全新世以来岱海盆地植被演替和气候变化的孢粉学证据

岱海盆地99A孔11.01 m以上地层较高分辨率的孢粉分析揭示了该区12 000 cal a BP以来的植被演替和气候变化. 早全新世时期, 岱海盆地受冬季风影响强烈, 气候波动以冷湿、暖干为主, 12 000～11 000 cal a BP为以白桦林为主的森林草原植被, 气候寒凉湿润; 11 000～7 900 cal a BP白桦林退缩, 气候温干; 中全新世时, 主要受控于夏季风影响下, 气候波动以冷干、暖湿为主, 7 900～4 450 cal a BP是岱海盆地森林植被发育最好的时期, 气候温暖湿润, 4 450～2 900 cal a BP森林开始退缩, 气候温干; 2 900～0 cal a BP在气候变凉干和人类活动的影响下, 森林植被几近消失.     

Late‐glacial and Holocene record of vegetation and climate from Cynthia Bay,Lake St Clair,Tasmania

A Late‐glacial–Holocene pollen record was obtained from a 3.96 m sediment core taken from Lake St Clair, central Tasmania. Modern vegetation and pollen analyses formed the basis for interpretation of the vegetation and climate history. Following deglaciation and before ca. 18450 yr BP Podocarpus lawrencei coniferous heath and Astelia–Plantago wet alpine herbfield became established at Lake St Clair. A distinct Poaceae‐Plantago peak occurs between 18450 and 11210 yr BP and a mean annual temperature depression from ca. 6.2°C to 3°C below present is inferred for this period. The marked reduction in Podocarpus and strong increase of Poaceae suggests reduced precipitation levels during the period of widespread deglaciation (ca. 18.5–11 kyr BP). The local Late Pleistocene–Holocene non‐forest to forest biostratigraphical boundary is dated at 11.2 kyr BP. It is characterised by expansion of the subalpine taxa Athrotaxis/Diselma with Nothofagus gunnii, and by the establishment of Nothofagus cunninghamii with Eucalyptus spp. A ‘Phyllocladus bulge’ prior to the expansion of Nothofagus cunninghamii, reported at other Tasmanian sites, is not present at Lake St Clair. Nothofagus cunninghamii cool temperate rainforest peaked at 7800 yr BP, probably under wetter climatic conditions than present. The maximum development of rainforest in the early–middle Holocene may indicate that the temperature was slightly warmer than present, but the evidence is not definitive. The expansion of Eucalyptus spp. and Poaceae after 6000 yr BP may be partly a disclimax effect as a result of Aboriginal burning, but appears also to reflect reduced precipitation. The changes in vegetation and inferred climate can be explained by major changes in synoptic patterns of southern Australia and the adjacent southwest Pacific. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖地区过去2160年孢粉记录的植被变化及影响因素

本研究在AMS ¹⁴C测年的基础上,通过分析鄱阳湖430 cm沉积剖面44个样品的孢粉记录和有机碳（TOC）指标,同时结合江西人口密度指标及当地历史文献资料,重点探讨了该区过去2160年植被变化的影响因素及在人类活动影响下该区域植被变化的历史。研究结果显示,鄱阳湖流域过去2160年植被变迁及人类活动变化主要分为5个阶段：1）160 BC~400 A.D.,乔灌木花粉含量较低,草本植物花粉较高,指示鄱阳湖流域周围地势低平的地带已经被广泛垦殖,但周围仍分布着一定量的常绿阔叶类、落叶阔叶类以及针叶类植被。高含量的禾本科表明鄱阳湖流域的稻作农业已初具规模,但该期乔灌木花粉含量相对较高,蕨类孢子含量较低,人口密度较小,指示该时期森林覆盖度较高,人类活动相对较弱。2）400~800 A.D.,乔灌木植物花粉与草本植物含量变化不大,植被与前期基本一致。高含量的蕨类孢子指示人类活动进一步加强,但人口密度较低,指示该时期森林覆盖度仍然较高,人类活动相对较弱。3）800~1350 A.D.,乔灌木花粉含量显著下降,而与人类活动相关的草本植物花粉含量略有上升,表明鄱阳湖流域随着人类活动增强,地带性森林植被遭受到一定的破坏,森林覆盖度明显下降,该期人口密度迅速递增,农业垦殖强度进一步加强,农业生产规模继续扩大,指示该时期人类活动影响较强,森林植被覆盖度较低。4）1350~1650 A.D.,乔灌木花粉含量略有上升,草本植物花粉含量略有下降,指示该时期鄱阳湖流域常绿阔叶类、落叶阔叶类及针叶类植被较前期略有恢复,尤其是松属花粉含量增长明显,表明该区地带性植被破坏后逐渐演变为具有次生性质的松林。该时期由于气候变冷,自然灾害频发,加上战争频繁,人口密度显著下降,人类活动影响减弱,进而导致森林植被略有恢复。5）1650 A.D.至今,鄱阳湖流域植被与前期较为一致,但松属花粉含量后期呈现明显的下降趋势,表明鄱阳湖流域随着人类活动进一步加强,次生松林破坏较为严重。过去2000多年气候变化虽然对区域植被有一定的影响,但历史时期以来人口的不断增长、农业的快速发展以及国家鼓励农民垦荒政策的实施是引起当地森林植被减少以及生态环境退化的主要原因,该结果对鄱阳湖流域恢复和重建自然生态环境具有重要的理论价值。

