两种乳中脂肪球粒径、脂肪酶活性以及游离脂肪酸的比较分析

以萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳为研究对象,用罗兹哥特法和激光动态散射仪分别测定了两种乳的脂肪含量、脂肪球粒径大小以及分布;用脂肪酶活性的临床分析方法测定了脂蛋白脂肪酶在乳脂肪和脱脂乳中的分布;采用硅胶-氧化铝柱层析分离脂肪酸,用气相色谱质谱测定了两种乳中游离脂肪酸的种类及含量。结果表明:萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳中的脂肪含量分别为4.04、3.55 g/100 m L;平均脂肪粒径为3.46、3.16μm;脂肪球粒径与脂肪含量之间存在线性正相关关系。萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳脂蛋白脂肪酶的活性分别为229.62±9.31、(366.81±24.33)U/L,其中乳脂肪中脂蛋白脂肪酶的含量分别为51.35%、27.09%,脱脂乳中含量分别为48.65%、72.91%;萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳中总的游离脂肪酸分别为211.38、717.02 mg/kg;短链游离脂肪酸含量分别为205.51、20.05 mg/kg;其中辛酸和癸酸是影响萨能奶山羊乳风味的主效成分。     

双峰驼乳营养成分测定与特征分析

双峰驼乳营养丰富，具有一定的保健功能和药用价值，但营养成分缺乏系统的检测和评价。从内蒙古呼伦贝尔市鄂温克旗、阿拉善左旗和乌海采集双峰驼乳155头份，同时作为相伴研究采集内蒙古荷斯坦牛乳101头份、萨能山羊乳34头份，采用国标法测定5种常规营养素、脂肪酸、氨基酸和矿物质，并进行描述性统计和主成分分析。结果表明，每个营养素组都可使3种家畜乳在三维空间以物种聚类，说明营养素都有物种特征，也提示营养素组可用于乳的物种真实性判别。双峰驼乳蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、水分和灰分含量分别为(3.60±0.98)、(4.90±1.74)、(4.98±0.64)、(85.55±2.66)、(0.85±0.10) g/100g,其中脂肪、乳糖和灰分含量均显著高于萨能山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳(P<0.05);双峰驼乳C15∶0、C16∶1、C18∶0、C18∶3n3显著高于萨能山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳(P<0.05);双峰驼乳必需氨基酸Met、Ile和非必需氨基酸Asp、Pro、Tyr、Arg均显著高于荷斯坦牛乳和萨能山羊乳(P<0.05);Ca、Zn、I等矿物质含量均显著高于荷斯坦牛乳(P<0.05)...     

六种家畜乳氨基酸特征聚类分析

采集荷斯坦牛(牛)、蒙古马(马)、双峰驼、山羊、水牛和牦牛6种家畜乳代表性样品55份,测定18种氨基酸,进行传统描述性统计、营养学评价和聚类分析.结果表明,6种家畜乳氨基酸绝对含量(mg/g)差异极显著(P<0.01).总氨基酸是联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织人乳数据的1.7～5.4倍,其中牦牛和水牛最高,山羊和骆驼次之...     

奶山羊和荷斯坦奶牛乳腺组织mRNA差异显示体系建立

利用mRNA差异显示技术对关中奶山羊和荷斯坦奶牛泌乳末期乳腺组织进行差异表达基因分析,为进一步进行奶山羊泌乳分子生物学研究及筛选克隆差异表达基因、揭示膻味脂肪酸调控的分子机理奠定基础.研究通过对各影响因素进行单因素分析,建立了适合奶山羊和荷斯坦奶牛的乳腺差异显示分析体系,得到的最佳体系.在20 μL DDRT-PCRR反应总体系中各组分的添加量分别为:13.0 μL DEPC-H2O;1.0 μL 10×PCK Buffer(加Mg2+);1.5 μL dNTPs(各2.5 mmol/L);1.5 μL锚定引物H-T11M(20 μmol/L);1.5 μL随机引物(10 μmol/L);1.0 μL cDNA;0.5 μL Taq DNA Polymerase(2 U/μL).     

前进中的中国奶业

<正> 我国奶业有着悠久的历史,早已见诸史书记载。不过,长期以来,除了以放牧为主要生活来源的少数民族地区外,多数城市和农村人民缺乏消费牛羊奶类的习惯。黑白花奶牛(荷斯坦牛)、莎能奶山羊传入中国,不过百余年来的历史。直至1949年,中华人民共和国成立初期,全国奶牛及改良种奶牛仅有12万头,产奶量20万吨;加上山羊奶1.7万吨,牛羊奶总产量共计21.7万吨。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶交联对牦牛乳曲拉酪蛋白功能性质的影响

