基于PBL的多元教学法在《中药学》教学模式中的运用研究

为提高中医药专业基础课程《中药学》教学效果及教学质量,规避传统“填鸭式”教学中存在的教师满堂灌、教学气氛沉闷、学生被动接收、学习积极性不高的现象,本文探索将PBL教学法及基于PBL教学模式的多元教学法运用到《中药学》的教学并实践.本文践行的教学模式有助于提高《中药学》教学效果及学生主动学习的热情,对其它基础课程的教学也具有一定参考价值.     

基于“性-效-用-量”四要素的中药学教学模式的探索与运用

为提高中药学课程的教学质量,将基于"性-效-用-量"四要素运用于中药学的课程教学之中,拟探索符合本课程特色的教学模式。以"辨性-强效-重用-记量"为主线的基本框架,使教学内容系统化;从"性-效-用-量"四方面优化教学策略与评价体系,突出以学生为中心的教学理念。通过对学生进行课程满意度调查,分析学生期末综合成绩评价效果,认为本教学模式能培养学生自主学习能力,提高教学效果。     

线上线下相结合的“翻转式”教学模式在药事管理与法规课程中的应用

目的：探讨“翻转式”教学模式的特点及其在相关课程中的应用。方法：以制药工程专业为例， 分析探讨了以学生为主体并借助网络学习通平台的“翻转式”教学模式在药事管理与法规课程中的具体实施方案和步骤。结果：通过“翻转式”教学模式的实施，学生的自主学习能力和创新能力得到了很大提高。结论：在药事管理与法规课程中，“翻转式”教学模式优于传统教学模式，是一个值得推广的教学方法。     

翻转课堂在《基础护理学》课程中培养学生通用能力的应用与思考

目的探讨如何将翻转课堂教学法应用在高职护理专业学生《基础护理学》教学中,以达到培养学生通用能力的目的。方法探索在高职院校《基础护理学》课程中,应用翻转课堂教学法培养通用能力的可行性及实施方法。结果翻转课堂改变了传统的教学模式,在《基础护理学》课程中实施翻转课堂教学法,对学生通用能力的培养起着重要的作用。结论实施翻转课堂有利于学生通用能力的培养,为学生的自主学习及终身学习打下良好的基础。     

中药学研究生科学论文研讨课程浅析

在中药学研究生的培养过程中,为了提高学生素质,强化研究生创新精神和创新能力的培养,首都医科大学开设科学论文研讨课程。教学中贯彻研究生为主体、教师为主导的课堂讨论教学模式,鼓励研究生勇敢探索本学科的前沿问题,提高研究生自主学习的积极性和创新意识。     

《临床中药学》教学改革的几点思考

临床中药学在高等中医药院校中是一门非常重要的专业基础课,无论中医类和中药类学生均要学习。临床中药学脱胎于传统中药学,传统中药学课程有着长久的开设历史,有着丰厚的教学积淀。如何使之与传统中药学区分,更好的服务临床实际,成为临床中药学教学改革的重点和难点。为此,笔者从临床中药学教改的目的、内容、形式、手段和考核目标等方面,提出了自己的看法和思考,供同道参考。     

药用植物栽培学课程菊花栽培教学设计案例

鉴于农业院校中药学专业课程设置的特点,药用植物栽培学是河南农业大学中药学专业核心课程之一,围绕“以学生发展为中心”“以能力培养为指向”的教学理念,通过教学设计,让学生参与到教学环节,从而达到从“学会”到“会学”的教学目的。本研究根据农业院校中药学专业学生的知识特点,针对药用植物栽培学的教学内容进行教学设计,从教学目标、教学内容、学情分析、教学策略、教学互动环节、教学反思与改进等方面进行了探讨,以期提高学生的学习兴趣,能够利用所学知识发现、分析并解决问题,增强自主学习能力,培养具备“双思维”的合格农业院校中药学专业人才。     

微课结合翻转课堂在牙体牙髓病学实践教学中的应用

目的 探讨微课结合翻转课堂的教学模式在牙体牙髓病学实践教学效果中的作用.方法 选择第四军医大学口腔医院2016级所有23名五年制口腔医学专业本科生作为实验组,2015级所有20名五年制口腔医学专业本科生作为对照组,实验组在牙体牙髓病学实践教学中采用微课结合翻转课堂的教学模式,对照组采用传统教学法,研究起始时间为2019年9月至2021年1月.课程结束后比较两组学生实践理论和实践操作的成绩,并通过问卷调查评估实验组学生对微课结合翻转课堂的教学模式的认可度和满意度.结果 实验组实践成绩和总成绩均高于对照组,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).问卷调查结果显示实验组学生对微课结合翻转课堂的教学模式具有较高的认可度和满意度,但也认为其不能完全替代传统的教学方法.结论 微课结合翻转课堂的新型教学模式有利于调动学生的学习积极性,提高教学效率,是提升牙体牙髓病学实践教学效果的一种有效方法.     

中药化学课程教学改革的探索

针对当前中药研究对中药学人才的培养需求,结合中药化学教学的现状,从理论教学、实践教学和课程评价考核体系三个环节对中药化学课程教学进行改革,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的创新能力。     

中医药院校临床药学专业中药调剂学课程的教学体会

根据医院对临床中药学专业学生的专业要求,分析中药调剂学的课程特点及教学目标;探讨我校开展中药调剂学课程以来尚存在的问题并提出改进方法,为今后中医药院校开展中药调剂学课程、培养临床中药学专业学生提供参考依据。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.