生物质能的电能转化

生物质是取之不尽，用之不竭的含能物质。文章介绍了生能质能转换的各种可利用技术类别；重点就微生物的沼汽转换技术和生物质热解气化技术的参数与工艺流程，以及国内应用上述两种转化技术实现生物质能发电的工程实施方案、投资概况及经济效益作了分析、介绍。指出生物质能的充分利用对能源结构的改变、环境保护、促进物质循环利用、实现可持续发展等方面的深远意义。     

The prospects for incineration of municipal solid waste in Russia in order to produce heat and electric power

The article presents the results of the low-temperature pyrolysis of the main components of municipal solid waste (MSW): wood, products of wood processing (paper, cardboard, fabrics, etc.), various plastics, rubber, as well as of a representative sample of MSW. A waste-to-energy plant is described, at which municipal solid waste is subjected to the pyrolysis, and then pyrolysis products are incinerated in a slagging-bottom furnace. The paper presents an analysis of the operation of a modern waste-to-energy plant equipped with a wet scrubber, with a high-degree recovery of the heat of exhaust gases by means of a heat pump, and with evaporation cooling of glowing slag in a tank filled with water. Chemical treatment of water circulating in the system makes it possible to convert heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the insoluble form and then to remove them.     

Evaluating the prospects for utilizing wind energy for supplying heat to consumers in Northern Regions of Russia

he question of using wind power installations for supplying heat to small distributed consumers in the European north of Russia is considered. The wind energy potential in the region and prerequisites for utilizing it are analyzed. Results from a feasibility study of participation of wind power installations in covering the heating load curve are presented.     

供热系统的"垃圾改造"

为解决目前供热锅炉对环境造成的污染问题,改善空气质量,国家已经决定逐年快速取缔区域性锅炉和分散锅炉.我国面临着工业用热、民用采暖和生活用热量迅速增长的需求,为减少新建供热机组的投资,充分利用原有设备,节约能源,采用垃圾焚烧技术对现有锅炉进行改造,必将具有广阔的发展前景和市场需求.     

Transformation of coals into electricity and heat

The optimal parameters of the process through which solid fuel is converted into electricity and heat are modeled using the system of equations for material and thermal balances. The theoretical analysis is accompanied by an experiment. The consumption of coal from the Kuznetsk field is 639 kg for obtaining 1000 m³ of gasification products, 0.197 kg/(kW h) (54.7 kg/GJ) for producing electricity, and 55.4 kg/GJ for producing heat.     

地源热泵的特点及发展前景

随着空调的日益普及,建筑耗能量迅猛增加。地源热泵作为建筑物供暖及制冷新技术,既保护环境又节约能源。其能量转换效率高、运营成本低,改善了夏热冬冷地区建筑热条件。介绍了地源热泵的分类及特点,列举美国、加拿大、瑞士等多个国家地源热泵系统的发展情况,分析了我国地源热泵的发展前景,对地源热泵和普通中央空调主机设置、运行效率、控制系统等方面进行了比较。     

Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to produce biofuels: state of the art and future prospects

The article presents a review of the state of the art and lines of research on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae (MA). The main advantages of this technology for production of biofuel are that it does not require predrying of the feedstock and ensures a relatively high product yield—the ratio of the end product weight to the feedstock weight—owing to the fact that all the microalgal components, viz., lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, are converted into biofuel. MA hydrothermal liquefaction is considered to be a promising technology for conversion of biomass and is a subject of a series of research studies and, judging by the available publications, the scope of research in this field is expanding currently. However, many significant problems remain unsolved. In particular, an active searched is being conducted for suitable strains that will ensure not only a high lipid yield—necessary to convert microalgae into biodiesel—but also higher biomass productivity and a higher biofuel yield; the chemical reactions that occur during the hydrothermal treatment are being studied; and the effect of significant process variables, such as temperature, heating rate, holdup time at the maximum temperature, biomass concentration in the water suspension, biochemical and elemental compositions of the microalgae, use of catalysts, etc., on the liquefaction processes is being studied. One of the urgent tasks is also the reduction of the nitrogen content in the resulting biofuel. Studies aimed at the development of a continuous process and rational heat-processing plants for thermal microalgal conversion are being conducted to increase the energy efficiency of the HTL process, in particular, to provide the heat recovery and separation of the end product.     

钢铁企业电动机系统用电节电分析及措施

电动机系统用电量占全国总用电量的60％以上,节电潜力巨大。通过更新淘汰低效电动机及高耗电设备、提高电动机系统效率、改造被拖动装置设备、优化系统运行控制等方式,可以实现电动机系统的节电。以某钢厂节能项目为例,介绍系统改造方案,通过实施变频调速改造,系统节电效果明显。     

电力市场环境下能源互联网发展现状与展望

成熟的电力市场机制有助于能源互联网业务的发展,如虚拟电厂、需求响应、综合能源系统等。美国、丹麦和德国作为较早开展能源互联网建设的国家,在运用电力市场机制促进能源互联网的发展方面已经积累了较多的经验。首先介绍电力市场和能源互联网之间的关系,然后对各国能源互联网典型项目参与电力市场的机制进行分析。最后结合我国电力市场的现状和国外经验,对我国电力市场环境下能源互联网的发展提出相应的建议。     

Solar-power plant for generating both electricity and heat

A solar-power plant able to generate both electricity and heat is described. The problem of choosing a solar cell (photo converter) that is maximally efficient at a high concentration of solar radiation is examined. It is also shown how to choose an optimal concentrating system for solar-cell double-sided illumination and a system for heat removal (cooling system). The test results are presented.     