以曲拉和荷斯坦牛乳酪蛋白为原料,利用安全、高效的谷氨酰胺转氨酶对其进行交联修饰,研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶对酪蛋白功能性质的影响,测定交联前后样品的持水性、持油性、热稳定性、黏度、起泡性。结果表明,牦牛乳曲拉酪蛋白和荷斯坦牛乳酪蛋白经过谷氨酰胺转氨酶交联后,两种酪蛋白的交联度分别可达到20.04%(p<0.05)和25.15%(p<0.05),曲拉酪蛋白的持水性、热稳定性、黏度和泡沫稳定性显著增加(p<0.05),荷斯坦酪蛋白的黏度和热稳定性显著增加(p<0.05),其余性质均无显著差异。研究结果能为酶法改性酪蛋白的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

乳肉兼用型西门塔尔牛乳化学组成及营养评价

对西门塔尔牛乳的常规乳成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成以及主要矿物质质量分数进行测定,并对其进行营养评价与分析。结果表明,西门塔尔牛的脂肪质量分数,蛋白质质量分数均显著高于荷斯坦牛乳,多不饱和脂肪酸质量分数也高于荷斯坦牛乳,乳糖质量分数略低于后者。西门塔尔牛乳蛋白质中的必需氨基酸构成和联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的推荐值十分相近。本研究为乳肉兼用型中国西门塔尔牛的推广提供了一定理论依据和参考价值。     

利用TAIL-PCR克隆Gluconobacter suboxydans葡萄糖脱氢酶基因及其生物信息学分析

以Gluconobacter suboxydans J菌株基因组DNA为模板,基于吡咯喹啉醌附着位点的保守区域设计引物,通过交错式热不对称PCR获得编码葡萄糖脱氢酶（glucose dehydrogenase,GDH）的全长基因（gdh）,并对其序列进行生物信息学分析。结果表明：gdh基因全长2 268 bp,编码755个氨基酸,其蛋白序列与Gluconobacter属的GDH具有较高的同源性。GDH的分子质量约为81.72 ku,pI值约为5.14;GDH蛋白的二级结构由18.41%的α-螺旋、16.16%的延伸和65.43%的无规则卷曲3种结构模块组成;GDH N末端的AA 1～140区域有5个跨膜结构域。     

乌珠穆沁羊Myostatin基因的分子克隆及序列分析

采用纯种(多胸椎个体)乌珠穆沁羊,对该品种MSTN基因进行PCR分段扩增并克隆和测序。利用DNAMAN进行序列拼接,获得乌珠穆沁羊MSTN基因全长序列。该基因由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,外显子大小分别为373,374,381 bp,内含子大小分别为1 833,2 030 bp。CDS序列全长为1 128 bp,由375个氨基酸组成。MSTN基因编码蛋白的理论分子质量约为42.8 ku,PI值为7.01,亮氨酸的含量最高(9.9%),其次是赖氨酸(8.3%)。乌珠穆沁羊基因编码蛋白二级结构以随机卷曲结构为主,属于跨膜蛋白,跨膜区位于AA6-AA23之间,具有一个分泌信号肽结构。其氨基酸序列MQKLQICVYIYLFMLIVA具有TGF-β家族的特征。     

桑椹多酚对广式腊肠风味的影响

植物多酚因能有效抑制肉制品的过氧化近年来备受关注,然而由此造成肉制品风味的变化还鲜有报道。鉴于此,将不同剂量的桑椹多酚提取物（0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg）加入到肉糜中,制成广式腊肠,分析多酚添加前后广式腊肠的挥发性风味、游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸的组成和含量变化,以及桑椹多酚对广式腊肠感官评价的影响。研究发现,添加桑椹多酚后,腊肠中挥发性风味物质由空白组的49种减少到32种,腊肠游离脂肪酸的含量明显下降。值得注意的是,由于蛋白质水解增强,添加桑椹多酚后,腊肠中呈味氨基酸（Glu和Arg）的释放得到促进。储藏末期（10 d）,添加1.0 g/kg桑椹多酚的腊肠游离氨基酸的含量达到5904.91 mg/100 g,较对照组提高了10.82%。总体而言,桑椹多酚的添加会抑制腊肠中某些挥发性风味物质的形成,抑制腊肠中的肉腥味,促进呈味氨基酸的释放,但对腊肠游离脂肪酸组成的影响并不显著。     

Genetic parameter estimation for major milk fatty acids in Alpine and Saanen primiparous goats

