哀牢山—红河剪切带新生代热史演化及其构造意义

笔者等通过对哀牢山—红河剪切带5件砂岩磷灰石样品裂变径迹分析,获得测试分析样品的表观年龄,对所有样品利用模拟退火法进行了热史模拟,取得其热演化史;得出哀牢山—红河剪切带在新生代发生了相似的构造演化过程,其经历了2次快速冷却剥露事件,分别发生在37～14 Ma和5.1～0 Ma,平均冷却速率分别为3.98℃/Ma和11.15℃/Ma;在发生快速冷却的时间上,存在自东向西逐渐变晚的趋势,说明哀牢山—红河剪切带在新生代可能为自东向西的幕式隆升。     

西藏吉隆地区高喜马拉雅新近纪冷却剥露 ——来自裂变径迹年龄的证据

裂变径迹年代学测试表明,吉隆地区高喜马拉雅约30km的南北剖面上锆石裂变径迹年龄介于13～2.4Ma之间,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于1.9～0.6Ma之间;在空间上,裂变径迹年龄与高程及纬度都具有正相关关系。综合区域热年代学资料,裂变径迹年代学数据揭示出研究区高喜马拉雅经历了3个阶段的冷却剥露过程:①中新世中期至约13Ma,藏南拆离系(STDS)大规模伸展拆离作用引发的高喜马拉雅岩石区域性的构造剥露;②中新世晚期伴随STDS韧性变形的结束,缓慢冷却剥露阶段;③上新世前后,5.8～2.7Ma以来,快速并不断加速的冷却剥露作用。综合对比研究区构造地貌特征及热年代学空间格局,提出上新世以来高喜马拉雅快速并加速的剥露作用,是由流域以河流切蚀为代表的地表作用过程驱动。     

哀牢山—红河剪切带新生代热史演化及其构造意义

笔者等通过对哀牢山—红河剪切带5件砂岩磷灰石样品裂变径迹分析,获得测试分析样品的表观年龄,对所有样品利用模拟退火法进行了热史模拟,取得其热演化史;得出哀牢山—红河剪切带在新生代发生了相似的构造演化过程,其经历了2次快速冷却剥露事件,分别发生在37～14 Ma和5. 1～0 Ma,平均冷却速率分别为3. 98℃/Ma和11. 15℃/Ma;在发生快速冷却的时间上,存在自东向西逐渐变晚的趋势,说明哀牢山—红河剪切带在新生代可能为自东向西的幕式隆升。     

龙门山冲断隆升及其走向差异的裂变径迹证据

大量的低温年代学研究用来讨论龙门山晚新生代的隆升,但很少涉及其走向差异和中生代隆升。本文分别沿龙门山北、中、南段3条剖面进行了锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹测试,结合已有的热年代学数据,以期揭示整个中-新生代期间龙门山隆升历史及其时空变化。中生代以来,龙门山主要有印支期(约200 Ma)、早白垩世末(约100 Ma)、早新生代(65～30 Ma)以及晚中新世(15～9 Ma)等或快或慢的冷却事件,总体上经历了中生代至早新生代的缓慢冷却和晚新生代快速冷却2个阶段,快速剥露开始于15～9 Ma,剥蚀速率由早期的0.1 mm/a增加到0.15～0.3 mm/a左右,局部可达0.9 mm/a左右。走向上,龙门山北段相对偏小的锆石裂变径迹年龄和相对偏大的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄反映其在中生代较中、南段隆升更快,而裂变径迹年龄总体上从北段向中、南段减小,表明中、南段在新生代发生了更快的隆升。倾向上,多种热年代学数据显示新生代期间在北川断裂和彭灌断裂两侧存在明显的差异剥露,这种差异在中、南段表现比北段更为突出。龙门山晚新生代快速隆升和剥露是青藏高原区域隆升背景上叠加的冲断活动所致,而非下地壳流动驱动。     

