条斑星鲽生长与生态转化效率的初步研究

在人工养殖的条件下(自然光照,水温为11~16.3℃),对初始平均体质量为29.64g±5.98g的条斑星鲽(Verasper moseriJordan et Gilbert)幼鱼1周年的生长和生态转化效率进行定期测定。结果显示:条斑星鲽的体长和体高在实验期间皆呈直线增长;体质量的增长可以分为两个阶段:前期呈指数生长,后期为直线增长。体长和体质量呈指数函数关系:W=10-5L3.0226,r=0.9893。条斑星鲽幼鱼周年的生长率和生态转化效率都较高,属于高生长类型鱼类;生态转化效率周年波动范围是34.16%~91.07%,特定生长率的周年波动范围是0.170~1.527。     

斜带髭鲷幼鱼生长和生态转换效率的研究

在实验室内, 22. 5±0. 5℃条件下以去头去骨去鳞片去皮的金色小沙丁鱼的纯肉糜为饵料饲养斜带髭鲷幼鱼,测定体重范围在 4. 6~6. 5g的斜带髭鲷的体重、体长的生长曲线及其生态转换效率和特定生长率.实验结果表明,斜带髭鲷的体重、体长在实验期间直线增长,体重、体长的生长曲线分别为Wt(w.w.湿重,下同 ) =0. 391 7t 5. 766 2(R=0. 999 6)和Lt=0. 105t 6. 265(R=0. 989 9).用胃含物法测定斜带髭鲷的胃排空率、日摄食量、日生长量、生态转换效率和特定生长率.实验得到斜带髭鲷消化道的瞬时排空率Rt= 1. 23 4×10-3 (m/m) /h,日摄食量Cd= 1. 342 9g(w.w. ),生态转换效率Eg=29. 50% ±2. 77% [m/m(w.w. ) ],特定生长率SGR=4. 71%±0. 69% [m/m(w.w. ) ].     

饵料粒度对玉筋鱼摄食、生长和生态转换效率的影响

在实验室大型玻璃钢水槽中,流水条件下投喂两种不同颗粒大小的卤虫,采用Eggers模型比较了黄海、渤海主要中上层小型鱼类玉筋鱼的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征.结果表明:投喂颗粒小的幼体卤虫的排空率比投喂颗粒大的成体卤虫的大,分别为0.2136,0.1887.摄食小颗粒幼体卤虫的玉筋鱼的摄食率、生长率和生态转换效率分别为22.53g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或60.14kJ/(100g·d),3.63g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或14.86kJ/(100g·d),16.12%(以湿质量计)或24.70%(以能量计);而摄食大颗粒成体卤虫的玉筋鱼的摄食率、生长率和生态转换效率分别为27.54g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或51.69kJ/(100g·d),4.77g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或19.50(kJ/100g·d),17.31%(以湿质量计)或37.69%(以能量计).摄食成体卤虫的湿重比摄食幼体卤虫的多,而摄食幼体卤虫所含能量比成体卤虫的高;从玉筋鱼的生长情况来看,成体卤虫投喂的效果明显优于幼体卤虫,不管是用湿重还是用能含量来表示,摄食成体卤虫的生长都比摄食幼体的快,摄食成体的生态转化效率也都比摄食幼体的要高.     

盐度对近江牡蛎耗氧率、排氨率、O:N 和吸收率的影响

以半现场流水槽法研究了不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35)对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)耗氧率、排氨率、O:N、吸收率的影响,并测定了盐度为20条件下牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率的周日变化.结果表明,近江牡蛎耗氧率、排氨率、O:N先随着盐度的升高而下降,在20左右降到最低,随着盐度继续上升,又升高;而近江牡蛎的吸收率先随着盐度的升高而升高,在20左右达到最高,然后随盐度升高而下降.根据数据得出耗氧率与盐度的拟合方程: y=0.0033x2-0.1161x+1.5523, R2=0.9018;排氨率与盐度:y=0.0001x2-0.0041x+0.0871, R2=0.9889;O:N与盐度:y=0.0016x3-0.0782x2+0.9051x+10.818, R2=0.955;吸收率与盐度: y=-0.0011x2+0.0399x+0.4393.R2=0.9453.一日内,8时、14时、19时、22时4个时间点,近江牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率变化较大,在14时最大,表明该时点其代谢活动最强.     

