广西大石围天坑群天坑森林主要木本植物种间关联性研究

为了解大石围天坑群天坑森林植物群落的种间联结特征,该文以大石围天坑群中7个典型天坑森林为研究区建立18个样地,取其中重要值大于1的木本植物为研究对象,采用方差比例、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验、Spearman秩相关系数检验及PCA排序方法,对天坑森林内的主要木本植物种间关联性和生态种组进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)乔木层总体联结性呈现显著正联结,灌木层总体联结性呈现不显著正联结,群落总体关联性呈现显著正联结,表明天坑森林植物群落处于稳定的阶段。(2)χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验发现,乔木层正联结种对多于负联结种对且显著联结种对占多数,灌木层负联结种对多于正联结种对,且显著联结种对占多数,表明乔木层群落稳定性高于灌木层,乔木层种间竞争合作强,灌木层种间竞争排斥性强,群落主要木本植物之间联结性强,种间保持紧密联结的联结特征。(3) PCA排序将天坑森林植物分为四大生态种组,物种分布由天坑底部至顶部呈现圈层分布方式,且物种分布方式总体受生境差异和物种自身特性影响。可见,植物紧密的联结关系是天坑森林多样性维持机制之一,而群落内部种间关联性的自我调控及物种对生境异质性的趋同适应是群落维持稳定的基础。     

桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段种间联结研究

为揭示桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落自然恢复过程中不同阶段主要物种种间相互作用变化规律,该文采用空间代替时间的方法,通过多物种间的总体关联显著性检验、χ2统计量分析和Spearman秩相关检验对桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要物种进行种间联结分析。结果表明:(1)在灌木阶段,主要物种种间关系呈不显著负相关;在乔灌阶段,乔木层主要物种种间呈不显著负相关,灌木层主要物种种间呈不显著正相关;在小乔林阶段,乔木层和灌木层主要物种种间均呈不显著正相关。随着檵木群落的自然恢复,乔木层和灌木层正联结种对所占比例均呈上升的趋势,但这种正联结关系发展缓慢。(2)χ2统计量分析与Spearman秩相关系数检验均表明,檵木群落不同恢复阶段的乔木层和灌木层大部分物种种对间均未达到显著相关,种间联结较为松散,各个物种独立性较强。上述结果表明所研究的檵木群落3个阶段还是处于群落发展的相对较低的阶段。     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种间联结与相关分析

种间联结能够反映植物群落中物种间的关系和群落的稳定程度,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值。为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落的种间联结特征,基于2×2联列表,通过方差比率(VR)、χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数检验及PCA排序等,对枫杨群落主要木本植物种间关联性进行定量分析和生态种组划分。结果表明:(1)乔木层、灌木层以及乔木和灌木层的总体种间关联性均呈不显著正联结,表明枫杨群落处于较稳定的阶段;(2)χ~2检验结果显示,绝大多数种对呈不显著关联,说明群落各种对间关联较弱,各物种间呈独立分布格局;(3)Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现各层次的显著率均较低,种间相关性不显著的种对占绝大部分,种间相关性不强;(4)χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验结果虽具有一致性,但也存在一定的差异,Spearman秩相关系数检验更具灵敏性,结合3种方法使用效果更佳;(5)根据PCA排序和种间联结关系,将20个主要物种划分为4个生态种组。     

浙江天童枫香树群落不同垂直层次物种间的联结性与相关性

种间关系是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一, 分析群落不同垂直层次物种的种间联结和相关性对于理解群落结构、动态和分类等具有重要的生态意义。该研究选取浙江省天童处于演替前期的枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)群落乔木层3个物种、亚乔木层3个物种以及灌木层28个物种为研究对象, 应用基于二元数据的方差比率法、χ²统计量检验和基于数量数据的Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了3个垂直层次间物种的联结性与相关性。结果发现: (1)乔木层与亚乔木层物种总体间存在不显著正联结, 乔木层与亚乔木层主要物种间相互独立的种对较多, 较少种对显著联结或相关; (2)乔木层与灌木层物种总体显著正联结, 显著关联或相关的种对较多, 种对间依赖性较强; (3)亚乔木层与灌木层物种总体同样存在显著正联结, 种对间关系较为紧密。该研究结果表明: 群落垂直层次间物种生态习性和对生境适应的趋同性, 以及在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性差异是决定演替前期种对关系的主要因素。     

伊犁河谷北坡野果林木本植物种间关系及环境解释

伊犁河谷北坡野果林是天山山脉中一个重要的植被类型,对其种间关系进行研究将有助于揭示野果林群落的动态特征.我们于2009年在野果林的不同群落中设置了10个样地,记录了群落的物种组成以及环境因子,包括海拔、坡度和坡向,测定了土壤含水率和有机质等土壤参数.采用x2检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验等方法,对野果林乔木层和灌木层种间关联性进行了研究.结果表明:Pearson相关检验优于x2检验,Spearman 秩相关检验比Pearson相关检验更加灵敏;乔木和灌木优势种绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平,群落结构较为松散,表明各群落可能处于演替的早期阶段;在影响物种分布的环境因子中,海拔起决定性的作用,其次是坡向、土壤含水率、有机质、全氮和pH值.     

