银离子敷料联合葡萄糖酸氯已定消毒液用于外周静脉置入中心静脉导管后穿刺点感染的效果

目的观察银离子敷料预防及治疗外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)后穿刺点感染的效果。方法将61例PICC穿刺置管的患者按留置先后顺序随机分为两组。对照组(31例)均采用常规消毒置管后贴IV3000透明贴膜,观察组(30例)使用葡萄糖酸氯已定消毒后覆盖银离子敷料后贴IV3000透明贴膜,观察两组的感染情况和治疗效果。结果观察组换药次数少于对照组,感染发生率低于对照组,两组感染发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=19.844,P=0.000)。结论使用银离子敷料和葡萄糖酸氯已定消毒液预防治疗PICC穿刺点的感染,可以减少换药的次数、有效地控制感染。     

银离子抗菌敷料治疗PICC置管穿刺点感染的疗效

目的观察银离子抗菌敷料治疗外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)置管穿刺点感染的效果。方法将68例PICC穿刺点感染患者根据就诊时间分为对照组(29例)和观察组(39例)。对照组使用莫匹罗星软膏,观察组使用银离子抗菌敷料,观察两组的治疗效果及治愈时间。结果观察组换药次数少于对照组,治愈时间短于对照组(均P0.01);两组治疗效果比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论使用银离子抗菌敷料治疗PICC穿刺点感染可以减少换药次数、缩短治疗时间,值得临床推广应用。     

两种抗菌敷料对PICC置管穿刺点感染合并渗液的疗效研究

目的观察3M葡萄糖酸氯己定抗菌透明敷料和3M藻酸盐磷酸氢锆钠银敷料对PICC置管穿刺点感染合并渗液的疗效。方法将54例PICC置管穿刺点感染合并少许渗液患者按导管维护日期的单双数分为对照组24例和观察组30例,对照组使用3M葡萄糖酸氯己定抗菌透明敷料,观察组应用3M藻酸盐磷酸氢锆钠银敷料。观察两组患者感染控制总有效率、皮肤变态反应和穿刺点溃疡发生率。结果对照组感染控制总有效率为79.17%,皮肤变态反应发生率为29.17%,穿刺点溃疡发生率为16.67%。观察组感染控制总有效率为100%,无皮肤变态反应和穿刺点溃疡发生。两组各观察指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与3M葡萄糖酸氯己定抗菌透明敷料相比,PICC置管穿刺点感染合并渗液患者使用3M藻酸盐磷酸氢锆钠银敷料,感染控制效果更好,皮肤变态反应和穿刺点溃疡发生率更低。     

含银敷料预防股静脉临时导管相关感染的疗效观察

目的观察含银敷料预防血液透析患者股静脉临时导管相关感染的效果。方法将留置股静脉临时导管的血液透析患者96例,按住院号尾号单双数分为对照组和观察组各48例。对照组予3M伤口敷贴覆盖穿刺点,观察组予含银敷料覆盖穿刺点,再覆盖3M伤口敷贴。结果观察组股静脉临时导管相关感染发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者局部皮肤变态反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论含银敷料预防股静脉临时导管相关感染效果好。     

纳米银医用敷料用于深静脉留置的效果观察

目的:探讨纳米银医用敷料在深静脉留置期间预防穿刺点感染的效果。方法:将100例深静脉置管的患者随机分为观察组50例和对照组50例,观察组采用纳米银医用抗菌敷料覆盖穿刺点后使用3M透明敷料固定,对照组直接使用3M透明敷料固定,观察在深静脉留置期间穿刺点的感染发生情况。结果:深静脉留置期间观察组穿刺点红肿、皮肤过敏发生率低于对照组(P0.05),穿刺点渗血渗液发生率两组差异无统计学意义。结论:纳米银抗菌医用敷料可预防穿刺点及周围皮肤的感染。     