     

内蒙古中东部查干淖尔湖流域7000年以来的气候演变

内蒙古中东部处于亚洲季风与西风带的过渡带上,对于季风强弱以及全球气候变化响应敏感。本文以内蒙古中东部查干淖尔湖为研究对象,采用该湖沉积剖面的AMS ¹⁴C测年、烧失量、粒度及端元组分等指标的分析,重建了近7000年以来内蒙古中东部地区的气候演变序列。结果表明,千年尺度上,7000年以来研究区气候逐步变干,但6900~5800cal.a B.P.和4500~2000cal.a B.P.期间气候相对湿润,5800~4500cal.a B.P.和2000~0cal.a B.P.时期气候干旱。中晚全新世以来千年尺度上的气候总体变干,与太阳辐射的逐步降低引起的东亚季风的减弱有关。百年尺度上,查干淖尔湖经历了5次较为明显的干旱事件,分别发生于5800~4700cal.a B.P.、3500~3100cal.a B.P.、2600~2100cal.a B.P.、1700~1200cal.a B.P.和560~370cal.a B.P.,这些干旱事件的发生,在定年误差范围内,与太阳活动减弱事件和北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件基本一致,表明百年尺度上东亚季风强度的变化受北半球高纬气候和太阳活动的共同影响。

     

末次间冰期以来古火对千年及轨道尺度气候和植被变化的响应

火是地球系统的重要组成部分,与气候变化、植被演替关系密切。正确认识自然状态下火-气候-植被之间的耦合关系是理解过去火演化机理、预测未来气候变化下火活动频率和强度的迫切需要。末次间冰期及末次冰消期是现今间冰期的气候相似型,其轨道及千年尺度火与气候、植被演化规律研究可为维持全球升温背景下陆地生态系统的稳定提供重要科学依据。本研究聚焦末次间冰期以来已有古火研究,借助全球炭屑数据库,归纳总结千年及轨道尺度上火对气候和植被变化的响应规律,获得以下主要认识:末次间冰期以来,轨道尺度上火演化趋势整体上与气候变化趋势一致;末次间冰期全球火活动整体高于末次冰期,但波动性较大;全球火活动在D-O旋回暖期增多,D-O旋回冷期及Henrich事件中火活动减少;植被对气候响应的滞后可以解释古火记录对气候旋回的滞后。但由于涵盖末次间冰期的古火记录缺乏,导致末次间冰期时段的古火集成结果存在一定的不确定性。深入理解轨道-亚轨道尺度全球及区域古火演化规律及机制需要更多长时间尺度高质量的古火及古植被记录的支持。     

The 8.2-ka abrupt climate change event in Brown's Lake, northeast Ohio

Many Northern Hemisphere paleoclimatic records, including ice cores, speleothems, lake sediments, ocean cores and glacier chronologies, indicate an abrupt cooling event about 8200 cal yr BP. A new well-dated series of sediment cores taken from Brown's Lake, a kettle in Northeast Ohio, shows two closely spaced intervals of loess deposition during this time period. The source of loess is uncertain; however, it is likely from an abandoned drainage and former glacial lake basin located to the north of the stagnant ice topography that gave rise to the kettle lake. Strong visual stratigraphy, loss on ignition data and sediment grain size analyses dated with 3 AMS radiocarbon dates place the two intervals of loess deposition between 8950 and 8005 cal yr BP. The possibility of a two-phase abrupt climate change at this time is a finding that has been suggested in other research. This record adds detail to the spatial extent and timing as well as possible structure of the 8.2-ka abrupt climate change event.     

