PbTe基合金的热压制备与热电性能

以Pb粉,Te粉和PbI2粉为原料,采用固相合成方法合成了掺杂PbI2(0.03,0.05,0.1,0.3at%)N型PbTe合金,XRD分析表明,合金具有NaCl型面心立方结构。采用热压烧结法将PbTe合金粉末烧结成块体材料,运用XRD,SEM方法对材料的物相组成和形貌进行了表征,表明热压烧结后材料仍保持NaCl型面心立方结构,出现偏析现象,分为富Te相和富Pb相,其中富Pb相呈现片状。通过材料热电性能参数的测试,研究了20MPa下不同热压烧结温度,不同含量PbI2掺杂对材料热电性能的影响,结果表明合理热压烧结温度对材料的热电性能提高起到关键作用,当PbI2含量为0.1at%时,PbTe合金在350℃具有最高的功率因子2.48mW/(m.K2)。     

K、Al共掺杂Bi_2 Te_(2.7) Se_(0.3)热电材料的制备及性能研究

采用真空熔炼和热压烧结技术制备了K和Al共掺杂Bi2Te2.7Se0.3热电材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的物相结构和表面形貌进行了表征。XRD分析结果表明,K0.04Bi1.96-x Al x Te2.7Se0.3块体材料的XRD图谱与Bi2Te2.7Se0.3的XRD图谱对应一致,SEM形貌表明材料组织致密且有层状结构特征。K0.04Bi1.92-Al0.04Te2.7Se0.3合金提高了材料的Seebeck系数,K0.04Bi1.88Al0.08Te2.7Se0.3和K0.04Bi1.84Al0.12Te2.7Se0.3大幅度提高了材料的电导率,通过K和Al部分替代Bi,使材料的热导率有不同程度的减小,在300~500 K温度范围内,K和Al共掺杂均较大幅度地提高了Bi2Te2.7Se0.3的热电优值。     

添加Ge的In_(10)Sb_(10)Ge三元合金热电性能

InSb单晶材料具有相当高的载流子迁移率,因而有良好的电学性能。本文采用缓慢凝固技术制备出In-Sb-Ge三元合金,并在320K到706K的温度范围内测量其热电性能。显微结构观察表明,In-Sb-Ge三元合金的微观组织由嵌入含锗相的锑化铟相组成,这一结果与X射线衍射分析的结果相符。性能测试表明,其晶格热导率在整个温度范围内都非常低,尤其在低温下更低,而载流子热导率随温度的升高,从6.3(W.m-1.K-1)降低到2.4(W.m-1.K-1),在热传输过程中起主要作用。在708K时In10Sb10Ge合金的最高ZT值为0.18。     

Te掺杂对SryCo4Sb12-xTex化合物热电性能的影响

采用熔融法结合SPS烧结技术合成了Sr_yCo₄Sb_12-xTe_x化合物, 并探讨了Te掺杂对化合物热电性能的影响. 采用XRD及EPMA确定了相组成及化学成分, 并测试了材料的高温热电性能. 实验结果表明, 虽然Te掺杂降低了Sr在CoSb₃中的填充量, 但是与具有相近Sr填充量的基体相比, Te掺杂提高了材料的载流子浓度和电导率, 同时也提高了塞贝克系数; Te掺杂由于引入了电子-声子散射, 进一步降低了材料的晶格热导率, 并且随着Te掺杂量的增加, 晶格热导率的降低幅度提高; 对x=0.05的样品Sr_0.18Co₄Sb_11.95Te_0.05, 在850K时, 材料的最大ZT值接近1.0, 与具有相近填充量的基体材料相比, ZT值提高了35％.     

