Nocardiosis in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, transplant recipients, and large, geographically defined populations

To quantify the risk of nocardiosis in various populations, I systematically reviewed articles published between 1966 and 2004. The incidence of nocardiosis in 3 large, geographically defined populations ranged from 0.35 to 0.4 cases per 10(5) persons year. In contrast, the incidence of nocardiosis among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1 study was 53 nocardiosis cases per 10(5) persons x year, approximately 140 times greater than that in the geographically defined populations. The frequency of nocardiosis cases in 4 populations of HIV-infected people averaged 608 cases per 10(5) persons. The incidence of nocardiosis in bone marrow-transplant recipients at 1 hospital was 128 cases per 10(5) persons x year, an incidence approximately 340 times greater than that in the geographically defined populations and in the same range as in HIV-infected people. The frequency of nocardiosis in 21 series of cases in recipients of a variety of transplanted organs averaged 1122 cases per 10(5) persons. These estimated incidence rates are imprecise because they were not collected through prospective surveillance systems, but the estimates for the 3 groups were internally consistent and provide useful information for clinicians.     

HIV infection and multiple sclerosis: a case with unexpected “no evidence of disease activity” status

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system whose etiology remains unclear. It has been suggested that MS can be triggered by certain viruses; however, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with reduced incidence of MS. We present the case of a young patient diagnosed with active relapsing-remitting MS whose clinical course substantially improved following HIV infection and treatment. The patient achieved no evidence of disease activity status without any disease-modifying drugs. Both HIV-induced immunosuppression and antiretroviral therapy may have attenuated the clinical course in this patient.     

结外鼻型自然杀伤/T细胞淋巴瘤发病机制的研究进展

结外鼻型自然杀伤/T细胞淋巴瘤(ENKTCL)是一种有高度侵袭性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),具有特殊的流行病学特征,目前其发病机制尚未明确,治疗上仍面临诸多挑战.近年,有较多研究报道指出,EB病毒(EBV)感染在ENKTCL的发生、发展中发挥着关键作用,并且与患者的预后和生存密切相关.除此之外,ENKTCL的发生也与某些相关基因的异常、信号通路的异常活化、肿瘤微环境相关.本文针对ENKTCL发病机制的新进展进行综述.     

2008-2010年广西边境地区流感和人禽流感监测结果分析

目的 对广西壮族自治区(广西)8个边境市(县)所属的综合性医院不明原因肺炎、病原待查重症肺炎和流感样病例开展病原学监测,了解广西边境地区流感病毒优势株及其变化,探索广西边境地区流感流行规律,为科学防控边境地区流感和人禽流感提供依据。 方法 在边境地区医院设置监测点,开展相关病例监测,提取监测病例咽拭子标本病毒核酸,反转录合成cDNA,多重 PCR扩增目的基因,电泳检测扩增产物;采用细胞培养法分离鉴定流感病毒;采集从事饲养、销售和屠宰家禽的职业人群的静脉血34份,通过血凝抑制实验进行禽流感H5亚型抗体检测。 结果 2008年广西边境地区分离到6株流感病毒,其中B型5株,H1N1亚型1株;2009年分离到33株流感病毒,其中B型17株,H3N2亚型8株,H1N1亚型2株,甲型H1N1 6株;2010年分离到流感毒株130株,其中B型55株,H3N2亚型49株,H1N1亚型1株,甲型H1N1 25株;2008-2010年检测不明原因肺炎、病原待查的重症肺炎标本9份,人禽流感核酸和多重呼吸道病毒核酸检测均为阴性;采集从事饲养、销售和屠宰家禽的职业人群血样本34份,未检出 H5N1亚型禽流感病毒抗体阳性的标本。 结论 2008年和2009年广西边境地区的流感优势株为B型流感毒株,2010年为B型和H3N2亚型流感毒株;从有限的不明原因肺炎和病原待排查的重症肺炎病例标本中未检出禽流感病毒;禽流感H5亚型在职业暴露人群中未发现隐性感染。进一步加强对广西边境地区的流感和人禽流感病原学监测工作,对广西的流感和人禽流感的防控工作有重要意义。     

A New Monoclonal Antibody,mAb 4A12, Identifies a Role for the Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Binding Domain of RANTES in the Antiviral Effect against HIV-1 and Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling

