地铁隧道列车火灾的火焰顶棚射流温度特性研究

以地铁隧道火灾为研究对象,通过1∶8缩尺模型试验和数值模拟分析夹带火焰的烟气顶棚射流的温度特性,为地铁隧道火灾的防灾减灾提供参考。假定火源位于列车中部,燃烧强度是经过相似变换的等量荷载。火焰直接撞击顶棚并向上、下游扩展。考虑隧道内热辐射效应,得到在不同燃料用量下火焰顶棚射流温度的时变规律与空间分布特征。结果表明:燃料的多少对火焰顶棚射流在燃烧时间内的温度时变曲线的变化趋势影响不大,燃烧达到稳定的时间非常接近,但稳定状态的温度明显不同;火焰区上方顶棚射流烟气的最高温度与燃料液面的高度有关,试验中出现在距隧道顶0.18H处,而不是纯烟气顶棚射流给出的0.01H的区域内;列车上方及列车首尾附近的火焰顶棚射流温度沿隧道纵向呈线性衰减,且衰减速率不随时间变化,而不是纯烟气顶棚射流的指数衰减形式。在一定的高度以下,火焰顶棚射流的温度迅速降低,存在温度较低的安全区域适合于人员疏散。     

非规则大空间内烟气填充的研究

采用场模型和贴体坐标技术对某机场候机大厅的烟气填充情况进行了研究。研究结果表明,烟气下降到对人逃生有害的高度需要相当长的时间,随着火源强度的增加,顶棚射流速度和烟气温度增加,烟气层底面高度下降。     

中庭烟气填充高度模拟研究

利用FDS模拟中庭内的烟气填充过程,分析环境温度、顶棚温度、火源功率、中庭体量对烟气填充高度的影响。通过分析温度数据和烟气层高度数据,得到烟气层高度与各因素之间相互影响的定性关系,并通过曲线拟合得到烟气层高度与各因素之间的定量关系。结果表明,烟气层填充高度基本不受起始环境温度的影响,烟气层高度峰值与顶棚温度、火源功率、中庭体量之间存在线性关系。     

超大方形空间火灾特点的仿真与实验研究

针对超大方形建筑空间消防安全,采用仿真与实验相结合的方法,对此类空间发生火灾后的温度分布、烟气沉降、氧气浓度等内容展开了研究。研究表明,此类空间一旦发生大尺度火灾,烟气运动会出现明显的“分层”“顶棚射流”“壁面射流”现象;火场内温度分布呈现高、中、低3 个梯度,高、中两个梯度会在300 s 内超过人体承受温度;烟气沉降过程中会短暂停留在距离地面某一高度处;同时,烟气沉降到地面后,可燃物仍将继续长时间在浓度约为16%~18%的氧气中继续燃烧,且氧气浓度最低位置不是在火源附近,而极有可能出现在远离火源的墙壁下部。     

综合管廊电缆舱中线性火源横向和竖向移动对火灾行为的影响研究

在长50 m的全尺寸综合管廊电缆舱模型中进行电缆火灾试验,研究线性火源的横向移动和竖向移动对火焰外形、火源质量损失速率、横向温度分布及烟气分层的影响.得到以下结论,火源横向移动会使火焰发生弯曲,火源竖向移动会在顶棚形成较大的火焰面积;侧墙和火焰对火源的辐射热反馈是影响火源质量损失速率的重要因素,且火焰对火源的热反馈要重要于侧墙的热反馈;在侧墙和火焰两种因素的共同作用下,使火源质量损失速率在火源发生横向移动时先增加后减少,发生竖向移动时一直减少;通过对横向温度的分析发现,火源的横向移动对烟气层的厚度影响不大,但竖向移动会使烟气层的厚度明显减小.     