K、Al共掺杂Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料的制备及性能

采用真空熔炼及热压方法制备了K和Al共掺杂P型Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料。XRD分析结果表明,K0.04Bi0.5Sb1.5-x Alx Te3块体材料的XRD图谱与Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3的图谱完全对应,SEM形貌分析表明材料具有一定的层状结构和微孔。K和Al共掺杂提高了Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3在室温附近的Seebeck系数。除了K0.04Bi0.5Sb1.34Al0.12Te3样品的300K和400K以上的高温区,以及共掺杂样品的500K高温附近之外,K和Al共掺杂均使Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3材料的电导率降低。在300~500K温度范围内,K0.04Bi0.5Sb1.42Al0.04Te3样品的热导率均小于Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3的热导率。在300~350K温度范围内,K0.04Bi0.5Sb1.42Al0.04Te3样品的热电优值较Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3有较大幅度的提高。     

纳米结构热电材料及其在温差电池上的应用

热电材料微观组织结构的纳米化有利于增强对声子的散射,降低材料热导率,从而提高热电材料的性能.采用水热合成方法制备了包含纳米管、纳米线等形态的Bi2Te3基纳米结构粉末.采用真空热压方法制备了含纳米结构粉末的Bi2Te3基纳米复合热电材料.实验结果表明,纳米复合热电材料具有高电导、低热导的优良性能特征.最大无量纲热电优值达到1.3左右,比同类区熔材料提高15%左右.模拟计算表明,用纳米复合材料制备的温差电池的单位面积最大输出功率为1100W·m-2,热电转换效率在8%以上,在余热发电应用领域具有实际应用经济价值.     

Bi2Te3的水热合成及其高温高压烧结

以Bi(NO3)3和Te粉为原料,水合肼为还原剂,采用水热法保温24h,分别在150℃和180℃制备了Bi2Te3纳米粉末。通过X射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜等分析方法对产物的物相组成和微观形貌进行了表征。实验结果表明,水热法可以制备出纯相纳米级别的Bi2Te3粉末,并且晶粒尺寸随着反应温度升高有增大的趋势。最后采用高温高压法对纳米Bi2Te3粉末进行烧结,分析了烧结温度和压力对样品室温热电性能的影响。结果显示,在0.94GPa、753K条件下烧结后样品的室温功率因子达到16μW/(cm.K2)。     

亚快速凝固方法制备Te-In合金的组织与成分

采用亚快速凝固的方法制备75Te-25In(质量分数,%)合金,利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能谱仪(EDS)等方法,考察Te-In合金的微观组织、相组成及其化学成分。结果表明,Te-In合金的微观组织均匀,平均晶粒尺寸约为5μm;合金由初晶相和共晶组织组成,其中初晶相为非平衡态的In2Te5相,共晶组织则由固溶有In的非平衡态Te相和非平衡态的In2Te5相共同组成,合金中未发现纯Te相和平衡态的In2Te5相的存在;非平衡态的Te相中Te的质量分数为84.2%,In的质量分数为15.8%。     

机械球磨-热压法制备Bio.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料

用机械球磨-热压法制备了Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料,分别研究了机械球磨时间对合成Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3合金相的影响和烧结温度对其热电性能的影响.结果表明Bi、Sb、、Te原始混合粉末高能球磨10 h以后,就可以完全合金化,生成Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3相.球磨10h的粉末分别在400、450和520℃下热压烧结成型,烧结样品的密度随烧结温度的增大而增加,Seebeck系数和电阻率随烧结温度的升高而降低     

Ag_2Te掺杂对p型Bi_(0.5)Sb_(1.5)Te_3块状合金热电性能的影响

采用真空熔炼、机械球磨及放电等离子烧结技术(SPS)制备得到了(Ag2Te)x(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)1-x(x=0,0.025,0.05,0.1)系列样品,性能测试表明,Ag2Te的掺入可以显著改变材料的热电性能变化趋势,掺杂样品在温度为450~550K范围内具有较未掺杂样品更优的热电性能.适当量的Ag2Te掺入能够有效地提高材料的声子散射,降低材料的热导率.在测试温度范围内,(Ag2Te)0.05(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)0.95具有最低的晶格热导,室温至575K范围内保持在0.2~0.3W/(m·K)之间,在575K时,(Ag2Te)0.05(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)0.95试样具有最大热电优值ZT=0.84,相较于未掺杂样品提高了约20%.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.