通草类中药的药源调查和商品鉴定

指出当前全国药用的通草类中药共有7科23种植物的茎髓和叶柄髓。主要产地为四川、云南、贵州、湖南、陕西等省。对26个省(市、区)、香港地区和5个东亚和南亚国家药用的102件商品药材鉴定的结果,通草类中药的主流是小通草,约占70%,其中以喜马山旌节花和中国旌节花类小通草为最多,占整个小通草的60%。西南绣球类小通草资源丰富,产量大;棣棠花和青荚叶类小通草药材产量少。几版《中国药典》收载的通草(通脱木)商品药材不多,仅占全国整个通草类中药的20%,但占出境的8件商品的全部(韩国除外)。     

通草及小通草多糖抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的：观察不同品种通草及小通草多糖抗氧化作用。方法：将通草（通脱木）及３种小通草（喜马山旌节花、西南绣球、棣棠花）的总多糖提取物,以８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量腹腔注射给予９月龄小鼠４５ｄ,观察小鼠肝脏和血清过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）含量、小鼠全血超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活力及小鼠心、肝、脑组织中脂褐素（ＬＦ）含量的变化。结果：４种通草多糖较长时间腹腔注射给予９月龄小鼠,可明显降低小鼠血清和肝脏中ＬＰＯ含量,降低小鼠脑组织和心肌中ＬＦ含量,提高小鼠全血ＳＯＤ活力,对小鼠肝脏中ＬＦ含量影响不明显。结论：通草（通脱木）及３种小通草（喜马山旌节花、西南绣球、棣棠花）的总多糖提取物具有良好的抗氧化效应,提示其具有一定抗衰老作用。     

七种通草对大鼠利尿作用的初步研究

用代谢笼法观测七个品种通草对大鼠尿量及尿氯、尿钠、尿钾排出量的影响,结果表明,通脱木、盘叶柏那参、青荚叶、棣棠花有明显的利尿效果,其中以通脱木作用最强。向罗伞、云南绣球、喜马山旌节花利尿作用则不明显。     

通草及小通草多糖药理作用的初步研究

目的:研究、比较不同品种通草及小通草多糖的免疫药理活性和抗氧化作用。方法:将通草(通脱木)及3种小通草(喜马山旌节花、西南绣球、棣棠花)的总多糖提取物,以80,40mg/kg剂量腹腔注射给予小鼠7d～10d,观察小鼠血清溶菌酶活力、血清溶血素抗体水平、单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能及DNCB致小鼠迟发性过敏反应(DTH)的变化,并同时观察小鼠血清过氧化氢酶活性的变化。结果:4种通草多糖腹腔注射给予小鼠,可提高小鼠血清溶菌酶活力和单核网状内皮细胞吞噬功能,提高小鼠血清溶血素抗体水平,抑制DNCB致小鼠DTH反应,并明显提高小鼠血清过氧化氢酶活性。结论:4种通草及小通草多糖具有一定调节免疫和抗氧化的作用,丰富了“通草-小通草药材的品种整理和质量研究”的内容。     

4种通草混淆品的鉴别

<正> 中国药典1990年版记载通草正品为五加科植物通脱木Tetrapanax papyriferus(Hook.)K. Koch的干燥茎髓,但市售品为多来源植物,据文献报道当今市售通草的植物来源最少有21种,主要是五加科的通脱木及同科的白背鹅掌柴、穗序鹅掌等6种的茎髓,商品通称大通草;旌节花科的喜马旌节花树及同科属的云南旌节花     

不同品种小通草多糖的含量及单糖组成研究

目的:比较来源分别为喜马山旌节花、中国旌节花和青荚叶的小通草药材中多糖含量及单糖组成。方法:用水回流提取多糖,依次用醇沉、酶水解、Sevage法透析纯化多糖并用硫酸全水解;多糖采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定各品种小通草中多糖含量;采用薄层色谱法(TCL)比较不同品种小通草多糖的单糖组成。结果:喜马山旌节花、中国旌节花和青荚叶三种小通草多糖含量分别为3.44%、4.33%、0.98%,多糖组成分别为L-鼠李糖、果糖、半乳糖,L-鼠李糖、果糖、半乳糖,半乳糖。结论:来源为青荚叶的小通草多糖含量最低,且单糖组成与另两种小通草比较有明显不同。     

神农架小通草的资源与鉴定

小通草的生药来源,《中国药典》规定为旌节花科植物喜马山旌节花(Stachyurus himalaicus Hook. f. et Thoms. )、中国旌节花(S. chinensis Franch. )或山茱萸科植物青荚叶(Helwingia japonica(Thunb.) Dietr.)这3种植物的茎髓。神农架小通草药物种类丰富,蕴藏量大,但小通草商品原植物也较复杂混乱,有时在同一商品中有数种不同的来源。为摸清我区小通草的资源及药用情况,为生产、临     