藻酸盐银联合美皮康治疗PICC穿刺点感染效果观察

目的观察藻酸盐银联合美皮康治疗外周中心静脉导管(PICC)穿刺点感染的效果。方法将100例PICC置管后穿刺点感染患者随机分为观察组50例和对照组50例,对照组常规消毒后在穿刺点及周围皮肤涂莫匹罗星药膏,以无菌纱布固定;观察组常规消毒皮肤后采用藻酸盐银覆盖穿刺点,以薄型美皮康敷料固定。结果观察组治疗有效率98%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论藻酸盐银联合美皮康治疗PICC穿刺点感染疗效显著。     

循证护理在预防重症急性胰腺炎患者中心静脉导管相关性感染中的研究

目的探讨应用循证护理措施预防重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)留置中心静脉导管患者感染的效果,为临床采取更为有效的护理方法提供参考依据。方法选取某三甲医院2017年3月—2019年3月收治的112例需中心静脉置管的重症急性胰腺炎患者为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组与干预组,每组各56例。对照组采取常规护理,干预组采取以证据为基础的循证护理。对比分析两组患者在中心静脉置管后第7天、第14天的留置导管感染发生率及穿刺点皮肤不良反应发生率。结果采用以证据为基础的循证护理后,干预组置管后第7天、第14天中心静脉留置导管感染(CVC-RI)发生率为3.57%、8.93%,明显低于对照组的14.29%、30.36%,穿刺点皮肤不良反应发生率(14.29%)也低于对照组(39.29%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采取以证据为基础的循证护理可以预防重症急性胰腺炎留置中心静脉导管患者感染的发生,降低SAP患者中心静脉导管的感染率和穿刺点皮肤不良反应的发生率,值得在临床广泛推广。     

两种不同贴膜在中心静脉导管护理中的应用比较

目的：探讨两种不同贴膜应用于中心静脉置管护理中的效果。方法：对两种敷料应用于中心静脉置管护理中的临床资料进行回顾性分析,包括导管穿刺处局部皮肤过敏、局部感染、敷料松脱、导管滑脱、穿刺处渗血渗液等情况。结果：在中心静脉置管期间患者易出现各种反应,两组患者均未发生皮肤过敏、导管滑脱及局部感染,敷料松脱的患者以 CAD 敷料组较多,渗血渗液以 IV3000组较多。结论：对中心静脉置管穿刺处护理需要根据临床患者的具体情况选择不同类型敷料。     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素的调查研究

目的通过对ICU中心静脉置管患者感染的观察与分析,找出导管相关感染的危险因素。方法选择2009年9月至2010年3月,在ICU行中心静脉置管的患者,观察并记录其年龄、性别、置管部位、导管放置时间、穿刺点周围皮肤情况、导管性质、管腔数量、有无静脉营养等内容。护士根据患者的实际情况结合动态护理记录单实施有针对性的导管护理并及早反馈相关信息。结果患者年龄(58.1±18.9)岁,置管天数(8.76±6.89)d。行中心静脉置管的患者105例,其中77例次锁骨下静脉置管,23例次颈内静脉置管,6例次颈内静脉置入漂浮导管。中心静脉导管感染4例,置管时间分别为3、14、18、21 d,感染率为3.8%,每1 000个导管日感染率3.95。结论 ICU患者病情危重,严格掌握中心静脉置管适应症;使用中心静脉导管动态护理记录单进行导管常规评价,对症护理,缩短留置时间;严格的无菌技术是控制导管感染的关键措施。     

改良深静脉置管换药方法的效果观察

目的探讨血透用深静脉置管穿刺部位两种方法换药的效果。方法选择60例深静脉置管患者随机分为观察组和对照组，各30例。观察组采用改良式换药，用碘伏纱布覆盖穿刺部位，再用无菌敷料覆盖。对照组采用无菌透明薄膜覆盖穿刺部位，比较两组在透析期间导管感染发生率及导管留置时间。结果观察组导管感染发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）；导管留置时间，观察组25．20±10．94天，长于对照组16．89±8．11天，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论应用碘伏敷料行深静脉置管穿刺部位换药，可降低导管感染发生率，延长导管留置时间。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.