青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程的裂变径迹热年代学约束

对青藏高原西北缘高原内部和陡坡地貌带2个花岗岩体10件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定表明,高原内部大红柳滩—郭扎错逆冲断裂上盘磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为24.8±4.9～14.0±1.3Ma,此外,一个玄武岩烘烤的热事件年龄为7.9±0.8Ma;而陡坡地貌带的西昆仑中间逆冲断裂上盘的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为2.9±0.5～0.9±0.3Ma。进一步的热历史模拟结果显示,高原内部自渐新世以来经历了2期隆升-剥露,分别是渐新世—早中新世(30～16Ma)和上新世以来(≤5Ma),而陡坡带只记录了晚中新世以来(≤8Ma)的隆升-剥露,暗示他们经历了不同的热演化历史。结合前人在该区的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和野外地质现象,认为现今高原边缘陡坡地貌带可能是自晚中新世以来(≤8Ma)高原边界断裂伴有向塔里木盆地后展式叠瓦逆冲产生的构造抬升的结果;现今高原面有可能是由高原边界断裂系于大约5～2Ma以来强烈活动逐渐形成的,其隆升-剥蚀幅度>2000～3000m。这对自晚中新世以来青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程提供了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代的重要约束。     

阿尔金山脉新生代隆升-剥露过程

阿尔金山脉位于青藏高原北缘。文中主要是利用磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析,探讨阿尔金山脉的隆升和剥露过程。来自阿尔金山脉34个花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和片麻岩样品中磷灰石的裂变径迹测试结果表明,阿尔金山脉存在至少5个阶段的剥露作用,反演出阿尔金山脉具有多期次、阶段性的隆升特征,并存在差异性:EW向的阿尔金北缘拉配泉—红柳沟山体隆升-剥露时间早(61~34Ma);NE向且末—茫崖山脉的主要隆升时间位于始新世晚期—中新世(42~11Ma);沿阿尔金(主)断裂山体的隆升-剥露最为年轻,存在三期主要的剥露作用:10·2~7·3、5·5~4·5和2·1~1·8Ma。结合区域磷灰石测年数据、区域变形事件及其阿尔金断裂走滑历史分析,推测阿尔金山脉在晚白垩世曾有过初期隆升和剥露,古近纪的剥露局限于阿尔金山脉北缘EW向的山脉,始新世晚期—中新世、上新世晚期和早更新世的山脉剥露作用遍及了青藏高原北缘山脉,8Ma是青藏高原抬升和变形的一期重要构造事件发生时间;前陆盆地和阿尔金山间盆地的沉积作用研究也显示了阿尔金山脉的隆升剥露过程与阿尔金断裂的走滑及其相关盆地沉积构造-演化具有很好的耦合关系。     

青藏高原东南缘察隅地区晚新生代岩体差异抬-剥露和高原扩展的裂变径迹证据

对青藏高原东南缘晚新生代抬升扩展的研究是联系青藏高原周缘陆内变形发展特征的重要问题.通过藏东南察隅地区的磷灰石裂变径迹分析揭示,自北向南的德姆拉岩体、阿扎贡拉岩体和察隅岩体受控于断裂构造而表现出的晚新生代差异抬升-剥露是高原向周缘扩展的一种指示.抬升-剥露的时序为15.1～13.7Ma、6.3～4.3Ma、3.5～3.3Ma、1.9～1.7Ma和1.1～1.0Ma.活动性总体上向南扩展和迁移.晚中新世(约6～5Ma)是岩体抬升-剥露速率出现转折的关键时期,在藏东南--滇西北地区具有区域响应,并可能奠定了现今青藏高原东南缘的地势发展格局.从青藏高原东北部到东南部,高原晚新生代陆内变形向周缘的扩展和增生表现出多阶段、准同时和不均衡的发展特性.     

东天山地区中—新生代隆升-剥露过程:来自磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

前人已经对西天山及邻区以及阿尔金断裂带进行了大量中—新生代隆升-剥露的研究工作,但对东天山地区的研究工作很少。天山造山带中—新生代期间的隆升-剥露过程是否具有均一性,目前仍没有确切的认识。为了获得东天山地区中生代以来的隆升-剥露信息,对吐哈盆地东南缘雅满苏地区磷灰石裂变径迹进行了研究。研究表明,在不同构造位置采集的花岗岩、砂岩、火山岩样品年龄集中分布在81~53Ma,样品年龄记录了东天山地区晚白垩世—古新世发生的冷却事件。磷灰石裂变径迹平均长度为13.60~14.36μm,接近于磷灰石初始径迹长度约14.5μm,表明径迹形成后没有发生过明显的退火作用。根据地温梯度计算得到东天山晚白垩世以来的平均隆升速率约为4.31×10-2 mm/a。进一步的热史模拟表明,晚白垩世—古新世(80~50Ma)期间东天山地区经历了一次隆升-剥露事件;始新世以后(50 Ma),东天山地区地壳处于稳定状态,东天山隆起带现在的构造面貌基本继承了中生代的特征。     