通草及其伪品西南绣球的鉴别

通草为五加科植物通脱木 Tetrapanax papyriferus(Hook.)K.Koch的干燥茎髓。近来在打假治劣的监督检查和检验中 ,曾多次发现以绣球科植物西南绣球 H ydrangea davidii Franch的干燥茎髓充通草入药。现将上述 2种药材的性状、显微鉴别介绍如下 :1　性状鉴别1.1　通脱木[1 ] 茎髓呈圆柱形 ,长 2 0～ 4 0 cm,直径 1～ 2 .5 cm。表面白色或淡黄色 ,有浅纵沟纹。体轻 ,质松软 ,稍有弹性 ,易折断 ,断面平坦 ,显银白色光泽 ,中部有直径 0 .3～ 1.5 cm的空心或半透明的横隔膜 ,纵剖面呈梯状排列 ,实心者少见。无臭 ,无味。1.2　西南绣球 [2 ]茎髓…     

8对易混淆的常用中药材鉴别

笔者在 2 0 0 0年全市中药材普查中 ,重点对易混淆使用、易掺假、掺杂、易以假乱真的中药材进行普查 ,发现了很多问题。本文仅对 8对常用易混淆的中药材进行鉴别 ,以供同行参考。1　通草与小通草1.1　通草五加科植物通脱木 Tetrapanax Papyrif erus ( Hook.)K.Koch.的干燥茎髓。本品呈圆柱形 ,长 2 0～ 40 cm,直径 1～ 2 .5cm ,表面白色或淡黄色 ,有浅纵沟纹。体轻 ,质松软 ,稍有弹性 ,易折断 ,断面平坦显银白色光泽 ,中部有直径 0 .3～ 1.5 cm的空心或半透明的薄膜 ,纵剖面呈梯状排列 ,实心少见。无臭 ,无味。1.2　小通草为旌节花科植物…     

柴黄片解热作用的实验研究

目的：研究柴黄片的解热作用。方法：应用干酵母及角叉菜胶致大鼠发热的模型研究柴黄片的解热作用。结果：3、6、12g/kg ig柴黄片均可以降低由干酵母及角叉菜胶所致的大鼠发热作用,大鼠体温呈逐渐下降趋势,其解热作用呈剂量依赖性。结论：柴黄片有解热作用。     

三丫苦泡茶的抗炎、镇痛及解热作用

目的：研究三丫苦泡茶的解热、抗炎、镇痛作用。方法：采用小鼠扭体法、小鼠耳肿胀法及大鼠面包酵母致发热的方法进行观察。结果：三丫苦泡茶能抑制小鼠耳肿胀,抑制小鼠由冰醋酸引起的扭体反应及皮下注射面包酵母引起的大鼠发热反应。结论：三丫苦泡茶具有良好的解热、抗炎、镇痛作用。     

前列康泰胶囊抗炎、镇痛及利尿作用的实验研究

目的:观察前列康泰胶囊抗炎、镇痛及利尿作用。方法:采用二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验、角叉菜胶所致大鼠足肿胀实验观察前列康泰胶囊抗炎作用,热板法观察镇痛作用,对水负荷大鼠改变尿量实验观察利尿作用。结果:前列康泰胶囊对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀、大鼠角叉菜胶足肿胀及热刺激所致小鼠疼痛反应有明显的抑制作用,增加大鼠排尿量。结论:前列康泰胶囊具有抗炎、镇痛、利尿作用。     

清淋冲剂的主要药效学研究

目的：观察清淋冲剂(萹蓄、墨麦、关木通、车前子，桅子等)的解热、利尿、抗炎和抗菌作用。方法：采用鲜酵母致热大鼠法、利尿试验、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀法、二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法、纸片扩散法，观察清淋冲剂对动物体温、尿量、足肿胀程度、耳廓肿胀程度及体外抑菌情况。结果：给药后大鼠体温显著下降，尿量显著增加，大鼠足跖肿胀和小鼠耳廓肿胀显著减轻，大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌、产气杆菌、淋球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌环显著增大。结论；清淋冲刑具有明显的清热、利尿、抗炎作用，并有一定抗菌作用。     

大秦艽汤抗炎作用研究

目的 :研究大秦艽汤的抗炎作用。方法 :分别采用冰醋酸引起的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加、二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶致大鼠足趾浮肿、大鼠棉球肉芽肿等炎症动物模型研究大秦艽汤对急慢性炎症的作用。结果:大秦艽汤30g/kg,15g/kg和7.5g/kg各剂量组均能抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,与模型组比较有显著性差异;30g/kg和15g/kg剂量组可以降低毛细血管通透性,吸光度值明显降低,与模型对照组比较有明显差异。大秦艽汤20g/kg,10g/kg和5g/kg各剂量组均可抑制角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀,与模型对照组比较,大秦艽汤20g/kg剂量组在致炎后1、2、3、6 h足跖肿胀率降低均有显著性差异;大秦艽汤各剂量组棉球肉芽肿重均较模型组大鼠低,与模型对照组比较,20g/kg剂量组有明显差异,能明显抑制大鼠棉球肉芽组织的增生。结论:实验结果提示大秦艽汤能明显减轻实验动物的急性炎症和慢性炎症,具有明显的抗炎作用。     

The pharmacological activities of Compound Salvia Plebeia Granules on treating urinary tract infection

Aim of the study

Compound Salvia Plebeia Granules (CSPG) had been used for treating urinary tract infection (UTI) for more than 20 years in Drum Tower hospital, but there were lack of sufficient pharmacology studies. The aim of this study was to testify the effects of CSPG on UTI, namely to prove its diuretic, antiblastic, antipyretic and antidynous activities.