The β-chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) suppresses the infection of susceptible host cells by macrophage tropic strains of HIV-1. This effect is attributed to interactions of this chemokine with a 7-transmembrane domain receptor, CCR5, that is required for virus–cell fusion and entry. Here we identify domains of RANTES that contribute to its biological activities through structure–function studies using a new monoclonal antibody, mAb 4A12, isolated from mice immunized with recombinant human RANTES. This monoclonal antibody (mAb) blocked the antiviral activity of RANTES in infectivity assays with HIV-1_Bal, and inhibited the mobilization of intracellular Ca²⁺ elicited by RANTES, yet recognized this chemokine bound to cell surfaces. Epitope mapping using limited proteolysis, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry suggest that residues 55–66 of RANTES, which include the COOH-terminal α-helical region implicated as the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding domain, overlap the determinant recognized by mAb 4A12. This is supported by affinity chromatography studies, which showed that RANTES could be eluted specifically by heparin from a mAb 4A12 immunoaffinity matrix. Removal of cell surface GAGs by enzymatic digestion greatly reduced the ability of mAb 4A12 to detect RANTES passively bound on cell surfaces and abrogated the ability of RANTES to elicit an intracellular Ca²⁺ signal. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the COOH-terminal α-helical region of RANTES plays a key role in GAG-binding, antiviral activity, and intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling and support a model in which GAGs play a key role in the biological activities of this chemokine.     

Pulmonary Embolism: Epidemiology,Patient Presentation,Diagnosis, and Treatment

Pulmonary embolism is a significant health concern, affecting mainly the adult and elderly population. The focus of this review article will be on the epidemiology, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of PE arising from deep venous thrombosis.     

乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加亚急性肝功能衰竭患者外周血 Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg 比值的变化及与 MELD 评分的相关性

目的：探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加亚急性肝功能衰竭(SACLF)患者外周血 Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg 比值变化及评估预后的意义。方法采用流式细胞仪分别检测42例 SACLF 患者(SACLF 组)、20例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者(CHB 组)以及20例健康人(健康对照组)外周血 Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg 的比值。研究 SACLF 组 Th17/Treg 与终末期肝病评分(MELD)的相关性。结果 SACLF 组及 CHB 组 Th17频数分别为(2.51±0.57)%、(0.96±0.35)%,均较健康对照组(0.34±0.22)%明显升高(P <0.05);SACLF 组与 CHB 组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。SACLF 组 Treg 频数较健康对照组升高(P <0.05);CHB 组 Treg 频数与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);SACLF 组与 CHB 组间比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。SACLF 组及 CHB 组患者 Th17/Treg 比值分别为(0.43±0.16)、(0.23±0.18),均较健康对照组(0.07±0.15)明显升高(P <0.05),且 SACLF 组与 CHB 组间比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。SACLF 患者 MELD 评分与 Th17、Th17/Treg 与呈正相关(r =0.647、0.566,P <0.05),与 Treg 无明显相关性(P >0.05)。结论 Th17/Treg 失衡可能是乙型肝炎重症化的机制之一,SACLF 组免疫失衡程度尤其是 Th17的升高均与预后呈正相关。     

Quantification and identification of polyomavirus DNA in blood and urine of renal transplant recipients

A cohort of 201 kidney transplant recipients (KTR) including 7 patients with evidence of renal function deterioration (as defined by creatinine levels >20% over baseline values) was analyzed for polyomavirus DNA in blood and urine samples by a new quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Of 201 patients, 14 (6.9%) were positive for polyomavirus DNA in blood (median level, 500 copies per milliliter of blood) including all 7 patients with renal function deterioration. Polyomavirus DNA detection in blood for diagnosis of renal function deterioration in KTR showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%, whereas positive and negative predictive values were 50% and 100%, respectively. Diagnostic value of decoy cells detection and polyomavirus DNA quantification in urine samples was negligible.     

2008-2011年湖北省宜昌市手足口病的流行特征分析

目的 了解湖北省宜昌市手足口病的流行特征, 为手足口病的综合防治提供科学依据。 方法 收集2008-2011年宜昌市包括各县(市、区)报告的手足口病疫情病例和聚集性病例的相关标本, 采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行检测。 结果 在473份标本中, 男女性别比为1.26:1,手足口病发病高峰在春末和夏初;疱疹液的阳性检出率高于咽拭子(2=8.026,P0.01)和口漱液(2=12.67,P0.01);共检测到肠道通用病毒阳性标本298份, 总检出率为73%,其中肠道病毒71型(EV71)阳性标本191 份,柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Cox A16)阳性标本78份,其他肠道病毒为29份,EV71的检出率高于Cox A16(2=86.517,P0.01)和其他肠道病毒(2=189.089,P0.01)。 结论 宜昌市手足口病的病原体主要是EV71(64.1%)和Cox A16(26.2%), 随不同年份优势毒株稍有差异,EV71是引起宜昌市2008-2011年手足口病病例的主要优势毒株类型。     