哀牢山-红河构造带古新世以来多期活动的构造和年代学证据

哀牢山—红河构造带哀牢山段可划分为东部高级变质带和西部低级变质带。构造分析表明:该构造带由3个不同变形域组成,可能代表其经历的3期左行走滑。第1期走滑发生在整个高级变质带,为拉张性左行走滑,形成角闪岩相L型构造岩。第2期走滑形成高级变质带中的高应变带,变形体制接近简单剪切,形成绿片岩相L-S型糜棱岩。第3期主要发生在低级变质带,为挤压性走滑,形成左行逆冲构造格局,并形成低绿片岩相千糜岩。地质年代学数据证明,3期左行走滑的形成时代分别是:距今58~56Ma、27~22Ma和13~12Ma±。哀牢山—红河构造带第1期左行走滑可能对应于印度与欧亚大陆距今60Ma左右的初始碰撞;第2期变形与青藏高原最强的挤压隆升期一致;第3期事件可能代表距今16~13Ma开始的青藏高原物质进一步东挤。哀牢山—红河构造带的3期主要左行走滑均发生在新生代印度与欧亚大陆的汇聚过程中。     

滇西石鼓杂岩南部早白垩世以来剥露隆升的锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹证据

石鼓杂岩位于青藏高原东南缘经历了多期变质变形作用叠加。为了揭示杂岩体的低温热演化与浅部剥露历史,采集了石鼓杂岩南段石鼓镇-拉巴支村剖面变质岩中的锆石和磷灰石,开展裂变径迹分析。结果表明,石鼓杂岩从早白垩世(133~145Ma)到渐新世(31Ma)经历了一次缓慢的剥露(1.08℃/Ma),而从渐新世开始,其南部经历了较快速的剥露过程(3.23℃/Ma)。磷灰石热史模拟也反映出第二阶段较为快速的冷却过程。结合区域构造分析认为,拉萨与羌塘板块碰撞的远程效应影响早白垩世以来藏东地区地壳结构的调整,导致石鼓杂岩南部出现了第一阶段的剥露作用;而印度与欧亚板块碰撞与后碰撞过程对于石鼓杂岩的新生代剥露具有重要影响。     

Structure,Timing, and Mechanism of the Pliocene and Late Miocene Uplift Process of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan,SE Tibet,China

The uplift of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan(ASDS) along the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR) shear zone is an important geological event in the southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonic domain in the Late Cenozoic,and it preserves important information on the structures,exhumational history and tectonic evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The uplift structural mode and uplift timing of the ASDS is currently an important scientific topic for understanding the ASDS formation and late stage movements and evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The formation of the ASDS has been widely considered to be the consequence of the strike-slip movements of the ASRR shear zone.However,the shaping of geomorphic units is generally direct results of the latest tectonic activities.In this study,we investigated the timing and uplift structural mechanism of the ASDS and provided the following lines of supportive evidence.Firstly,the primary tectonic foliation of the ASDS shows significant characteristic variations,with steeply dipping tectonic foliation developed on the east side of the ASDS and the relatively horizontal foliation on the west side.Secondly,from northeast to southwest direction,the deformation and metamorphism gradually weakened and this zone can be further divided into three different metamorphic degree belts.Thirdly,the contact relationship between the ASDS and the Chuxiong basin-Erhai lake is a normal fault contact which can be found on the east side of the ASDS.40Ar/39 Argeochronology suggests that the Diancang Shan had experienced a fast cooling event during 3–4 Ma.The apatite fission track testing method gives the age of 6.6–10.7 Ma in the Diancang Shan and 4.6–8.4 Ma in the Ailao Shan,respectively.Therefore the uplift of the ASDS can be explained by tilted block mode in which the east side was uplifted much higher than the west side,and it is not main reason of the shearing movements of the ASRR shear zone.The most recent uplift stages of the ASDS happened in the Pliocene(3–4 Ma) and Late Miocene(6–10 Ma).     

