氧化镧助剂对镍/二氧化硅催化剂结构和加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了La₂O₃改性的Ni/SiO₂催化剂,考察了La₂O₃的引入方法对Ni/SiO₂催化剂催化间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺反应性能的影响,并采用XRD、TPR和XPS等表征技术对催化剂的物化性质进行了研究.结果表明,La₂O₃的添加顺序对Ni/SiO₂催化剂的物化性质和加氢性能影响非常明显.当镧以先于镍浸渍方式引入时,将大大削弱载体与镍物种之间的相互作用,镍晶粒度变小,分散度增加,催化剂的活性显著提高,间二硝基苯转化率和间苯二胺收率分别达到97.1%和93.5%.在以镍和镧共浸方式制备的催化剂中,La₂O₃的存在也使Ni/SiO₂催化剂的反应性能有所改善,但效果没有镧先于镍浸渍方式突出.当以先浸镍后浸镧的方式加入助剂时,催化剂中的镍晶粒增大,分散性变差,催化剂的活性大幅度下降.     

Methanation of carbon monoxide catalyzed by nickel/zeolite y and nickel/ η-alumina; effect of reduction time

The catalytic behavior of three nickel catalysts, viz. nickel supported on η-alumina and nickel supported on zeolite Y (prepared by impregnation and ion exchange methods) were investigated for the methanation reaction. All the catalysts were reduced in flowing hydrogen at 723 K for times varying from 6 h to 24 h. The catalytic activities of these catalysts were determined using a differential flow reactor. The catalysts were characterized using the techniques of hydrogen chemisorption and x-ray diffraction. Nickel metal areas were found to increase with reduction time for all catalysts. X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystallite size varied with reduction time in the case of Ni/zeolite Y catalyst (both impregnated and ion exchanged). Turnover numbers were found to vary with crystallite size and the maximum values of the turnover number were obtained for the catalysts having crystallite sizes of 14-16 nm. There appears to be strong evidence that reduction time can have an effect on catalytic activity; possibly by its effect on crystallite size. The effect of support on catalytic activity was more complicated as there appeared to be an interaction with reduction time. However, nickel/η-alumina appeared to be a more active catalyst than nickel/zeolite Y.     

Catalyst design and development for upgrading aromatic hydrocarbons

Background and strategy of catalyst development for upgrading aromatic hydrocarbons are intensively discussed. Originally prepared catalysts (hydrogenation and hydrocracking catalysts) were used for accelerated aging tests. Though each catalyst showed superior catalytic performance as compared to commercially available catalysts, a severe deactivation was observed on the hydrocracking (HC) catalysts. A new type of HC catalyst was designed and prepared, based on the understanding of catalyst deactivation. High silica NaY zeolites were synthesized using crown-ether. USY zeolites were then prepared by ion exchange, steaming and calcining. Surface properties and catalytic functions of well-crystallized USY zeolites were investigated to develop practical HC catalysts. The Ni–W catalyst prepared using the newly prepared USY zeolite showed a considerable improvement in the HC activity.     

Fluidizable catalyst for methane reforming

Fluidizable catalysts are developed in this study for advancing an integral approach towards a new methane reforming process. With this end, catalysts constituted by nickel supported on -alumina, NaY, and USY were developed using the incipient wetness technique producing bulk nickel loadings in the 0–20 wt.% range. These catalysts were also tested under relevant conditions for industrial operation in a novel Riser Simulator. It was found that, for the case of ‘dry’ reforming of methane, nickel deposited in zeolites is a promising catalyst given that it allows for close control of metal dispersion–redispersion process. In fact, when this catalyst was exposed to repeated oxidation and reduction cycles, nickel dispersions remained stable at 25% for NaY zeolite and at 15% for USY zeolite. This catalyst offers, however, limited application for steam reforming of methane given the potential collapse of the zeolite structure under steam atmosphere. As an alternative and for cases where steam reforming of methane is preferred, nickel on -alumina catalyst was considered. In these cases, optimum catalytic activity was achieved with 2.5 wt.% of nickel on -alumina with 3–6% nickel dispersion.     