Post-glacial landscape response to climate variability in the southeastern San Juan Mountains of Colorado, USA

Geomorphic mapping in the upper Conejos River Valley of the San Juan Mountains has shown that three distinct periods of aggradation have occurred since the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM). The first occurred during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (~ 12.5–9.5 ka) and is interpreted as paraglacial landscape response to deglaciation after the LGM. Evidence of the second period of aggradation is limited but indicates a small pulse of sedimentation at ~ 5.5 ka. A third, more broadly identifiable period of sedimentation occurred in the late Holocene (~ 2.2–1 ka). The latest two periods of aggradation are concurrent with increases in the frequency of climate change in the region suggesting that Holocene alpine and sub-alpine landscapes respond more to rapid changes in climate than to large singular climatic swings. Soil development and radiocarbon dating indicate that hillslopes were stable during the Holocene even while aggradation was occurring in valley bottoms. Thus, we can conclude that erosion does not occur equally throughout the landscape but is focused upslope of headwater streams, along tributary channels, or on ridge tops. This is in contrast to some models which assume equal erosion in headwater basins.     

Evidence for Holocene climate variability from the sediments of a Scottish remote mountain lake

High resolution sampling of sediment cores covering approximately the last 4000 yr from Lochan Uaine, a small corrie loch in the Scottish Cairngorm Mountains, show quasi‐periodic cycles in organic matter (measured as percentage loss on ignition). Analysis of these cycles show correspondences between loss on ignition, δ¹³C values and chironomid head capsule abundance. We interpret the changes as reflecting changes in lake productivity and hypothesise that they are driven by climate variability. However, it is not yet clear whether the periods of relatively high organic matter production and preservation are associated with colder or with warmer conditions. Nevertheless the results indicate the value of using sediments from remote, undisturbed mountain lakes as recorders of Holocene climate variability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Peatland GDGT records of Holocene climatic and biogeochemical responses to the Asian Monsoon

Branched and isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) membrane lipids have been widely used to reconstruct past climate and environmental change. They are not, however, widely applied to peat deposits and the controls on their distributions in peats remain unclear. Here, we present a high resolution record of branched and isoprenoid GDGT concentrations and distributions from a peat core from the Tibetan Plateau that spans the last 13 kyr, a period characterised by distinct dry and wet periods in the region. The lowest concentrations of total branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) occurred during a presumably dry interval in the mid-Holocene, suggesting that brGDGTs-producing bacteria are less productive under such conditions, perhaps reflecting their putative anaerobic ecology. The mean annual air temperature (MAT) estimates derived from the methylation index of brGDGTs and cyclisation ratio of brGDGTs (MBT′/CBT) are higher than present mean annual temperature in the region and closer to summer temperatures, perhaps due to seasonal production of brGDGTs. The downcore distributions of isoprenoidal and branched GDGTs are dominated by GDGT-0 and brGDGT II, respectively. The high fractional abundances of GDGT-0 in warm and especially wet intervals suggest that these conditions are favourable for some groups of methanogenic archaea. The mid-Holocene dry interval is associated with an increase in the fractional and absolute abundance of crenarchaeol, which could be indicative of enhanced ammonia-oxidising archaeal-mediated nitrogen cycling under these conditions. Taken together, variations of GDGT concentrations in peats appear to document the response of microbial processes to climate change and variations in the biogeochemical environment.     

Continuous record of environmental changes in Chukotka during the last 350 thousand years