GVHD after transfusion of stored RBC concentrates in a solution of mannitol, adenine, phosphate, citrate, glucose, and NaCl following trauma

BACKGROUND: It has not previously been reported that WBC-reduced RBC preparations can cause transfusion-associated GVHD, even in an immunocompetent individual. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old man suffered a hemorrhage from the mesentery of the transverse colon after a traffic accident. During surgery, he received 10 units of RBCs from 10 donors in a solution containing mannitol, adenine, phosphate, citrate, glucose and NaCl (MAP). MAP RBCs had been stored for 7 to 8 days before use. On the 27th day after surgery, an erythematous, pruritic rash appeared over the face, neck, and trunk, which was associated with low-grade fever and pancytopenia. Transfusion-associated GVHD was strongly suspected and was confirmed by skin biopsy. To determine the origin of lymphocytes causing GVHD, several microsatellite loci were amplified from DNA of the patient's nails and blood and from blood samples of all 10 RBC donors by using PCR. Amplified alleles derived from the patient's blood were identical to those from one of the 10 samples. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that transfusions of MAP-RBCs can cause transfusion-associated GVHD in an elderly but immunocompetent host.     

Experiences and Perceptions Toward Integrative,Complementary, and Alternative Medicine Among Conventional Medicine Practitioners of Mangalore,India

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify experiences and perception of conventional (Western, allopathic) medical practitioners toward integrative, complementary, and alternative medicine (ICAM).MethodsThere are approximately 1200 conventional medical doctors in Mangalore, India. In February 2017, semistructured self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 200 medical practitioners. The association between categorical variables was analyzed using a χ² test and those involving continuous variables using unpaired t test, analysis of variance, and Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. A P value ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOf the surveys, 163 were returned and 129 were satisfactorily completed, giving a response rate of 64.5%. Mean age was 39.9 ± 11.9 years, and most 94 (72.9%) were male. A majority, 96 (74.4%), recommended ICAM to their patients. Nine had some training in ICAM modalities, and 76 (58.9%) participants reported personal usage of ICAM. Regarding perception toward effectiveness of ICAM, 33 (25.6%) felt that it was effective or somewhat effective. However, 82 (63.6%) participants felt that lack of sufficient scientific evidence was a major drawback of ICAM. However, 39 (30.2%) participants felt that ICAM should be part of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery curricula. Favorable perception toward ICAM (P < .001) and personal usage of ICAM (P < .001) was associated with participants recommending any ICAM for their patients. Elderly practitioners (aged above 65 years) (P = .003) and practitioners with favorable perception regarding effectiveness of ICAM (P = .033) recommended a higher number of types of ICAM to their patients. Favorable perception toward effectiveness of ICAM was associated with favorable perception toward inclusion of ICAM in medical curriculum among participants (P = .002).ConclusionMost participants recommended ICAM to their patients and also reported personal usage of the same.     

手足口病患者体内肠道病毒71型和柯萨奇病毒A组16型与常见呼吸道病毒的检测及临床分析

目的 调查手足口病患者中EV71和CA16的感染现状,分析呼吸道病毒合并感染对患者的影响.方法 收集2010年6-10月在北京佑安医院就诊的手足口病患者348例,包括门诊轻症患者100例,住院患者248例.采集患者咽拭子标本提取病毒RNA,用随机引物将标本中的RNA逆转录成cDNA,荧光PCR法检测EV71和CA16.以呼吸道病毒多重PCR引物扩增12种呼吸道病毒的基因片段,通过电泳分析判断结果.比较EV71(+)或CA16(+)组与EV71(-)CA16(-)组合并呼吸道病毒感染阳性率和重症患者比例,住院与门诊手足口病患者中合并感染呼吸道病毒的阳性率.结果 348例手足口病患者,共检测出呼吸道病毒感染36例.在248例住院手足口病患者中,111例EV71(+)或CA16(+)组患者呼吸道病毒感染率7.2%,相比137例EV71(-)CA16(-)组患者呼吸道病毒感染率7.4%,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.059,P＞0.05).在100例门诊轻症手足口病患者中,有17例(17%)合并呼吸道病毒感染,高于111例EV71(+)或CA16(+)组患者呼吸道病毒感染率,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.830,P＜0.05).在111例EV71(+)或CA16(+)组中,重症患者为101例(91.0%);在137例EV71(-)CA16(-)组中,重症患者为132例(96.4%),两组重症患者率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.099,P＞0.05).在348份标本中检出占前3位的呼吸道病毒分别是人鼻病毒A/B(HRV A/B)、人副流感病毒3(PIV3)、甲型流感病毒(FLU A).结论 手足口病患者中存在呼吸道病毒合并感染,但合并感染对手足口病病情未见明显影响.     