建筑高度对大空间温度场的影响

进行两组全尺寸大空间燃烧试验,验证数值模拟设计火的合理性。采用FDS模拟在火源功率恒定、建筑高度不同、建筑面积不同的火灾场景中,分析建筑高度对顶棚温度场的影响。结果发现,火源正上方顶棚处温度在建筑高度增加到9m后受高度的影响明显变小;火源中心线附近处的水平温度梯度变化非常明显,且随建筑高度的增加,变化梯度减小;距火源中心线较远处的温度变化梯度受建筑高度和面积的影响都非常有限。     

隧道横向偏置火源顶棚温度纵向分布特性研究

为研究隧道横向火源位置对隧道顶棚温度沿纵向分布过程的影响,采用数值模拟与全尺寸模型实验相结合的方法,分析3 种火源功率多种横向偏移位置火源燃烧产生的顶棚温升与对应中心火源工况沿隧道纵向不同位置的温度分布特性。结果表明：对于多种横向偏置火源位置,火源所处纵向的顶棚温升衰减仍可用指数形式描述,越靠近隧道侧壁,温升衰减速度越快。火源与横向中心的偏距和纵向距离的耦合影响对温升衰减规律可以用相对独立的公式形式进行描述。火源功率越大,不同偏距火源下影响温升纵向衰减的范围越小。     

顶棚射流扩展火焰长度工程计算模型

运用FDS数值模拟方法,通过不同火源功率、不同火源直径和不同顶棚高度等19种火灾算例,分析了不同模拟工况下顶棚射流横向扩展火焰的发展情况.根据模拟结果,拟合得到顶棚射流横向扩展火焰半径的工程计算模型,并和前人得到的计算模型进行了比较.     

火源高度对小室烟气温度场的影响研究

通过不同高度小功率火源的6组试验,结合同工况的FDS模拟,将试验、数值模拟和Heskestad理论模型计算结果对比发现:理论模型的轴线温度计算结果远高于实际值,但在顶棚发生射流处,能够准确预测温度;FDS得到的火焰高度有一定误差,且受辐射影响较大;顶棚射流烟气可以根据温度的衰减梯度划分为3个区域:稳定区、骤变区和渐变区。     

综合管廊顶棚下方横向温度分布研究

通过FDS数值模拟研究不同火源功率、火源纵向位置对综合管廊横向温度分布的影响。研究表明:顶棚下方横向温度整体呈火源正上方温度高、两侧温度低的趋势，随着与火源中心距离增大，温度逐渐降低，趋于稳定。火源左侧温度高于右侧。当火源纵向位置一定时，火源功率越大，顶棚下方横向温度越高。相同火源功率下，火源距离管廊左封闭端越近，顶棚下方横向温度越高，这与综合管廊防火门等引起的烟气回流有关。综合考虑火源功率和火源纵向位置等因素，提出综合管廊顶棚下方横向温升预测模型，将模型计算值与数值模拟值进行对比，发现两者吻合度较好，相对误差在可接受范围内。     

Numerical investigation of smoke exhaust mechanism in a gymnasium under fire scenarios

The Fire Dynamics Simulator code is used to investigate the smoke filling process in a large building. Initially, the model is used to simulate the smoke descending process in an atrium under fire scenarios. By comparing with experimental data, reasonable model constants of _Cs$C_{\mathrm{s}}$ and _Prt${\mathit{Pr}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ are determined for simulating smoke movement in buildings with large space. The performance of different smoke exhaust methods in a real gymnasium is then studied. Smoke filling processes are investigated under different natural and enhanced smoke exhaust methods. Simulated results show that natural smoke exhaust method is preferred when the smoke exhaust vents are located at the ceiling of the gymnasium. On the other hand, when the smoke exhaust vents are located on the walls of the gymnasium, enhanced smoke exhaust methods are preferred. In addition, the influence of ceiling temperature in the gymnasium on the smoke spreading process is presented in this paper. Results indicate that high ceiling temperature slows down the so-called smoke ceiling jet moving horizontally at the ceiling, whereas low ceiling temperature accelerates such smoke ceiling jets.     