The comprehensive study of the upper 1283 cm of sediment from Lake El’gygytgyn, which formed nearly 4 Ma ago following a meteorite impact in northern Chukotka, yielded the first continuous record of the extreme changes in the Beringian climate and vegetation from the middle Middle Pleistocene to recent time (equivalent of marine isotope stages of 1–7 and the upper part of isotope stage 8). During this period, the climate was warmer than at present between 8600 and 10 7000 ¹⁴C years and during the Late Pleistocene (isotope substage 5e, 116–128 ka ago). In 2003, the German-Russian-USA expedition continued studying sediments of Lake El’gygytgyn to obtain new evidence of the change in the vegetation cover in the Middle Pleistocene and the first information on the Middle Pleistocene interglacial (isotope stage 9; 297–347 ka ago). Pollen spectra characterizing the Middle Pleistocene interglacial are similar to spectra of the early stage of the Early Pleistocene interglacial and the climatic optimum in the Pleistocene to Holocene transitional period. The climatic history of Lake El’gygytgyn is basic for stratigraphic interpretations and correlations in the eastern sector of the Arctic. These data also expand our understanding of climatic changes that are studied within the framework of the “Pole-Equator-Pole Paleoclimate,” “Past Global Changes,” and other international projects.     

安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉-炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变

利用湖泊钻孔的孢粉及炭屑分析资料,探讨了安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉-炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变。孢粉-炭屑记录表明：本区9870-6040 cal.{a BP},植被是以壳斗科的落叶、常绿属种为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气候呈现温和略干的特点;6040-4860 cal.{a BP},植被是以落叶栎类、栗属、青冈属和栲/石栎属为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气候由前一阶段的温和略干变为温暖湿润,进入全新世最适宜气候期;4860-2170 cal.{a BP},植被是以落叶栎类占绝对优势的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气温逐渐降低、湿度下降,气候温和干燥,环境整体向着干旱趋势转化,2170 cal.{a BP}左右出现一次明显的干旱事件;2170-1040 cal.{a BP},森林退缩,落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林迅速被破坏,演替成以禾本科为主的草地,气候处于转型时期,总体上温和湿润;1040-200 cal.{a BP},木本植物仅零星分布,可能存在针叶阔叶混交林植被,植被类型逐渐演替成以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛,其中包括较多的农作物,气候温凉稍湿;200 cal.{a BP}以来,湖区周围零星分布有阔叶乔木,松林在远处可能有分布,植被仍是以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛,气候相对温暖湿润,但也有若干变凉干的波动,湖泊富营养化水平逐渐增加,人类活动已经对环境变化产生了较大的影响。     

关岭-贞丰石漠化治理示范区植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应

为揭示喀斯特石漠化治理示范区植被覆盖变化以及气候因子对植被覆盖变化的影响,利用2006—2015年Landsat 30 m/16 d分辨率影像数据,采用最大合成法、NDVI差值指数和相关、偏相关分析法,系统分析示范区归一化植被指数的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)2006—2015年最大NDVI平均值为0.39,NDVI较高覆盖区域在示范区南北边界,而较低覆区域以花江南岸为主;(2)2006年以来示范区极低(-1.210)、低(-0.669)和中等(-0.729)植被覆盖度呈减少趋势,高(1.359)和极高(1.247)植被覆盖度增加,整体上呈显著增加趋势;(3)本月NDVI与本月、上月、上上月降雨量和气温的相关性均通过显著水平0.05检验,且本月NDVI与本月降雨量相关性高于本月气温(RNDVI降雨 =0.782),本月NDVI与上月气温相关性高于上月降雨量(RNDVI气温 =0.771);(4)在月尺度上,示范区植被生长对降雨量无滞后期,而对气温存在1个月的滞后期。      

Coniferization of the mixed‐wood boreal forests under warm climate

Mixed‐wood boreal forests are characterized by a heterogeneous landscape dominated by coniferous or deciduous species depending on stand moisture and fire activity. Our study highlights the long‐term drivers of these differences between landscapes across mixed‐wood boreal forests to improve simulated vegetation dynamics under predicted climate changes. We investigate the effects of main climate trends and wildfire activities on the vegetation dynamics of two areas characterized by different stand moisture regimes during the last 9000 years. We performed paleofire and pollen analyses in the mixed‐wood boreal forest of north‐western Ontario, derived from lacustrine sediment deposits, to reconstruct historical vegetation dynamics, which encompassed both the Holocene climatic optimum (ca. 8000–4000 a bp ) and the Neoglacial period (ca. 4000 a bp ). The past warm and dry period (Holocene climatic optimum) promoted higher fire activity that resulted in an increase in coniferous species abundance in the xeric area. The predicted warmer climate and an increase in drought events should lead to a coniferization of the xeric areas affected by high fire activity while the mesic areas may retain a higher broadleaf abundance, as these areas are not prone to an increase in fire activity. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

