Mechanisms of Corosion and Oxidation of Metals and Alloys

Selected topics in field of the study of the mechanisms of corrosion and of oxidation of metals or alloys are presented. The first part reports a new model for the mechanism of the breakaway oxidation of ferritic stainless steels in water vapour. The second part is devoted to the physico‐chemical aspects of oxidation and presents experimental methods useful in the kinetic modelling applied to two alloys, the zircalloy‐4 and an AlMg5 % in the liquid state. In the third part the physical and numerical modelling of the stress corrosion cracking behaviour in face‐centered cubic (fcc) alloys is detailed, which enables the study of the influence of macroscopic parameters (such as the temperature or hydrogen activity) on the fracture process.     

Modelling and computation of curing and damage of thermosets

The curing of thermosets is a complex process involving the transition from a fluid into a (visco-) elastic solid. This phase transition comes along with an increase in stiffness and a volume shrinkage of the polymer. The latter may lead to severe residual strains and stresses, which in turn can cause damage in the final, usually quasi-brittle material. In this contribution a constitutive model is developed which takes into account the curing of a thermosetting material together with the process-induced damage as resulting from curing shrinkage. The curing of the material is governed by a phenomenological hypoelastic constitutive equation which includes temporal evolutions for stiffness and volume shrinkage. Thermal and viscous effects are neglected in the present study. An isotropic gradient-enhanced damage model is adapted to describe the damage evolution. The curing-damage model is implemented into a finite element code and numerical examples for thermosetting materials demonstrate that the proposed model is capable to predict cure-induced damage in thermosets.     

Surface-charge density and potential of coal-liquid mixtures and control of their stability and fluidity

The preparation conditions of concentrated (>70%) aqueous suspensions of coal were optimized, as were the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal-water suspensions. The theoretical study showed that (1–3) or (2–3) electrolytes such as Na₂SO₄ or Na₅P₃O₁₀, greatly increase the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal particles in water. This study has led to the interesting result that thinners and stabilizing agents of concentrated clay suspensions, such as lignosulphonates, tripolyphosphates, polynaphtalene sulphonates, etc., must also be good thinners and stabilizing agents for ground coal-water suspensions. Two parameters were controlled: the stability and the fluidity of the suspensions. A penetrometry technique revealed the importance of the resistance coefficient,C _r that can be used as a criterion for the evaluation of coal-water mixture stability and fluidity. Concentrated coal suspensions (about 75% of solid by weight) were prepared in water by using different additives, for instance sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) and surfactants like lignosulphonates (by coupling of the dispersion and stabilizing effects) with the optimum concentration ratio of these two products equal to 1.9. The stability of the suspensions was then greater than 2 months and the viscosity was 1900 cP.     

Thermodynamic similarity and prediction of the properties and characteristics of substances and processes

Principles of the theory of thermodynamic similarity are considered in application to all aggregate states of a substance, including phase transitions, and to the change in dissipative structures in open systems.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 709–716, November, 1987.     

Measurement and analysis of elastic and anelastic properties of alumina and silicon carbide

Measurements of dynamic Young's modulus, E, and damping as a function of temperature, T, were made for alumina and silicon carbide. The Young's modulus data were compared with some from the literature, and analysed in terms of a theoretical framework relating the Debye temperature, θD, with the elastic constants. For both materials this analysis yielded a ratio T₀/θ_D which was near 0.4, where T₀ is an empirical fitting constant for the plot of (E(0)−E)/T versus 1/T (E(0) is the value of E at 0 K). The analysis of the damping data in terms of an Arrhenius type dependence led to effective activation energies near kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