Availability of cadmium and zinc from sewage sludge to the flounder, Platichthys flesus, via a marine food chain

This paper examines the potential availability to a demersal fish of cadmium and zinc associated with digested sewage sludge, via a food chain as well as directly from the sludge, and the tissue distribution and possible excretion of any accumulated cadmium and zinc. Radioactive tracer techniques were used in order to follow the food chain transfer of the metals. Flounder (Platichthys flesus) accumulated cadmium both directly from sludge (delivered in newly ingested unassimilated gutfuls in the amphipods) and in assimilated form from the tissues of the amphipod crustacean Corophium volutator that had been feeding on a sludge–sediment mixture. Cadmium from both sources could be excreted by the fish. The concentration of cadmium within the whole fish increased as the input of cadmium in the diet increased. Zinc, similarly, is available to the flounder both directly from sludge and from zinc accumulated in C. volutator. Only a limited increase in net accumulation of zinc by the flounder was observed upon increased inputs of zinc through the diet, perhaps indicating some regulation of body zinc concentration by the flounder.     

不同饵料种类、投喂方式及环境条件对凡纳滨对虾相对摄食量的影响

为提高对虾养殖过程中的饵料利用率并减少养殖废水的排放,作者以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为实验对象,研究了不同饵料种类、投喂方式、体质量、充气量、光照强度、水温及盐度对其相对摄食量的影响。结果表明:配合饲料组对虾的相对摄食量显著高于冰鲜虾肉组;连续单颗投喂时对虾的相对摄食量较高;相对摄食量随对对虾体重升高而显著(P0.01)下降,而且不同规格的对虾在竞争条件下平均相对摄食量会降低;充气量6 L/min组对虾的相对摄食量明显高于另外两组;弱光环境下对虾的相对摄食量较高;水温和盐度对相对摄食量的影响极显著(P0.01),在32℃时对虾获得最大相对摄食量,在盐度为5时相对摄食量最小,高盐度下组间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,在实际生产中应采取少量多次的投饵策略,并根据环境条件的变化合理的调整投饵量。     

Trophic efficiency of the planktonic food web in a coastal ecosystem dominated by Phaeocystis colonies

The trophic efficiency of the planktonic food web in the Phaeocystis-dominated ecosystem of the Belgian coastal waters was inferred from the analysis of the carbon flow network of the planktonic system subdivided into its different trophodynamic groups. A carbon budget was constructed on the basis of process-level field experiments conducted during the spring bloom period of 1998. Biomass and major metabolic activities of auto- and heterotrophic planktonic communities (primary production, bacterial production, nanoproto-, micro- and mesozooplankton feeding activities) were determined in nine field assemblages collected during spring at reference station 330. In 1998, the phytoplankton spring flowering was characterised by a moderate diatom bloom followed by a massive Phaeocystis colony bloom. Phaeocystis colonies, contributing 70% to the net primary production, escaped the linear food chain while the early spring diatom production supplied 74% of the mesozooplankton carbon uptake. The rest of mesozooplankton food requirement was, at the time of the Phaeocystis colony bloom, partially fulfilled by microzooplankton. Only one-third of the microzooplankton production, however, was controlled by mesozooplankton grazing pressure. Ungrazed Phaeocystis colonies were stimulating the establishment of a very active microbial network. On the one hand, the release of free-living cells from ungrazed colonies has been shown to stimulate the growth of microzooplankton, which was controlling 97% of the nanophytoplankton production. On the other hand, the disruption of ungrazed Phaeocystis colonies supplied the water column with large amounts of dissolved organic matter available for planktonic bacteria. The budget calculation suggests that ungrazed colonies contributed up to 60% to the bacterial carbon demand, while alternative sources (exudation, zooplankton egestion and lysis of other organisms) provided some 30% of bacterial carbon requirements. This suggests that the spring carbon demand of planktonic bacteria was satisfied largely by autogenic production. The trophic efficiency was defined as the ratio between mesozooplankton grazing on a given source and food production. In spite of its major contribution to mesozooplankton feeding, the trophic efficiency of the linear food chain, restricted to the grazing on diatoms, represented only 5.6% of the available net primary production. The trophic efficiency of the microbial food chain, the ratio between mesozooplankton grazing on microzooplankton and the resource inflow (the bacterial carbon demand plus the nanophytoplankton production) amounted to only 1.6%. These low trophic efficiencies together with the potential contribution of ungrazed Phaeocystis-derived production to the bacterial carbon demand suggest that during spring 1998 most of the Phaeocystis-derived production in the Belgian coastal area was remineralised in the water column.     