Genetic parameters for 18 fatty acids or groups of fatty acids (FA), milk production traits, and somatic cell score (SCS) were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood with a repeatability animal model, using 45,259 test-day records from the first lactations of 13,677 Alpine and Saanen goats. Fatty acid data were collected as part of an extensive recording scheme (PhénoFinLait), and sample testing was based on mid-infrared spectra estimates. The total predicted FA content in milk was approximately 3.5% in Alpine and Saanen goats. Goat milk fat showed similar saturated FA to cattle and sheep, but higher contents of capric (C10:0) FA (~9.7 g/100 g of milk fat). Heritability estimates ranged from 0.18 to 0.49 for FA and estimates were generally higher when FA were expressed in g/100 g of milk fat compared with g/100 g of milk. In general, the 3 specific short- and medium-chain goat FA, caproic acid (C6:0), caprylic acid (C8:0), and especially capric (C10:0) acid, had among the highest heritability estimates (from 0.21 to 0.37; average of 0.30). Heritability estimates for milk yield, fat and protein contents, and SCS were 0.22, 0.23, 0.39, 0.09, and 0.24, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.15, in Alpine and Saanen goats, respectively. When FA were expressed in g/100 g of milk, genetic correlations between fat content and all FA were high and positive. Genetic correlations between the fat content and FA groups expressed in g/100 g of fat led to further investigation of the association between fat content and FA profile within milk fat. Accordingly, in both Saanen and Alpine breeds, no significant genetic correlations were found between fat content and C16:0, whereas the correlations between fat content and specific goat FA (C6:0 to C10:0) were positive (0.17 to 0.59). In addition, the genetic correlation between fat content and C14:0 was negative (−0.17 to −0.35). The values of the genetic correlations between protein content and individual FA were similar, although genetic correlations between protein content and FA groups were close to zero. Genetic correlations of milk yield or SCS with the FA profile were weak. Results for genetic parameters for FA, however, should be further validated, because the low predicting ability of certain FA using mid-infrared spectra and the limited calibration data set might have resulted in low accuracy. In conclusion, our results indicated substantial genetic variation in goat milk FA that supported their amenability for genetic selection. In addition, selection on protein and fat contents is not expected to have an undesirable effect on the FA profile in regard to specificity of goat products and human health.     

Goat milk free fatty acid characterization during conventional and ohmic heating pasteurization

The disruption of the milk fat globule membrane can lead to an excessive accumulation of free fatty acids in milk, which is frequently associated with the appearance of rancid flavors. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography techniques have been shown to be useful tools in the quantification of individual free fatty acids in dairy products providing enough sensitivity to detect levels of rancidity in milk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the short-chain and medium-chain free fatty acid profile in i) raw untreated goat milk; ii) raw goat milk passing through pumps and heating units (plate-and-frame heat exchanger and ohmic heater); and iii) processed goat milk by conventional and ohmic pasteurization to determine the influence of each treatment in the final quality of the milk. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that the treatments studied were not responsible for the variability found on free fatty acid contents. In particular, it was possible to conclude that ohmic pasteurization at 72°C for 15 s did not promote an extended modification of free fatty acid contents in goat milk when compared with that of conventional pasteurization. Furthermore, principal component analysis showed that the capric acid can be used to discriminate goat's milk with different free fatty acid concentrations. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed evidence of the existence of correlations between contents of short and medium chain free fatty acids in goat milk.     

Research on the chemical composition of Saanen goat colostrum

Changes in chemical composition in Saanen goat colostrum were studied 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 h after parturition. The concentrations of dry matter, fat, ash, lactose, protein and IgG at 3 h of lactation were 21.23%, 7.73%, 1.57%, 1.93%, 10.24% and 72.01 mg/mL respectively. Saanen goat colostrum contained very high concentrations of Ca, P and Mg, and very low concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cd, As, Pb and Hg. In Saanen goat colostrum, the total concentrations of 17 amino acids and 8 essential amino acids were 5796.6 mg/100 mL and 2567.7 mg/100 mL respectively. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids were 75.21%, and medium chain saturated fatty acids (C₈⁰, C₁₀⁰) were 19.84%.     

Bacterial diversity in goat milk from the Guanzhong area of China

In this study, the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene from metagenomic DNA were sequenced to identify differences in microbial diversity in raw milk of Saanen and Guanzhong goats from the Guanzhong area of China. The results showed that Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum, accounting for 71.31% of all phyla identified in milk from the 2 breeds, and Enterobacter was the predominant genus (24.69%) within the microbial community. Microbial alpha diversity from Saanen goat milk was significantly higher than that of Guanzhong goat milk based on bioinformatic analysis of indices of Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, observed species, and the abundance-based coverage estimator. Functional genes and their likely metabolic pathways were predicted, which demonstrated that the functional genes present in the bacteria in goat milk were enriched in pathways for amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, which represented 11.93 and 11.23% of functional genes, respectively. Physicochemical properties such as pH, protein, fat, and AA levels were also determined and correlations made with microbial diversity. We detected a significant difference in the content of lactose and 6 AA, which were higher in Saanen milk than in Guanzhong milk, and positively correlated with microbial carbohydrate metabolism and AA metabolism. Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus, which are lactose-utilizing genera, were more abundant in Saanen milk than in Guanzhong milk. Higher levels of lactose in Saanen goat milk may explain its greater microbial diversity. We also demonstrated that most of the AA metabolism-related bacterial genera (e.g., Massilia, Bacteroides, Lysobacter) were enriched in Saanen goat milk. In this research, both probiotic and pathogenic bacteria were identified in goat milk, which provided the microbial information necessary to direct the utilization of beneficial microbial resources and prevent the development of harmful organisms in goat milk.     