Tariffs for electricity and heat from cogeneration stations

We describe our opinions regarding different methods for distributing the amounts of fuel consumed for generation of electricity and heat at cogeneration stations [1]. Certain advantages and drawbacks of these methods are shown. Comments are given on a proposed new procedure for the formation of tariffs for electricity and heat from cogeneration stations under present-day market conditions [2]. It is proposed that the method of extraction efficiencies be used for separating the consumption of fuel.     

Converting excess low-price electricity into high-temperature stored heat for industry and high-value electricity production

The large-scale deployment of wind or solar energy results in electricity prices below the price of fossil fuels at times of high wind or solar output. Price collapse can be limited by using low-price electricity to heat firebrick to high temperatures, store the heat in firebrick, and provide hot air as needed to industrial furnaces, kilns, power plants and gas turbines. This sets a minimum price on electricity near that of fossil fuels.     

一种温差电单偶热电转换效率的测试方法

提出了一种温差电单偶热电转换效率的测试方法,将测定输入温差电单偶的热流量分解为测定温差电单偶的输出电功率与测定从温差电单偶流出的热流量,并用温差电热流量计测定温差电单偶冷面流出的热流量。该测试方法避免了测量输入温差电元件的热流量,因此可以不考虑温差电元件侧面对流、辐射热损失防护问题。半导体温差电材料的塞贝克系数可以是金属的几倍,因此温差电热流量计的灵敏度高,热电转换效率的测量可以获得较高精度。给出了一些温差电单偶热电转换效率的测试结果。热面温度500℃,冷面温度50℃时,碲化铅/碲化铋级联温差电单偶的最大热电转换效率测试结果为8.45%。当冷面温度固定在50℃,作者测试了一对碲化铋温差电单偶热电转换效率随热面温度变化的规律,结果显示其热电转换效率呈近似线性增长。讨论了测试误差的来源,认为测试误差主要来源于热流量计的标定误差。     

多时间尺度电热综合能源系统状态估计研究

电热综合能源系统的广泛发展促进了新能源消纳,提高了多能系统运行灵活性。然而,电力系统和热力系统运行时间尺度差异使得对电热综合能源系统进行准确状态估计较为困难。本文通过研究电热综合能源系统内的耦合和交互特性,通过有限差分法将描述热力系统动态特性的偏微分方程差分化,从而提出一种多时间尺度电热综合能源系统状态估计模型,并利用拉格朗日乘子进行求解。算例分析表明:本文所提多时间尺度方法对热力系统供水温度一段时间内的变化趋势估计与实测数据相比,其平均相对误差为0.27%,而稳态模型所得结果平均相对误差为1.03%,可以准确反映电热综合能源系统的多时间尺度特性。     

银北地区电能计量装置存在的问题及防窃电改造措施

窃电现象的存在一直困扰着供电企业,而电能计量装置是供电企业和用电客户贸易结算的设备,通过技术改造完善电能计量装置的防窃电性能,维护了供电企业的合法利益.     

Making the production of electricity on the basis of solid domestic wastes more efficient

Main design solutions adopted for modernizing the heat supply station and air-cooled condensing installations at the Moscow Special Plant No. 2, as well as those for the boiler and steam utilizing system at the Moscow Special Plant No. 4 of the Ekotekhprom State Unitary Enterprise, are described.     

The potential of electricity imports to meet future electricity requirements in India

As resources of electricity generation in India are not sufficient, this paper analyses the potential of electricity import from neighboring countries to meet the future electricity requirements of India. Based on the data of electricity generation, consumption, and future generation potential, we work out projected electricity generation/ demand of India and its neighboring countries by 2050 to identify the possibility of India’s cross-border electricity trading with its neighboring countries, more particularly the electricity import potential.     

热电联产项目供热、供电成本分摊机制的研究

合理的电价和热价有利于推动热电联产事业的发展，热电联产项目的热价和电价主要与其成本有很大关系，文中对热、电成本分摊比进行分析研究得出：对于可变成本应按热量法求出燃料消耗比来分摊，对于供采暖热负荷的两用机组将其供热发电节煤量的1/3效益补贴在供热方面是合理的；对于固定成本与财务费用，小型热电广以燃料分摊比来分摊计算是可行的．而两用机组按纯供热投资所占两用机组总投资的百分比．或接平均供热抽汽量计算出减少的发电量与额定发电量的比值来分摊是合理的。     

水源热泵在甘肃张掖地区的发展现状和推广前景

阐述水源热泵的工作原理和特点,分析水源热泵在张掖地区的发展现状、优越条件和推广前景,通过工程实例对比,分析建设水源热泵的长期经济效益,并对在张掖地区进一步推广水源热泵提出相关建议。     

电费预付费方式推广存在问题的分析与探讨

从我国的用电历史及国情环境出发,介绍了预购电模式的意义及国内外推行预购电的情况,提出预购电是国内电网企业售电侧的一次转变。阐述实现预购电的技术保障及需要规避的法律风险,分析目前营销服务中的薄弱环节,借鉴国内各电网企业创新的优质服务内容,提出了为预购电提供增值服务的概念,列举了增值服务的内容,探讨了推广预购电的措施与方法。