铁对三角褐指藻生长、光合作用及生化组成的影响

近来许多研究表明,不论是在无机氮丰富还是贫乏的水域,铁元素的供应对于浮游植物的生物量、生长率、种类组成及初级生产力均会产生影响。通过室内培养,研究了铁对三角褐指藻生长、光合作用以及细胞生化组成的影响。实验结果表明,在其他营养盐充足的条件下,海水中铁浓度的变化对三角褐指藻的生长及光合作用均有显着影响。在5×10-7mol/dm3铁浓度时,三角褐指藻可达到其最大光合作用速率。在添加铁的条件下,三角褐指藻细胞多种生化组成受到不同程度的影响,其中叶绿素a含量变化幅度最大,增加了25%～35%,叶绿素c、类胡萝卜素含量也有一定程度的增加,但增长幅度要小于叶绿素a;碳水化合物的含量增加了5%～10%,蛋白质含量的增加幅度在5%～15%之间;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及DCMU荧光增强比(F_d/F)也呈明显的增加趋势。铁是海洋初级生产过程中的一种限制因子。     

温度对美国硬壳蛤滤食率、耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在实验条件下，采用静水方法，测定了水温11．5、22．5、28．0、32．0℃下，硬壳蛤的滤食率、耗氧率和排泄率。结果表明，在11，5～22．5℃-之间，硬壳蛤的上述生理指标随温度的升高而增加，差异显著。而在22．5、28．0、32．0℃之间，生理指标的差异并不十分显著，间接说明了硬壳蛤对温度的较强适应能力，适合在浙江省等东南沿海进行推广养殖。     

真江蓠杭州湾海域栽培试验及生态因子对藻体生长的影响

在杭州湾上海金山海域进行了真江蓠(Gracilaria verrucosa)栽培试验并在实验室内研究了温度、盐度和光照强度对真江蓠生长的影响。结果表明,温度、盐度和光照强度对真江蓠的生长影响极显著(P0.01)。真江蓠生长适宜温度为20~30℃;适宜盐度为15~25;适宜光照强度在90μmol/(m2.s)左右。温度、盐度和光照强度对真江蓠生长存在显著的交互效应(P0.05),三者的最佳组合为温度25℃、盐度20和光照强度90μmol/(m2.s)。海区栽培实验表明真江蓠可在杭州湾海域正常生长,全年平均特定生长率(RSG)为9.42%/d。     

饵料、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食的影响

利用实验生态学方法,通过分析摄食喜好系数、单位体质量摄食量等参数,研究脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的摄食选择性,以及饵料种类、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食量的影响。结果表明,脉红螺(壳长100~120mm)具有明显的摄食选择性,喜食缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)、竹节蛏(Solen gouldi)和中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis),但不同饵料对其摄食量的影响不显著。随着温度的升高,不同规格脉红螺的摄食量变化趋势相似,即温度低于7℃时基本不摄食,温度高于16℃时开始大量摄食,22℃左右时达到摄食高峰。不同规格的脉红螺,随壳长的增加,单位体质量摄食量逐渐减小。不同壳长的脉红螺(38~108 mm),随壳长的增加,最低摄食温度先降低(壳长50~70 mm脉红螺最低摄食温度最低)后升高。本研究为脉红螺的人工养殖提供了理论依据,同时为脉红螺的生态影响评估提供参考。     