The influence of goat genotype on the production of Capretto and Chevon carcasses. 4. Chemical composition of muscle and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue

The chemical composition of muscle and the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from the carcasses obtained from 50 buck kids from five genotypes (10 kids/genotype), Boer x Angora (BA), Boer x Saanen (BS), Feral x Feral (FF), Saanen x Angora (SA) and Saanen x Feral (SF) reared for Capretto and Chevon production, were compared. Genotype did not influence the chemical composition of muscle except for muscle from BA carcasses, which had significantly higher extractable fat content. The proportions of individual fatty acids differed significantly between genotypes for the Capretto kids. Adipose tissue from the Capretto group had a higher concentration of palmitic acid (31–34%), while the proportion of oleic acid (37–40%) was greater in the Chevon group. With an increase in age and resultant change in diet, the saturated fatty acid concentration decreased and the unsaturated fatty acid concentration increased.     

Genetic polymorphism of the caprine kappa casein gene

Polymorphism in the goat kappa casein gene was studied using the base excision sequence scanning (BESS) method and sequencing. Seven polymorphic sites, corresponding to single nucleotide transversions were detected. Three of these were silent mutations while the other four produced amino acid substitutions. The association between these polymorphic sites was investigated, which resulted in the identification of three goat kappa casein alleles, designated A, B, and C. Protocols for rapid genotyping of the C variant were developed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using Alw44I and BseNI restriction endonucleases. The occurrence of this allele was found to be very low in Spanish breeds but more frequent in the French Saanen goat. Further studies among different goat populations are necessary to establish the distribution of these alleles and their effects on the quality and functional properties of milk.     

Free fatty acid composition of regionally-produced Spanish goat cheese and relationship with sensory characteristics

A study was made of free fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics (odour and taste) in regionally-produced Spanish goat cheeses. The most abundant FFAs were oleic, palmitic, stearic, capric and myristic acid which together accounted for roughly 85% of total FFAs. These cheeses generally underwent a lower degree of lipolysis than did other goat cheeses. Panellists judged the cheeses as having considerable odour and flavour intensity. However, both total FFA content and sensory attributes varied considerably among cheeses due, in all likelihood, to differences in ripening time and to production by different manufacturers. Principal component analysis generated three principal components (PC) that accounted for 70% of total variance; the variables that best correlated with them were long-chain and medium-chain free fatty acids (PC1), brine odour, bitterness and goat milk odour (PC2) and short-chain free fatty acids (PC3).     

Proteomic approach-based comparison of metabolic pathways and functional activities of whey proteins derived from Guishan and Saanen goat milk

Guishan goats, a unique goat breed in Yunnan Province, have a long history and representation, but their whey protein and function remain unclear. In this study, we carried out a quantitative analysis of the Guishan and Saanen goat whey proteome using a label-free proteomic approach. A total of 500 proteins were quantified from the 2 kinds of goat whey proteins, including 463 common proteins, 37 uniquely expressed whey proteins (UEWP), and 12 differentially expressed whey proteins (DEWP). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that UEWP and DEWP were mainly involved in cellular and immune system processes, membrane, and binding. In addition, UEWP and DEWP in Guishan goats participated primarily in metabolism and immune-related pathways, whereas Saanen goat whey proteins were associated mostly with environmental information processing-related pathways. Guishan goat whey promoted the growth of RAW264.7 macrophages more than Saanen goat whey, and significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This study provides a reference for further understanding these 2 goat whey proteins and finding functional active substances from them.     

不同乳基婴幼儿配方乳粉的理化性质和表面组成

为探究不同乳基对婴幼儿配方乳粉稳定性的影响,本研究对以牛乳和羊乳为基料制备的婴幼儿配方乳粉的水分质量分数和水分活度(water activity,a_w)、玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)、乳糖结晶度、溶解度、色度、蛋白组成、总脂肪酸和表面游离脂肪酸组成等理化性质进行分析,用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)仪对乳粉表面成分进行测定,并通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察乳粉表面形貌。结果表明：羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉具有较好的理化性质,与牛乳婴儿配方乳粉相比具有较低的水分质量分数、a_w、色度和T_g,而结晶度和溶解度接近,通过气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对脂肪酸含量进行测定发现,牛乳和羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉均表现出总脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,表面游离脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量较高的...