retinoic acid receptor alpha gene has been shown to be specifically rearranged in AML3 through the t(15;17) translocation. The molecular basis of the effect to reverse the leukemic phenotype of all-trans-retinoic acid is not yet elucidated. To further study retinoic acid efficacy in AML3 leukemia, retinoic acid-binding proteins were studied in the cytosol extracts of hematopoietic cells. No retinoic acid binding activity was detected in normal or malignant hematopoietic cells whether sensitive or not to retinoic acid. However, detectable binding to a cytosolic protein corresponding to cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (M(r) 15,000, Kd 3 nM) was observed in the bone marrow cells of AML3 patients undergoing all-trans-retinoic acid therapy. We suggest that both the induction and subsequent presence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein may influence the therapeutic efficacy of retinoic acid and must be taken into account when studying its effect in acute promyelocytic patients.     

Increased levels of several retinoid binding proteins resulting from retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 cells

The embryonal carcinoma cell line F9 is known to differentiate when exposed to retinoic acid. We have examined the quantities of two intracellular retinoid-binding proteins in undifferentiated and differentiated F9 cells. The existence of a cell surface receptor that recognizes the plasma retinol-binding protein was also explored. It was shown that undifferentiated F9 cells contain low concentrations of the two retinoid-binding proteins. The cellular retinoic acid-binding protein was present in approximately 3-fold molar excess over the cellular retinol-binding protein. Upon culture in the presence of retinoic acid, F9 cells display elevated concentrations of both cellular retinol-binding protein and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. Since the levels of beta 2-microglobulin, a marker of the differentiated state with no known involvement in the metabolism of vitamin A, increased in parallel with the retinoid-binding proteins, it seems unlikely that retinoic acid selectively increased the levels of the two retinoid-binding proteins. The differentiated, in contrast to the undifferentiated cells, can accumulate retinol from plasma retinol-binding protein and display a cell surface receptor for this protein. Despite the fact that retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 cells promotes increased levels of several proteins involved in the normal metabolism of vitamin A, no evidence was obtained to suggest that the cells were dependent on retinoids to maintain their differentiated state.     

Retinoids cause apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via activation of RAR-gamma and altered expression of Bcl-2/Bax

All-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid have been reported to have inhibitory effects on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells and we have shown that this is partly due to induction of apoptosis. In this study, the mechanisms whereby 9-cis-retinoic acid induces apoptosis in these cells were investigated. An involvement of the Bcl-2 family of proteins was shown, such that 9-cis-retinoic acid causes a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Overexpression of Bcl-2 also resulted in inhibition of apoptosis induced by 9-cis-retinoic acid. Furthermore, two broad-range caspase inhibitors blocked DNA fragmentation induced by 9-cis-retinoic acid, but had no effect on viability defined by mitochondrial activity. Using synthetic retinoids, which bind selectively to specific retinoic acid receptor subtypes, we further established that activation of retinoic acid receptor-gamma is essential for induction of apoptosis. Only pan-retinoic acid receptor and retinoic acid receptor-gamma selective agonists reduced viability and a cell line expressing very low levels of retinoic acid receptor-gamma is resistant to the effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid. A retinoic acid receptor-beta/gamma selective antagonist also suppressed the cytotoxic effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid in a dose-dependent manner. This study provides important insight into the mechanisms involved in suppression of pancreatic tumour cell growth by retinoids. Our results encourage further work evaluating the clinical use of receptor subtype selective retinoids in pancreatic carcinoma.     

全反式维甲酸对EC9706荷瘤裸鼠抑瘤作用的实验研究

目的：观察全反式维甲酸的体内抗肿瘤作用，探讨其体内抑瘤的作用机制。方法：采用裸鼠EC9706人食管癌细胞实体瘤模型进行体内抑瘤实验研究，应用全反式维甲酸10d后处死裸鼠，观察荷瘤裸鼠的肿瘤生长情况，测定肿瘤生长抑制率；HE染色对肿瘤组织进行细胞形态学观察，TUNEL法检测肿瘤组织中细胞凋亡，免疫组织化学法检测凋亡相关基因bax及bcl-2蛋白的表达情况。结果：全反式维甲酸对裸鼠EC9706人食管癌细胞实体瘤生长具有明显的抑制作用，抑瘤率达60％以上。组织学观察及TUNEL检测结果显示，肿瘤组织中散在凋亡细胞和凋亡小体。免疫组织化学检测结果显示，凋亡相关基因bax蛋白表达增加，bcl-2蛋白表达下降。结论：全反式维甲酸具有较强的体内抗肿瘤作用，作用机制与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。     

Biotransformation and protein binding of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in murine mammary epithelial cells

The biotransformation of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR), and interactions of parent compound and/or metabolites with the cellular retinoid binding proteins (CRBPs) and cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs) were examined in murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-induced murine mammary tumor cells (GR-3A) grown in monolayer cell culture. Soluble fractions (cytosols) obtained from the extracts of GR-3A cells after high speed centrifugation were found to contain proteins of approx. 15,000 daltons which bound retinol and retinoic acid, but did not bind HPR or HPR metabolites. Moreover, HPLC analysis of GR-3A cell extracts demonstrated that [3H]retinol and [3H]retinoic acid were not detected in cells that had been exposed to [3H]HPR for 48 h. These findings, that under in vitro conditions there is no appreciable enzymatic hydrolysis of HPR to retinoic acid or conversion to retinol, suggests that the metabolism and cytological effects of HPR may be distinct from those of retinol or retinoic acid within murine mammary epithelial cells.     

Retinoic acid-induced rapid loss of nuclear cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in teratocarcinoma cells

To determine what effect retinoic acid might have in modulating cyclic AMP-mediated events at the nucleus of teratocarcinoma cells, we have investigated the effect of retinoic acid treatment of F9 and PC13 cells on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity and the amounts of the RI and RII cyclic AMP binding proteins present in the nuclear fraction. Exposure of F9 cells to retinoic acid (0.1 microM) induces differentiation to parietal endoderm, while retinoic acid treatment (3 microM) of PC13 cells induces differentiation to visceral endoderm. In both cell types retinoic acid treatment causes a rapid (within 4 h) and pronounced (by 2-fold) decrease in nuclear cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Conversely, as measured by cyclic [8-azido-32P]AMP photoaffinity labeling a similar rapid and pronounced decrease in the RI and RII regulatory subunits is observed at the nucleus. This decrease in nuclear cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in at least two cell types may be an early event of retinoid action important in the initiation of differentiation.