Preparation and properties of supported cobalt catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Alumina-supported cobalt catalysts have been prepared from different cobalt precursors to study the influence of the precursor on the ultimate metal particle size. Furthermore, the effect of the particle size on the catalytic performance (activity and selectivity) during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been investigated. The preparation of low-loaded cobalt catalysts (2.5 wt%) by incipient wetness impregnation using cobalt EDTA and ammonium cobalt citrate precursors resulted initially in very small cobalt oxide particles, as determined by XPS. The small oxide particles reacted during the thermal treatment in a reducing gas flow with the alumina support to cobalt aluminate, which was neither active nor selective during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The catalysts prepared with cobalt nitrate had larger particles that could be easily reduced to metallic cobalt. These catalysts were active under reaction conditions. High-loaded cobalt catalysts (5.0 wt%) prepared using ammonium cobalt citrate showed a larger particle size than the low-loaded catalyst prepared from the citrate precursor. The extent of reduction to metallic cobalt that could be achieved with the high-loaded catalyst was significantly higher than that with the low-loaded catalyst, as shown by magnetic measurements. Accordingly, the high-loaded catalyst exhibited a reasonable activity and, in addition, an interesting and remarkably high selectivity toward higher hydrocarbons, and also a very high Schultz-Flory parameter.     

制备条件对催化裂化汽油在Ni-Mo-P/USY催化剂上加氢改质的影响

采用浸渍法制备了几种Ni-Mo-P/USY催化剂,并考察其选择性加氢性能。结果表明,载体焙烧、催化剂焙烧、催化剂还原及助剂含量的加入,对催化剂活性均有不同的影响。其中,催化剂焙烧温度和还原温度对催化剂活性影响最大。实验得到的载体焙烧温度、催化剂焙烧温度和催化剂还原温度分别为500 ℃、500 ℃和450 ℃,活性组分w(Ni)=3%,助剂w(P)=0.25%。采用最终优化条件制备的催化剂用于中国石油抚顺石油二厂提供的FCC汽油加氢改质,可使汽油烯烃含量降低634%。改质后汽油的辛烷值、组成和沸程等指标均满足新国标要求。     

Preparation of Mesoporous Catalyst Supported on Silica with Finely Dispersed Ni Particles

A novel nickel catalyst supported on SBA-15 type mesoporous silica was synthesized by the grafting of N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylene diamine triacetic acid salt (EDTA) onto the surface of SBA-15 and followed by adsorption of nickel ions and calcinations (Ni-E-SBA). The catalysts prepared were characterized using XRD, TEM, TED, SAXS and N₂ adsorption/desorption measurements. While nickel particles loaded on catalysts prepared by the wet impregnation method were found to be aggregated on the outer wall of the supports, nickel particles were finely dispersed on the surface of the mesopores in the Ni-E-SBA catalyst. The catalytic performances of the prepared catalysts were evaluated using the hydrodechlorination (HDC) of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (TCEa) as a model reaction. Results showed that the Ni-E-SBA catalyst had the highest activities of the catalysts examined under the given conditions.     

助剂对莫西沙星侧链合成用钯炭催化剂性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备不同助剂的钯炭催化剂,考察不同金属硝酸盐、酸根离子和甲酸镍用量对莫西沙星侧链合成用钯炭催化剂的影响。结果表明,助剂镍能够提高催化剂催化活性,助剂甲酸镍用量为钯物质的量的15%时,产物收率达96%。不同酸根离子对催化剂催化活性产生一定影响。     