急性乙型肝炎患者pDCs上CD86表达变化及意义

目的 探讨外周血浆细胞样树突状细胞(pDCs)在急性乙型肝炎(AHB）患者临床转归中的变化及作用。方法 纳入2015年6月至2017年5月收治的急性乙型肝炎(AHB组)患者40例， 给予退黄、降酶、保肝等药物，并加用恩替卡韦0．5 mg空腹口服，1次/d。另纳入健康体检者26例为健康对照组（ HC组）。HC组于体检当天、AHB组于治疗前及治疗后6周采集外周静脉全血，采用ELISA法检测2组血浆HBV DNA、HBsAg、HbeAg及肝功能指标水平，并应用流式细胞仪检测pDCs的频数及其功能分子CD86的表达水平。结果 治疗6周后，AHB组临床症状显著缓解，血清学指标和乙型肝炎标志物水平显著下降（P<0.01）。治疗6周后，AHB组HBV DNA转阴率为82.5%，HBsAg清除率为72.5%，HBeAg血清学转换率为75.0%，与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）, HC组pDCs频数显著高于AHB组治疗前。AHB组治疗后CD86+pDCs显著高于治疗前。HC组CD86ABC显著低于AHB组治疗前。结论 在急性乙型肝炎患者外周血pDCs的数量降低。急性乙型肝炎患者在治疗后CD86+pDCs增多。急性乙型肝炎患者pDCs上CD86表达上调。     

从SARS、MERS到COVID-19--以史为鉴--浅谈影像学在冠状病毒肺炎中的应用价值

在本世纪初的20年里,冠状病毒科病原体导致的严重急性呼吸道综合征、中东呼吸道综合征及新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发性流行,造成了严重的公共卫生灾难。本文聚焦上述冠状病毒科病原体导致肺炎的流行病学特点,影像学检查的价值及限度,新型冠状病毒肺炎的影像表现,与其他常见病毒性肺炎的影像鉴别,有助于提高对新型冠状病毒肺炎的发病机制的认识,增强设备使用的科学性,提升放射科医生的诊断能力,助力临床尽早识别病原体,有效评估疗效及预后,从而助力影像人抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情。     

Rapid, accurate, and sensitive fatty acid ethyl ester determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Background: Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are useful markers of ongoing alcohol use and may be associated with alcohol-induced damage to the liver and pancreas. In this article, we describe a novel method for rapid determination of the three major FAEEs found in human plasma. Methods: Internal standard, ethyl heptadecanoate, was added to plasma samples, and FAEEs were isolated by acetone precipitation, hexane lipid extraction, and amino-propyl silica solid phase extraction. FAEEs were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a nonpolar dimethylpolysiloxane column. The accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity of the assay were defined from plasma samples from recently drinking and abstinent persons, with and without the addition of FAEEs. Results: Individual FAEE peaks demonstrated excellent resolution. Instrument time was reduced by more than 60%. The lower limit of detection was 5 to 10 nM, and the lower limit of quantitation for each FAEE was 60 nM (for 22 samples with known concentration 60 nM, x +/-SD: 61 +/- 5.7, 57 +/- 5.7, and 57 +/- 5.9 nM, for ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, and ethyl stearate, respectively). Instrument precision (coefficient of variance, CV) for these three FAEEs was 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. Intra-assay precision (CV) for total FAEEs was less than 7%. FAEEs were absent in 49 samples from abstinent persons. FAEEs were detected in all 76 samples with associated positive blood alcohol levels. Conclusions: Our method of FAEE analysis is rapid and potentially useful in research and clinical studies. FAEE determination using this method is precise, accurate, sensitive, and specific and deserves broader application.     