Materials and methods

This study evaluated the diuretic effect of CSPG on water load Sprague–Dawley (SD) male rats by the method of metabolic cage, and then analysed the contents of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ in urine. The antiblastic activity of CSPG was testified by various kinds of strains in vitro. The antipyretic effect was evaluated by carrageenan-induced fever model in mice. Antidynous activity was demonstrated by the method of acetic acid-induced writhing.

Results

Intragastric (i.g.) administration of CSPG (20–40 g/kg) (equivalent to crude herb) produced a dose-related diuretic effect on water load mice and promoted excreting of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ in urine. In addition, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CSPG on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were separately 0.25 g/ml and 0.5 g/ml. Moreover, i.g. the doses of CSPG ranging from 25.2 to 50.4 g/kg showed significantly antipyretic effect on carrageenan-induced fever in mice. CSPG (12.6–50.4 g/kg) can also produce dose-related antidynous effects on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice.

Conclusions

The results described the integrity report of pharmacological studies of CSPG and indicated that it had significantly diuretic, antiblastic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antidynous activities which support its folk medicine use on UTI.     

Ethnopharmacologic investigation of ginger (Zingiber officinale)

An ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale was investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic activities. In rats, the extract reduced carrageenan-induced paw swelling and yeast-induced fever but was ineffective in suppressing the writhing induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid. The extract produced blood glucose lowering in rabbits. The growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was significantly inhibited. A dose-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin release effect was observed using rat peritoneal leucocytes.     

Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of the essential oil and active compounds from Cordia verbenacea

The anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae) and some of its active compounds were evaluated. Systemic treatment with the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea (300-600mg/kg, p.o.) reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, myeloperoxidase activity and the mouse oedema elicited by carrageenan, bradykinin, substance P, histamine and platelet-activating factor. It also prevented carrageenan-evoked exudation and the neutrophil influx to the rat pleura and the neutrophil migration into carrageenan-stimulated mouse air pouches. Moreover, Cordia verbenacea oil inhibited the oedema caused by Apis mellifera venom or ovalbumin in sensitized rats and ovalbumin-evoked allergic pleurisy. The essential oil significantly decreased TNFalpha, without affecting IL-1beta production, in carrageenan-injected rat paws. Neither the PGE(2) formation after intrapleural injection of carrageenan nor the COX-1 or COX-2 activities in vitro were affected by the essential oil. Of high interest, the paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice was markedly inhibited by both sesquiterpenic compounds obtained from the essential oil: alpha-humulene and trans-caryophyllene (50mg/kg, p.o.). Collectively, the present results showed marked anti-inflammatory effects for the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea and some active compounds, probably by interfering with TNFalpha production. Cordia verbenacea essential oil or its constituents might represent new therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

人参败毒丸的药效学研究

目的:研究人参败毒丸(羌活、柴胡、人参等)的解热,抗炎,镇痛,抗菌作用.方法:采用伤寒、副伤寒甲、乙菌苗所致兔发热模型观察药物的解热作用,角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀法,用小鼠扭体法了解其镇痛作用,采用体外抗菌法.结果:人参败毒丸能明显降低实验性动物体温;1.5 g·kg-1有显著的抗炎作用;对醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应有明显镇痛、抗菌效果.结论:人参败毒丸在上述作用中优于人参败毒散,具有解热,抗炎,镇痛,抗菌作用.     

Ethnopharmacology of Calotropis procera flowers

An ethanolic extract of the flowers of Calotropis procera was investigated for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial activities. The plant extract reduced the paw swelling induced by carrageenan by 37%, fever in rats by 40% and showed some weak effect in rats on the writhing induced by acetic acid. The growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was significantly inhibited. A dose-dependent effect on prostaglandin release was also observed.     

中西药复合配方999感冒灵的药理学实验研究

目的 研究中西药复合配方999感冒灵的药物协同性、互补性的药理作用特点及其中西药配比的理论基础。方法 采用冰醋酸引起小鼠扭体反应、大鼠角叉菜胶引起的足跖肿胀、小鼠迟发型超敏反应、内毒素引起大鼠和兔发热现象,对999感冒灵的镇痛、解热、抗炎及迟发型超敏反应作用进行研究;对999感冒灵的中西药部分进行对比研究,并分别对999感冒灵中药部分及西药部分拮抗对乙酰氨基酚所致的小鼠肝损伤的作用进行研究;RT-PCR法分析999感冒灵对相关细胞因子表达的影响。结果 999感冒灵具有明显的解热镇痛作用;对角叉菜胶所致炎症有明显拮抗作用;对内毒素所致发热有一定的拮抗作用;对于感染肺炎双球菌的小鼠脾组织细胞因子表达量有一定促进作用;其中药部分对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤有一定保护作用。结论 999感冒灵具有较强的解热镇痛抗炎作用,中西药的协同性、互补性明显;其中药成分具有保肝作用。