淡黄金花茶伴生群落优势乔灌木的种间联结及群落稳定性分析

为阐明原生境条件下淡黄金花茶(Camellia flavida Hung T. Chang)伴生群落的物种联结关系及其对群落稳定性的影响,基于弄岗保护区的10个600 m2样方间隔10年(2011-2021年)的每木调查数据,采用方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、Spearman秩相关检验和M.Godron稳定性等方法,分析淡黄金花茶与群落不同层次优势物种的种间联结性及群落稳定性的动态变化。结果显示：(1)乔木层优势物种间的总体联结性呈不显著负联结,灌木层优势物种间呈显著正联结,随着时间的变化,乔木层的总体联结性趋于正联结,灌木层的正联结程度有所增加;(2)χ²检验与Spearman秩相关检验结果均表明群落大多数种对间呈不显著联结关系,种间联结较为松散,相关性较弱。其中,淡黄金花茶与乔木层的苹果榕(Ficus oligodon Miq.)、灌木层的广西澄广花(Orophea polycarpa A. Candolle)等优势种表现出显著正相关,但与乔木层的对叶榕(Ficus hispida L. f.)、灌木层的日本五月茶(Antidesma j...     

九连山常绿阔叶林乔木优势种群的种间关联性分析

九连山国家级自然保护区分布着原生的典型常绿阔叶林, 且已形成不同的优势群落, 目前尚不清楚群落乔木层中优势物种之间的作用关系。采用2×2联列表, 通过方差分析, χ²检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验, 对九连山常绿阔叶林乔木层中重要值较高的28个优势种群、378个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。方差分析表明: 28个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著的正关联, 反映该群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段。不同检验结果表明: χ²检验结果有140个种对呈正相关, 238个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.588; Pearson相关系数检验有104个种对呈正相关, 274个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.380; Spearman秩相关系数检验有144个种对呈正相关, 234个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.615; 与Pearson相关系数检验方法相比, Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。378个种对中, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强, 这种种间联结的松散性可能与群落目前的发展阶段及物种本身的生态学特性有关, 各群落正处于稳定的顶极阶段。根据28个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素, 可将它们划分为阳生植物和阴生植物两大生态种组。     

祁连山北坡自然恢复林地灌木层物种多样性及种间关联动态

采用空间代替时间的原则,选择7个主要自然演替群落序列,用多项指标对灌木层物种多样性进行了测度,同时采用2 ×2列联表,通过方差比率法和x2检验对不同演替阶段群落灌木层物种总体关联性和主要优势种的种间联结性进行了分析.结果表明:灌木层Gleason指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数在针阔混交林阶段相对较高,而均匀度指数在银露梅灌丛群落最高,生态优势度指数则在青海云杉林阶段最高;灌木植物间的正负联结比除山杨白桦混交林＞1外,其他群落都＜1,反映了演替序列上群落灌木层各物种间的关系以竞争为主;随着群落的演替,灌木层绝大多数种对间的关系逐渐由关联不显著-显著或极显著关联-无关联或关联不显著的方向转变;总体关联性由恢复初期灌丛群落的负关联-阳生性阔叶纯林的负关联-阳生性阔叶混交林的正关联-针阔叶混交林的负关联-中生性针叶林的正关联变化.演替序列上灌木层物种多样性和种间关系的变化,可能与群落结构分层导致的生态位分离与重叠有关.     

藤枣生境地木本植物种间关联性与群落稳定性

藤枣(Eleutharrhena macrocarpa)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物, 属于木质藤本植物, 野外数量稀少, 种群更新困难。本文通过分析云南省太阳河自然保护区藤枣生境地热带季节雨林乔木层与灌木层中木本植物种群的种间关联性以及群落的稳定性, 揭示种间关联性在藤枣种群濒危机制形成中的作用, 为极小种群的保护提供科学依据。结果表明: 藤枣生境地群落乔木层总体联结性VR (方差比率) > 1, 检验统计量W > χ_0.05(29), 灌木层种群总体联结性VR < 1, χ_0.95(29) < W < χ_0.05(29), 乔木层和灌木层分别呈显著正相关和不显著负相关。x ²检验显示乔木层与灌木层中无联结的种对占多数, 其正负关联比分别是0.238和0.279, 联结系数显示显著和极显著的负联结种对要多于正联结的种对; Pearson相关系数显示乔木层与灌木层正负关联比分别是0.376和0.511, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强。藤枣与其他植物种群之间对生境有相似的适宜生态位, 通过共同利用资源而共存, 在灌木层则面临较强的种间竞争。藤枣生境地群落稳定性交点坐标为(33.92, 66.07), 显示群落具有较好的稳定性, 而群落建群种与其他种对存在较强的种间竞争, 反映热带季节雨林的脆弱性, 因此生境地群落的严格保护对藤枣种群的更新和生物多样性保育至关重要。     

三江平原毛苔草群落近30年演替过程中的种间联结性分析

采用2×2列联表,通过方差分析、X2检验和Ochiai指数对三江平原毛苔草群落1973年、1983年、2003年3个阶段主要物种的种间联结进行了定量分析.结果表明:随着演替进展,群落的总体种间关联性均表现为显著正关联,关联性排列为1983年＞1973年＞2003年;成对物种间的联结性质即正、负联结的比例未发生变化;成对物种间达显著相关的种对所占比例呈逐渐增加趋势;物种间的联结程度逐渐增强;相同种对的联结性质或关联程度在不同时期存在差异.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.