河南省驻马店市“艾滋病病毒单阳”家庭阴性配偶4种性病相关病毒感染调查

目的了解河南省驻马店市艾滋病病毒（HIV）单阳家庭阴性配偶HIV、病毒性乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）、病毒性丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）及梅毒感染现状及合并感染现状。 方法采用普查方法,对河南省驻马店市HIV单阳家庭阴性配偶进行血清流行病学调查,采集阴性配偶的血标本,检测其HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒感染状况。结果本次调查共采集HIV单阳家庭中HIV抗体阴性配偶血样3619份,经检测HIV抗体阳性49例,HIV感染率为1.35%,抗-HCV感染率为31.20%,且随着年龄的增加而逐步升高（趋势2=-3.78,P0.01）、梅毒感染率为0.17%,但女性感染率高于男性（2=0.0061,P0.01）、乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）感染率为5.40%、乙肝大三阳［HBsAg、乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)］阳性率为0.77%,乙肝小三阳（HBsAg、抗-Hbe、抗-HBc）阳性率为2.93%。HBsAg/HCV合并感染率最高为1.22%。HIV阳性者中,合并感染人数占的63.27%。结论驻马店市HIV单阳家庭阴性配偶的HIV感染率较高,已成为HIV感染的高危人群之一,4种传染病存在混合感染现象,建议加强对该人群的随访,定期检测HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒,以控制4种传染病家庭内经性传播。     

泉州市流感疫情实验室检测及H3N2亚型基因特性分析

目的 了解2009年泉州地区流感流行及病毒株的变异情况,探讨流感病毒基因的变异与流感流行的关系.方法 对泉州市198例流感患者的咽拭子采用MDCK细胞培养进行病毒分离,经血清学试验鉴定分型和实时荧光RT-PCR方法检测病毒核酸.对其中4株毒株提取病毒RNA,采用RT-PCR扩增病毒HA1基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定,用DNAstar megalign软件分析基因.结果 198份咽拭子中有98份为H3N2亚型流感病毒核酸阳性,分离到62株H3N2亚型流感病毒,HA1基因经核苷酸序列测定显示,其基因特性更接近于A/Ningbo/333/2008,核苷酸同源性为98.7%,与A/Xiamen/70/2004的同源性为96.8%,由HA1基因核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸系列与疫苗株A/Brisbane/10/2007相比,有7个氨基酸位点发生变异,其中有1个位点位于抗原决定簇A区(144),有2个位点位于抗原决定簇B区(158、189),种系发生树分析也证实HA1基因存在一定差异.结论引起2009年泉州市流感在部分集体单位流行的病毒为H3N2亚型,其基因特性和抗原性与疫苗株相比均发生了一定变异.

Abstract：

Objective To obtain the information of the 2009 influenza outbreak and the variations of influenza virus strains in quanzhou, and explore the relationship between the genetic variation of influenza virus and influenza epidemic. Methods During the influenza outbreak in quanzhou,one hundred and ninetyeight throat swabs specimens from the patients with influenza were collected. Viruses were isolated with MDCK cells and identified with serological test, followed by real-time RT-PCR. RNA of four influenza virus strains were extracted, then HA1 gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The purified PCR products were sequenced. The data were analyzed with the software DNAstar megalign. Results Total 98 pieces of H3N2 subtype influenza virus nucleic acid were detected in 198 throat swabs specimens,among which 62 influenza virus strains were identified as subtype influenza A( H3N2 ). The sequencing results of HA1 gene in these positive strains showed that their genetic characterization were more closed to strains A/Ningbo/333/2008 with a nucleotide homology of 98.7%, which was 96.8% as compared with A/Xiamen/70/2004. The amino acids sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences in HA1 region of the isolated strain had 7 mutant sites compared with A/Brisbane/10/2007 vaccine strain. One variant amino acids were found located in the antigenic determinant sites A( 144 ), two were in the sites B( 158,189 ). Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed the difference in HAl domain. Conclusion The influenza virus strains causing the flu outbreak among some communities of quanzhou in 2009 are subtype influenza A ( H3N2 ), whose genetic characterization and antigenicity were different from the vaccine strain.     

麻疹病毒、风疹病毒和腮腺炎病毒多重RT-PCR法的建立

摘要：目的：建立针对麻疹病毒、风疹病毒和腮腺炎病毒的多重RT-PCR 检测方法。 方法：分别根据麻疹病毒M基因、风疹病毒E基因和腮腺炎病毒M基因设计3 对引物,建立同时检测3种病毒的多重RT-CR,并评估其灵敏度和特异性。 结果：建立的多重RT-PCR可同时或分别扩增的3种病毒的111 bp、352 bp和274 bp基因片段,其灵敏度分别达到2.1、2.1、2.2 lg_{CCID 50}/mL;而与脊髓灰质炎病毒和乙型脑炎病毒无交叉反应。 结论: 建立的多重RT-PCR可用于麻疹病毒、风疹病毒和腮腺炎病毒的快速检测。