10 000 aB.P.关中蓝田的植被和气候

在阐述陕西关中蓝田县城附近地质环境的基础上,利用孢粉图式分析了该区植被的演替,进而分析了该区10 000 aB.P.的古气候演化特征。从陕西蓝田东城水库剖面17个样品分析发现孢粉和藻类十分丰富,根据孢粉组合特征划分3个组合带,分别代表全新世早、中、晚3个时期的孢粉带。Ⅰ带为蒿属优势带;Ⅱ带乔木花粉激增,早期发育温带阔叶落叶林或针阔叶混交林,晚期是以温带阔叶树或与松混合的疏林草原或森林草原;Ⅲ带是以松、蒿为主的森林草原或疏林草原。结果表明：早全新世气候寒冷而干燥,发育以蒿为主的大片草原;中全新世气候温暖湿润,发育疏林草原和森林草原;晚全新世渐变为干冷,发育以松、蒿为主的森林草原。     

浙江田螺山遗址区孢粉学记录的中全新世植被、环境和人类活动初步研究

浙江宁绍平原是研究河姆渡文化与自然环境发展关系的热点区域。选取田螺山遗址附近的TLS1402钻孔上部16.16 m的沉积物进行AMS ¹⁴C测定、孢粉和微炭屑分析,旨在研究宁绍平原中全新世植被历史、环境变化和人类活动的变化规律。结果表明：1）约8460~7700 a B.P.,植被类型以落叶阔叶林为主,含有常绿成分和针叶成分,揭示了气候温凉偏干的特点;7700~6300 a B.P.期间,乔灌木整体有所下降,波动显著,植被类型为亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林,气候暖湿,在7600~7500 a B.P.、7300~7200 a B.P.和6700~6300 a B.P.,粒径＞38 μm的禾本科明显增加,可能显示了人类的3个农业发展阶段。另外,微炭屑增加对应栽培作物花粉的增加,暗示植被变化可能与人类活动有关;6300 a B.P.至今,木本花粉含量总体大幅度下降,草本花粉含量升高,气候稍温凉偏干,植被类型仍以亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林为主,但植被变化可能受人类干扰。2）淡水藻类和沟鞭藻类含量表明,TLS1402钻孔所在地8460~7700 a B.P.可能为浅海湾环境,但也受到淡水注入影响。7700~7200 a B.P.为过渡时期;7200 a B.P.后环境发生较大变化,海平面上升速率大幅度降低,陆地逐渐生长,7000~6900 a B.P.河姆渡文化逐步开始发育,水稻农业发展,但之后受到海水影响,在7200~6700 a B.P.、6600~6500 a B.P.都出现农业发展低谷,分析认为和海水入侵有关。

     

基于GIMMS NDVI的青藏高原植被指数时空变化及其气温降水响应

青藏高原植被生态系统脆弱, 是研究全球气候变化陆地植被生态系统响应的理想场所。以GIMMS NDVI、 气温和降水及植被类型数据为基础, 利用一元线性回归模型、 相关系数、 偏相关系数及t检验方法, 分析了青藏高原1982 - 2015年NDVI时空变化及其气温降水响应特征, 结果表明： 1982 - 2015年青藏高原NDVI时间变化过程总体表现为不显著的增加过程, 空间变化以显著增加为主, 占总面积的63.26%, 分布在高原北部、 西部和南部; 显著减少集中分布在高原中东部和东南部, 仅占总面积的3.45%。青藏高原主要植被类型NDVI平均值表现为： 阔叶林>针叶林>灌丛>草甸>高山植被>草原>荒漠, 其中草原、 高山植被和荒漠植被NDVI呈显著线性增加过程, 灌丛、 针叶林和阔叶林植被的NDVI呈不显著的减少过程。青藏高原NDVI与气温相关系数空间上呈南北向分布, 具有纬度地带性特征, 显著正相关分布在高原中北部, 显著负相关分布在高原中南部; NDVI与降水的相关系数呈东西向分布, 具有干湿度地带性特征, 显著正相关分布在高原中部, 显著负相关分布在高原东西两侧。研究认为1982 - 2015年青藏高原北部水热条件缺乏区域NDVI出现显著增加趋势, 而高原东南部水热条件充足地区NDVI呈现出显著减少趋势。深入开展植被类型NDVI气候响应的差异性研究, 有助于深入理解全球气候变化影响的区域差异及科学制定植被生态保护政策。