哀牢山-红河断裂带哀牢山-大象山段渐新世-早中新世热史演化及成因

哀牢山-红河断裂带范围内样品热史演化的系统构建工作偏少;部分学者往往将样品的冷却年龄简单地归因于断裂带的事件年龄,而没有考虑热扰动因素,致使以往研究结论仍然存在分歧及不合理之处.利用断裂带中高温测年资料,构建了T-t变化曲线,结合压力-温度-深度(P-T-D) 变化趋势及地层恢复,对T-t变化的成因提出了较为合理的解释.中高温热史演化表明断裂带SE端(大象山段) 与NW端(哀牢山段) 皆经历2期冷却过程;在地层剥蚀或构造剥露作用诱导下,SE端、NW端于32~30 Ma、32~22 Ma分别经历第1期冷却过程,而其在26~24 Ma、22~20 Ma分别经历的第2期冷却过程中,由于断裂活动减弱这一因素,致使该期冷却速率明显增大(尤其是断裂带NW端).伴随着印支地块的顺时针旋转挤出,断裂带中南部左旋转换拉张构造活动向北迁移.在断裂带T-t演化的第1个阶段内,受断裂带转换拉张强度NW向减弱的影响,断裂带SE端正断活动所致的山体隆升效应明显强于NW端,致使SE端样品冷却过程较早,同时冷却速率明显偏大;而在第2个阶段,伴随着青藏高原进入中新世早期的隆升阶段,作为高原东南缘板块调节边界的哀牢山-红河断裂带其活动性由SE端开始减弱,使得冷却过程由SE端向NW端传递.      

哀牢山-红河剪切带中段多阶段新生代花岗岩脉:同位素年代学及对于剪切应变型式转变时间的约束

哀牢山-红河剪切带是新生代印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞过程中发育的大规模走滑型剪切带,其发育对于碰撞过程中印支地块的南东向逃逸以及藏东南地区构造格局的形成具有重要的贡献。与剪切带演化相关,伴随发育多阶段花岗岩脉就位,它们为限定剪切变形时限、阐明剪切作用属性提供了重要证据。本文在野外观察基础上,应用显微构造和EBSD石英c-轴组构分析查明花岗岩脉的构造特点与应变型式,同时采用锆石LA-ICP-MS测年方法获得岩脉侵位与结晶年龄。年龄分析结果表明,岩脉年龄分别为27.09±0.48Ma、25.17±0.23Ma和25.16±0.50Ma,其中年龄为27.09±0.48Ma的花岗岩脉具有糜棱岩化现象,其变形特征体现为中温变形后叠加低温变形,且剪切变形形式由一般剪切转换为简单剪切;年龄为25.17±0.23Ma的花岗岩脉表现出同剪切晚期构造特征,且具有较低温度简单剪切变形特点;25.16±0.50Ma的切穿糜棱叶理,矿物未见变形,可能代表剪切期后岩脉。结合区域构造,推测剪切方式由纯剪为主的剪切向由单剪为主的剪切转换发生在27Ma和25Ma之间,哀牢山-红河剪切带中段在约25Ma走滑运动结束。     

New Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of the Post-kinematic Granitic Plutons in the Diancang Shan Metamorphic Massif along the Ailao Shan-Red River Shear Zone and Its Geological Implications

<正>The Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone is the boundary between the Yangtze block to the northeast and the Indochina block to the southwest.It is an important tectonic zone due to its role in the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina block during and subsequent to the Indian-Eurasian collision.Diancang Shan(DCS) high-grade metamorphic complex,located at the northwest extension along the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR) shear zone,is a representative metamorphic complex of the ASRR tectonic belt.Structural and microstructural analysis of sheared rocks in the high-grade metamorphic rocks reveals that they are coherent with solid-state high-temperature ductile deformation,which is attributed to left-lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone.New LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronological and microstructural studies of the post-kinematic granitic plutons provide a straightforward time constraint on the termination ductile left-lateral shearing and exhumation of the metamorphic massif in the ASRR shear zone.It is suggested that the left-lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone ended at ca.21 Ma at relative lower-temperature or decreasing temperature conditions.During or after the emplacement of the young dikes at ca.21 Ma,rapid brittle deformation event occurred,which makes the DCS massif start fast uplift/exhumation and cooling to a shallow crustal level.     