饥饿对大西洋浪蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法研究了饥饿对大西洋浪蛤(Spisula solidissima)耗氧率和排氨率的影响.试验浪蛤软体部干质量为0.049g±0.003 g,实验饥饿的时间分别为1,3,5,7,10,13,20,27 d.结果表明:(1)饥饿对浪蛤的耗氧率影响极显著(P＜0.01).浪蛤在饥饿1～7 d时其耗氧率随着时间的延长而增大;饥饿7 d以后,其耗氧率随饥饿时间的延长而下降.(2)饥饿对浪蛤的排氨率影响极显著(P＜0.01).浪蛤在饥饿1～5 d时其耗氧率随时间的延长而增大;在饥饿5 d以后,其排氨率随饥饿时间的延长而下降.(3)在实验期内浪蛤的O/N(O为呼吸氧原子数,N为排出氨态氮原子教)值为17.05～34.18,平均值为21.1.     

Spartina anglica eradication experiment and in situ monitoring assess structuring strength of habitat complexity on marine macrofauna at high tidal level

The cordgrass Spartina anglica is an introduced species that tends to invade sheltered sand and mudflats, at the upper low marsh level. In Arcachon Bay, a lagoon in South West of France, the cordgrass can also replace Zostera noltii beds. The consequence of cordgrass presence on macrobenthic fauna was estimated and compared to adjacent habitats (bare sands, Z. noltii sea grass beds) during one year. The communities of the three habitats were characterised by low species richness, low abundance and biomass (when Hydrobia ulvae, 90% of abundance, is not considered) and high seasonal stability. The infaunal assemblages were particularly homogeneous between habitats without any characteristic species.Cordgrass eradication experiments were performed and zoobenthic recolonisation was observed the following year. Modifications in benthic fauna were observed on epifauna only.These results highlight the limited structuring effect of habitat heterogeneity at high tidal levels and in soft-bottom sediments where desiccation becomes the dominant factor determining infauna community structure.     

不同盐度、饵料和光照条件培养下拟伍氏游仆虫的种群动力学响应

为探究不同盐度、饵料和光照条件培养下拟伍氏游仆虫(Euplotes parawoodruffi)的种群动力学响应,本实验采用酵母和杜氏盐藻2种不同类型的饵料喂食拟伍氏游仆虫,在一系列盐度梯度(5、10、15、20、25)及2种光照条件[光照(14 L∶10 D)、全黑暗]下,测定了拟伍氏游仆虫的种群动力学参数变化。使用种群动力学参数(环境容纳量K、种群内禀增长率r、及世代时间G)评价盐度胁迫和不同培养条件对拟伍氏游仆虫的影响。结果表明:在盐度15处理组拟伍氏游仆虫的环境容纳量达到峰值,高盐度下(20～25)拟伍氏游仆虫的环境容纳量显著下降(P<0.05)。随盐度变化,杜氏盐藻组拟伍氏游仆虫的种群内禀增长率呈先上升后下降的趋势,酵母组种群内禀增长率呈先下降后上升的趋势;酵母组喂养的拟伍氏游仆虫环境容纳量高于杜氏盐藻喂养组,内禀增长率低于杜氏盐藻喂养组。光照条件下拟伍氏游仆虫的环境容纳量高于全黑暗条件,内禀增长率低于全黑暗条件。拟伍氏游仆虫对盐度胁迫的响应敏感,可作为环境监测的指示生物,在盐度为15,光照条件(14 L∶10 D)下使用酵母投喂,可实现拟伍氏游仆虫高密度的培养。     

刺参对筏式养殖海区生物沉积物清除作用的模拟研究

室内模拟研究了刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)(湿体质量13.94 g±2.92 g),对养殖海区生物沉积物和海带粉不同配比饵料的摄食、吸收及其生长,评价了刺参对筏式养殖海区生物沉积物的清除作用。实验共设5个饵料配比组,即纯海带(A组),25%沉积物 75%海带(B组),50%沉积物 50%海带(C组),75%沉积物 25%海带(D组)以及纯沉积物(E组)。在海水温度6-16℃条件下,刺参摄食率随沉积物含量的增加明显增大,A组与E组分别出现刺参日摄食率的最小值(0.88%/d)和最大值(9.34%/d);D组刺参日瞬时生长率和对饵料的吸收效率最高,分别为:1.67%/d和48.3%;A组刺参吸收效率虽然较高,但摄食率和瞬时生长率最低;E组刺参的吸收效率出现负值,但刺参生长效果明显。研究结果表明利用刺参清除浅海筏式养殖海区生物沉积物生态效果明显。     