助剂引入方式对镍/二氧化硅催化剂结构和加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了K_2O和La_2O_3改性的Ni/SiO_2催化剂.考察了K_2O和La_2O_3助刑引入方式对Ni/SiO_2催化剂催化间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺的影响.并用比表面积法(BET)、程序升温还原实验(TPR)和X射线衍射法(XRD)等对催化剂的结构进行了表征.结果表明,K_2O和La_2O_3的引入方式对Ni/SiO_2催化剂的物化性质和加氢性能影响明显.当K_2O、La_2O_3和Ni以共浸渍方式引入时,大大削弱载体与镍物种之间的相互作用,镍晶粒度变小,分散度增加,催化剂活性显著提高.加入催化剂1.2g、间二硝基苯40g和溶剂乙醇100mL,在3.0MPa、373K条件下反应4.5h后,间二硝基苯的转化率和间苯二胺的选择性分别达到99.8%和99.5%.     

固体酸催化淀粉一锅法制备果葡糖浆的研究

研究了几种负载型固体酸催化剂催化淀粉转化为果葡糖浆的催化效果,其中,超稳Y型分子筛（USY）负载硫酸制备得到的SO₄^2-/USY可以作为双功能催化剂,既催化淀粉水解为葡萄糖,又使葡萄糖异构为果糖,实现了淀粉一锅法制备果葡糖浆的工艺途径,具有良好的催化效果。对催化剂的制备条件进行优化,发现较佳的制备条件为1.5 mol/L H₂SO₄和550℃的焙烧温度。以此为催化剂对反应条件进行优化,获得较佳的反应条件是5%淀粉（淀粉/水）、催化剂用量为淀粉质量的30%、反应温度为150℃、反应时间为1 h、转速400 r/min,得到的果葡糖浆得率为86.18%,含58.34%的葡萄糖和27.84%的果糖。对催化剂进行物理吸附表征,发现USY具有较高的比表面积和孔隙度,通过浸渍焙烧过程能有效使硫酸通过键合作用吸附在USY表面上。对催化剂进行NH₃程序升温脱附和元素分析表征发现,催化剂的重复使用活性降低与含碳有机质沉积和催化活性中心的SO₄^2-流失有关。通过简单的焙烧（除去表面积碳）和硫酸中浸渍活化（增加SO₄^2-）的催化剂再生方法,可以有效地恢复SO₄^2-/USY的催化活性。     

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx by methane in excess oxygen over Rh based aluminium pillared clays

Pillared clays can be tailored to give high surface areas and porosities with different degrees of acidity. These materials often show better hydrothermal stability than zeolites. Al-PILC based Rh catalysts were tested in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by methane in presence of excess oxygen. The catalysts were prepared by two methods: incipient wetness impregnation (IMP) and wet ion exchange (IEX). The Rh³⁺ ion exchanged PILCs showed better performances than their homologues prepared by IMP. On IEX samples the effect of temperature and O₂ concentration in SCR-CH₄ activity was analyzed. Different activation degrees detected in the catalysts after 25 vol.% O₂ and 450 °C reaction conditions, were related to the various Rh species present in the catalysts as a consequence of the exchange degree of the support in contact with the active phase solutions. From the results, a reaction mechanism is proposed by which exchanged Rh³⁺ in the Al-PILC matrix and oxidized Rh₂O_x in combination with the supports acid sites contribute to form oxygenated species as the process-determining step. The results from XPS and O₂ adsorption isotherms were used to support the proposed mechanism.     

ZrOCl2?8H2O/USY催化月桂酸与月桂醇的酯化反应研究

采用浸渍法制备了负载型ZrOCl2•8H2O/USY催化剂,并用XRD、SEM等对其进行表征。以ZrOCl2•8H2O/USY为催化剂考察了其催化月桂酸与月桂醇酯化反应的催化性能。以月桂酸的转化率为考察指标,讨论了催化剂活性以及各种因素如催化剂用量、反应溶剂、反应时间对该酯化反应酯化转化率的影响。实验结果表明,月桂酸与月桂醇的摩尔比为1:1,30 %（质量分数）ZrOCl2•8H2O/USY为催化剂,反应溶剂为氯代苯,当催化剂用量为反应物总质量的5.0 %,溶剂回流条件下反应时间为16 h,月桂酸的转化率达到95.2 %。     