中庭火灾烟气流动的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟的方法,对中庭火灾烟气的流动过程进行了模拟,了解了中庭烟气的蔓延过程,得到了烟气的速度场和温度场、顶棚射流的速度和温度的详细结果。模拟结果表明,大涡模拟能比较准确地预测中庭内烟气的流动状态,可用于指导中庭建筑的防火设计。     

Enclosure smoke filling revisited

Building fires go through a series of stages. They start with a fire plume/ceiling jet period during which buoyant fire gases rise to the ceiling and spread radially beneath the ceiling. A second stage, the enclosure smoke-filling period, follows; this second stage is the subject of this paper. It has been more than 20 yr since Zukoski first addressed the smoke filling stage of enclosure fires in terms of thermodynamic control volume concepts and fire plume entrainment, yet his analysis remains pertinent. This paper reviews and extends fire modeling concepts related to enclosure smoke filling developed by Zukoski. The mass-based analysis of Zukoski is recast in terms of the volumetric flow rates typically used for ventilation system design; it is extended to consider global average temperature rise and the effects of oxygen consumption on the maximum global average temperature rise that can be achieved in a closed-room fire. A spreadsheet template is developed to compare hand calculations based on a global analysis with numerical smoke filling calculations. Results of this comparison suggest that there is little difference in conditions predicted with the global hand calculations and the numerical smoke filling calculations; consequently, the hand calculations are suitable for preliminary fire hazard analyses.     

The impact of atrium shape on natural smoke ventilation

The performance efficiency of natural smoke ventilation in atria spaces are influenced greatly by several design decisions such as atrium shape, height, size and openings location. This paper investigates the impact of atrium shape (horizontal profile) on smoke ventilation performance in naturally ventilated atria. Three different configurations (square, rectangular and triangular prism) with the same area, height, and hence, volume were tested. The smoke ventilation performance is being assessed in terms of smoke filling time using a computational fire dynamic simulator (FDS). FDS is used to simulate the natural smoke filling resulting from atrium fire in the three configurations. The smoke layer interface height as a function of time and soot mass fraction and temperature as a function of height have been registered during the simulation. The predicted transport lag time for initial formation of the smoke layer beneath the ceiling (ceiling jet) was compared for the three tests. In order to test sensitivity of the shapes, all other parameters were designed to be similar in the three tests, and the same fire scenario was applied including inlet and outlet area, and fire size and location. The results showed that the rectangular configuration contributes better to smoke ventilation, and that the triangular configuration is the most critical in terms of smoke filling time, followed by the square configuration.     

单室墙角火壁面烟熏痕迹特征研究

为研究单室墙角火火灾壁面烟熏痕迹特征，采用1/3尺寸火灾试验还原单室墙角火火灾，测定壁面不同点的温度及烟气蔓延速度，研究火源在不同位置时的壁面烟熏痕迹特征；利用PyroSim软件模拟烟气蔓延过程。结果表明：火源位于房间中间时，在屋顶呈现圆形痕迹；火源在墙角时，两边侧墙和墙角顶部形成明显烟熏痕迹；墙角火在墙角位置的温度和烟气蔓延速度高于房间中间起火；试验结果与模拟结果吻合。试验结果可为调查墙角火火灾提供理论及试验依据。     

A Simplified Mathematical Model for Predicting the Vertical Temperature Profiles in Enclosure Fires Without Vertical Opening

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the instantaneous temperature profiles in sealed or ceiling vented compartment fires. It has been observed in the existing research that in compartments without vertical opening, smoke fills the volume very soon indicating that the so-called one-zone type distribution forms quickly, and the gas temperature inclines linearly with height above the fire source. These characteristics are different from the smoke filling properties in enclosure fires with vertical openings. An assumption of linear distribution for temperature was introduced and a modified one-zone model was subsequently proposed in order to predict the transient smoke temperature profiles after the smoke fills the enclosure. With the knowledge of the heat release rate, the prediction model was established based on unsteady energy conservation by changing the heat loss factor using the semi-empirical models for fire plume and ceiling jet. Experiments including sealed and ceiling vented conditions were conducted to validate the model and the comparisons between measurements and predictions suggested the model can give fairly satisfactory estimations for the transient temperature profiles for both tests.