Influence of nutritional stress on digestive enzyme activities in juveniles of two marine clam species, Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra

The potential use of digestive activities as indicators of the nutritional status in bivalves is discussed in relation to the results obtained in two clam species exposed to starvation and refeeding. Activities of some digestive enzymes (amylase, laminarinase, cellulase, and protease) were measured in juveniles of two commercially interesting species of clams, Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra. The specimens were fed normally, being after subjected to a 15-days starvation and a further refeeding period. Samples were obtained at different moments of such feeding schedule to evaluate enzymes as well as weight (live, dry and organic) and length, in order to calculate growth rates and feeding efficiencies. Starvation led to a major decrease in clam growth as measured by dry weight and a negative growth as measured by organic weight, this coinciding with a certain degree of growth of the shell and a consumption of soft tissue. This response occurred more rapidly in R. decussatus but was of a lower magnitude than in V. pullastra. Activity of carbohydrases decreased rapidly in both species with starvation, although protease activity was maintained in R. decussatus. Recovery after the end of starvation was not similar in both species; while R. decussatus attained similar growth rates and enzyme activities to those measured prior to nutritional stress, V. pullastra only recovered 50% of its initial values. For both species of bivalves it can be concluded that digestive enzymes, and more specifically amylase, could be used as indicative of their nutritional condition.     

盐度对双齿围沙蚕耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为优化双齿围沙蚕养殖条件,促进沙蚕资源的合理开发和利用,作者探讨了不同盐度下(8、16、24、32、40、45)双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)耗氧率和排氨率的情况。结果表明:盐度对双齿围沙蚕的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著性影响(P0.05)。在盐度为8~32时,耗氧率随着盐度的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时耗氧率最低(0.22 mg/(g·h)±0.01 mg/(g·h));在盐度为32时耗氧率达到最大值(0.37 mg/(g·h)±0.05 mg/(g·h))。在盐度为8~40条件下,沙蚕的排氨率随着盐度的升高呈先降低后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率最低(0.10μmol/(g·h)±0.02μmol/(g·h));当盐度为40时排氨率达到最大值(0.94μmol/(g·h)±0.11μmol/(g·h))。盐度为8~40时,沙蚕的O︰N比值随着盐度的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势,在盐度24和32时,沙蚕的O︰N比值分别为130.84和126.47,且变化较小,当盐度40时,O︰N比值急剧下降到13.3,然后再度上升。综合上述结果,双齿围沙蚕生活的最适盐度为24~32。     

基于生态适宜性评价的海洋生态系统管理——以温州市洞头区为例

海洋为人类生存和社会经济发展提供了重要的资源和环境条件,海洋生态适宜性研究能够评定海域的固有属性对生态保护和开发利用的适宜等级和潜力-限制因素.本研究以典型的海岛区洞头为例,构建了海洋生态适宜性评价的空间分析模型,计算得到其空间分布,进而开展了生态适宜度的功能分区;据此划分了洞头区的生态管控空间,判断了未来海域资源保护和开发利用管理的主导方向,提出了各管控区发展的资源优势及限制性因素.结果表明,洞头海域按照生态适宜度值的高低可以清晰地划分为重点保护区、一般保护区、适度开发区和优化开发区等4类功能区,分别占区域总面积的23%、50%、18%和9%;前两者为生态保护及恢复的重要区域,后两者是未来海洋资源开发利用的主要区域; 4类区域可以归并为生态保护、农渔业养殖、城镇开发3类管控功能区.本研究对开展海洋生态功能区划、协调海洋资源开发与区域生态保护的关系、构建基于生态系统的海洋综合管理模式具有重要意义.     

低温对不同规格刺参幼参生长与耗氧率的影响

采用实验生态学方法, 选取（0.50±0.07）g（A）、（2.53±0.42）g（B）、（23.87±2.46）g（C）3 种不同规格的刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenta）幼参, 设置6℃（I）、8℃（II）、10℃（III）、13℃（IV）4 个不同温度处理组, 分析比较了低温对工厂...