Thermo-tectonic history of the Junggar Alatau within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(SE Kazakhstan,NW China):Insights from integrated apatite U/Pb,fission track and(U-Th)/He thermochronology

The Junggar Alatau forms the northern extent of the Tian Shan within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB) at the border of SE Kazakhstan and NW China.This study presents the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic post-collisional thermo-tectonic history of this frontier locality using an integrated approach based on three apatite geo-/thermochronometers:apatite U-Pb,fission track and(U-Th)/He.The apatite U-Pb dates record Carboniferous-Permian post-magmatic cooling ages for the sampled granitoids,reflecting the progressive closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean.The apatite fission track(AFT) data record(partial)preservation of the late Palaeozoic cooling ages,supplemented by limited evidence for Late Triassic(~230-210 Ma) cooling and a more prominent record of(late) Early Cretaceous(~150-110 Ma) cooling.The apatite(U-Th)/He age results are consistent with the(late) Early Cretaceous AFT data,revealing a period of fast cooling at that time in resulting thermal history models.This Cretaceous rapid cooling signal is only observed for samples taken along the major NW-SE orientated shear zone that dissects the study area(the Central Kazakhstan Fault Zone),while Permian and Triassic cooling signals are preserved in low-relief areas,distal to this structure.This distinct geographical trend with respect to the shear zone,suggests that fault reactivation triggered the Cretaceous rapid cooling,which can be linked to a phase of slab-rollback and associated extension in the distant Tethys Ocean.Similar conclusions were drawn for thermochronology studies along other major NW-SE orientated shear zones in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,suggesting a regional phase of Cretaceous exhumation in response to fault reactivation at that time.     

Thermochronological insights into the structural contact between the Tian Shan and Pamirs,Tajikistan

Multi‐method thermochronology along the Vakhsh‐Surkhob fault zone reveals the thermotectonic history of the South Tian Shan–Pamirs boundary. Apatite U/Pb analyses yield a consistent age of 251 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to cooling below ~550–350°C, related to the final closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean and contemporaneous magmatism in the South Tian Shan. Zircon (U–Th–Sm)/He ages constrain cooling below ~180°C to the end of the Triassic (~200 Ma), likely related either to deformation induced by the Qiangtang collision or to the closure of the Rushan Ocean. Apatite fission track thermochronology reveals two low‐temperature (<120°C) thermal events at ~25 Ma and ~10 Ma, which may be correlated with tectonic activity at the distant southern Eurasian margin. The late Miocene cooling is confirmed by apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He data and marks the onset of mountain building within the South Tian Shan that is ongoing today.     

Cenozoic thermo-tectonic evolution of the Gangdese batholith constrained by low-temperature thermochronology

Gangdese batholith in the southern Lhasa block is a key location for exploring the Tibetan Plateau uplift and exhumation history. We present the new low-temperature thermochronological data from two north–south traverses in the central Gangdese batholith to reveal their cooling histories and corresponding controls. Zircon fission track ages show prominent clusters ranging from 23.7 to 51.6 Ma, apatite fission track ages from 9.4 to 36.9 Ma, apatite (U–Th)/He ages between 9.5 and 12.3 Ma, and one zircon (U–Th)/He age around 77.8 Ma. These new data and thermal modeling, in combination with the regional geological data, suggest that the distinct parts of Gangdese batholith underwent different cooling histories resulted from various dynamic mechanisms. The Late Eocene–Early Oligocene exhumation of northern Gangdese batholith, coeval with the magmatic gap, might be triggered by crust thickening followed by the breakoff of Neotethyan slab, while this stage of exhumation in southern Gangdese batholith cannot be clearly elucidated probably because the most of plutonic rocks with the information of this cooling event were eroded away. Since then, the northern Gangdese batholith experienced a slow and stable exhumation, while the southern Gangdese batholith underwent two more stages of exhumation. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene rapid cooling might be a response to denudation caused by the Gangdese Thrust or related to the regional uplift and exhumation in extensional background. By the early Miocene, the rapid exhumation was associated with localized river incision or intensification of Asian monsoon, or north–south normal fault.