Preferential CO oxidation over Pt/3A zeolite catalysts in H2-rich gas for fuel cell application

Even traces of CO in the hydrogen-rich gas fed to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) poison the platinum anode electrode and dramatically decrease the cell power output. In this work, several 1%Pt catalysts, all on 3A-type zeolite support, were prepared starting from different precursors and employing different methods: cation exchange (CE), wet impregnation (WI) and incipient wetness impregnation (IWI). The catalysts were characterised in terms of platinum dispersion and tested under realistic conditions in the quest of a catalyst for the removal of CO via the CO preferential oxidation (CO-PROX) reaction. The best catalytic performance was shown by the 1%Pt–3A catalyst prepared by IWI starting from Pt(NH₃)₄Cl₂ as a precursor, thanks to its highest platinum dispersion.     

浸渍方法对Ni-W/Y-ASA催化剂加氢裂化性能的影响

以高比表面积无定形硅铝（ASA）和改性Y型分子筛（USY）为原料制备催化剂载体,分别采用传统浸渍法、铝溶胶浸渍法、USY粉体浸渍法和ASA粉体浸渍法制备Ni-W/Y-ASA催化剂。采用氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电镜（SEM）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、吸附吡啶原位红外（Py-IR）和颗粒强度测定仪等表征手段,探究不同的浸渍方法对催化剂的织构性质、形貌、酸性以及机械强度的影响,并将制备的催化剂应用于正癸烷的加氢裂化反应。结果表明,采用ASA粉体浸渍方法,因较多地保留了Ni-W/Y-ASA催化剂中USY粉体上的B酸性位,使催化剂具有最多的B酸含量,增强了催化剂的酸性质,进而提高了催化剂在以正癸烷为模型化合物的加氢裂化反应中的裂化活性。     

Characterization of Al2O3 Supported Nickel Catalysts Derived from RF Non-thermal Plasma Technology

Catalysts derived from non-thermal plasma techniques have previously shown unusual and highly advantageous catalytic properties including room temperature reduction, unusual metal particle structure and metal-support interactions, and enhanced selectivity and stability. This study focuses on the characterization of Al₂O₃ supported Ni catalysts derived from the RF non-thermal plasma technique with in-situ XRD, TPR-MS and STEM and on relating the results to the enhanced activity and stability of benzene hydrogenation. The results suggest that catalysts with plasma treatments before impregnation are relatively easier to be reduced and result in better activities under mild reduction conditions. These plasma treatments stabilize the nickel particle sizes of air(B) and H₂(B) catalysts at 600 °C by slowing down the sintering process. Plasma treatments after the impregnation of precursors, on the other hand, tend to delay the growth of nickel particles below 600 °C, forming smaller Ni particles, but with a sudden increase in particle size near 600 °C. It suggests that the structure of Ni nitrate and the metal-support interaction have been altered by the plasma treatments. The reduction patterns of plasma treated catalysts are, therefore, changed. The catalyst with a combination plasma treatment demonstrates that the effect of a combination plasma treatment is larger than either the plasma treatment before or after the impregnation alone. Both plasma treatments before and after the impregnation of metal precursor play important roles in modifying supported metal catalysts.     

Carbon nanofibers supported Ru catalyst for sorbitol hydrogenolysis to glycols: Effect of calcination

Carbon nanofiber (CNFs) supported Ru catalysts for sorbitol hydrogenolysis to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation, calcination and reduction. The effect of calcination on catalyst properties was investigated using thermal gravimetry analysis, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N₂ physisorption. The results indicated that calcination introduced a great amount of surface oxygen-containing groups (SOCGs) onto CNF surface and induced the phase transformation of Ru species, but slightly changed the texture of Ru/CNFs. The catalytic performance in sorbitol hydrogenolysis showed that Ru/CNFs catalyst calcined at 240 °C presented the highest glycol selectivities and reasonable glycol yields. It was believed that the inhibition and confinement effect of SOCGs around Ru particles as well as the high dispersion of Ru particles was the key factor for the catalytic activity.     

Hydrocracking of petroleum gas oil over NiW/MCM-48-USY composite catalyst

MCM-48-USY composite materials were prepared by coating USY zeolite by a layer of MCM-48 mesoporous material at different meso/microporous ratios (SiO₂/USY ratios of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) and used as support for nickel and tungsten. The NiW/MCM-48-USY catalysts were prepared using the incipient wetness method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by TPD-TGA acidity, TGA thermal stability, BET surface area, pore volume, pore size, XRD, SEM and TEM and then tested for hydrocracking of petroleum gas oil at reaction temperature of 450 °C, contact time of 90 min and catalyst to gas oil ratio of 0.04. In all prepared samples, the catalyst activity and properties were improved with increasing SiO₂/USY ratio and found that maximum values of a total conversion and liquid product (total distillate fuels) were obtained at SiO₂/USY ratio of 0.5. Finally, the obtained results from hydrocracking of gas oil over composite MCM-48-USY catalysts were compared with those obtained over physically mixed USY and MCM-48 catalysts.     

Co/TiO2-SiO2催化剂上肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇

采用等体积浸渍法制备了系列Co/TiO₂-SiO₂催化剂,用于肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇反应体系。系统考察了钴含量、焙烧温度、还原温度、稀土助剂等参数变化对钴催化剂选择性加氢性能的影响。结果表明,钴催化剂的活性和选择性与其表面钴的晶粒度有一定关系,较大尺寸的钴物种对肉桂醛加氢有利。当Co含量为15%、焙烧温度和还原温度均为823 K时,催化剂表现出良好的加氢性能。稀土助剂La和Ce的引入能改善Co /TiO₂-SiO₂催化剂表面活性组分钴的分散度,提高了钴催化剂的加氢性能。     

Ni/D152树脂炭化催化剂的制备及其对异丙醇脱氢反应的催化性能

以Ni(NO₃)₂ 溶液及D152树脂为原料,采用柱上离子交换法制备Ni/D152树脂。将该树脂在N₂保护下炭化,然后用H₂活化制备得到Ni/D152树脂炭化催化剂。用DSC、XRD和SEM等分析测试手段对催化剂的制备过程及结构进行表征,用异丙醇脱氢为模型反应考察了Ni/D152树脂炭化催化剂的性能。结果表明,当树脂负载Ni质量分数为35.2%,N₂保护下500 ℃炭化30 min,在H₂气氛中活化70 min,制得的Ni/D152树脂炭化催化剂对异丙醇脱氢反应具有较好的活性。对100 mL异丙醇,当催化剂用量为1.5 g,反应温度220 ℃和反应时间1 h,丙酮收率为12.5%,选择性为100%。     

丙烷芳构化催化剂活性组分浸渍方法优化

根据现有丙烷芳构化催化剂的特性,考察等体积浸渍、真空等体积浸渍、微波等体积浸渍3种不同浸渍方法对镓改性HZSM-5催化剂性能的影响,并结合多种技术表征,分析改性后催化剂内部性能变化情况。研究发现,浸渍方法对催化剂表面镓的分散度具有明显的影响,其中真空等体积浸渍具有更好的效果,使活性组分Ga分散更均匀,更有效地降低了分子筛的B酸位、增加了L酸位,进而抑制了丙烷的裂解,增强了催化剂的脱氢、芳构化能力,并且延长了催化剂的寿命。在反应温度为525℃,丙烷质量空速（WHSV）为1 h^-1的条件下,取样时间为丙烷通入后1.3 h,丙烷转化率达到93.8%,液相芳烃收率达到57.2%,BTX（苯、甲苯和二甲苯）收率达到48.6%。