艺术设计史观的解构与重述

目的建构符合艺术设计学学科逻辑的历史写作观念与方法。方法一方面对国内艺术设计史写作的体例进行具体分析,提出其写作中以风格化和形式分析为导向的诸多缺陷;另一方面则引述艺术史与建筑史研究的相关成果,试图对艺术设计史研究进行修正,主要以"线性的艺术史的终结"与"建构文化研究"两则话题为参照。结论同建筑史与艺术史观念变化的动因相同,当下的艺术设计史写作应产生出与线性的、发展的和进步式的"大设计史"所能相互补充的,类别的、微观的、技术的设计史。同时,设计史注定不等于艺术史和美学史,其研究不能单纯视作社会史表述的补充,而应体现其制造本质,从而形成理论与实践的交互。     

Compatibility and morphology of blends of isotactic and atactic polypropylene

The compatibility and morphology of blends of isotactic and atactic polypropylene have been studied by several means: X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy. It was found that the atactic polymer was located mainly inside the spherulites of the isotactic polypropylene on a scale approximately equal to that of the crystalline lamellae. This means that these two polymers were more intimately mixed than are blends of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer, in which the location of the copolymer is unrelated to the spherulite structure. This difference can be explained by the fact that atactic and isotactic polypropylene are miscible in the melt, whereas polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer are not.     

超细粉体的团聚机理和表征及消除

当粉体的尺度达到纳米级时,就会有独特的性能和广泛的应用。但是由于其较小的粒度,因此在制备和应用的过程中容易发生团聚。本文中对超细粉末的团聚机理进行了介绍,同时分析了液相法制备超细粉体过程中团聚形成的原因,以及团聚程度的表征和减少团聚的方法。另外对今后的发展方向提出了一些建议。     

Preparation and characterization of phosphate and arsenate apatites of strontium and their solid solutions

Samples of phosphate and arsenate apatites of strontium and six of their solid solutions, spread over the entire compositional range, were prepared by a wet method. They were characterized by chemical, X-ray, electron microscopic and infrared analyses. The validity of Vegard's law established the homogeneity of the solid solutions.     

浙江省高校教职工体质状况的调查与分析

通过对浙江省7所高校560名教职工健康意识和体育行为的调查问卷以及对他们的体态、机能、素质测试资料的统计分析,表明教职工体质总体尚好,而中年教职工的健康应引起重视.根据这次调查并结合全省情况我们对教职工的体质与健康问题提出了几点建议.     

Glaciers and laws of friction and sliding

Summary. Glaciers slide at their base. A deeper understanding of the frictional behaviour and sliding between an ice mass and a rock bed is an important problem in glacier physics. In this study we investigate two approaches to the problem of glacier sliding. The first approach models friction forces between the ice and the bed. The second approach considers various proposals of a sliding velocity. Anisotropy of rock bed topographies is a source of anisotropic tribological phenomena. Therefore, anisotropic and inhomogeneous friction and anisotropic sliding are discussed in detail. Various types of friction anisotropy are distinguished with the aid of linear and nonlinear friction models. Next, anisotropic friction and sliding rules are derived using an elasto-plastic analogy. A sliding law proposed by Hindmarsh is applied in the analysis of anisotropic sliding. Extended forms of the sliding law are given with the aid of anisotropic friction models. Furthermore, stick-slip motions are identified as important in the dynamics of glacier sliding.     

HRP引发酚类与淀粉接枝共聚物的制备及结构性能表征

降解淀粉和酚类在辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)/H2O2的催化作用下进行自由基接枝共聚反应,制备了淀粉和酚类接枝共聚物。研究了淀粉降解程度、酚类单体配比、HRP用量、反应温度和pH对接枝改性淀粉结构与性能的影响。研究结果表明,用α-淀粉酶降解后的淀粉15与12g间苯三酚(PG)和20g对羟基苯磺酸钠(HBS)在5mg HRP/H2O2引发体系下,在30℃及pH值为7.0时反应5h制备的酚类与淀粉接枝共聚物具有较好的性能,其水溶液的表面张力为26.6mN/m,所鞣制皮革收缩温度(Ts)达到了78℃。用FT-IR、1 H NMR、UV-Vis和GPC等方法对产物的化学结构进行了表征。     

Liq的合成和提纯及蓝色OLED的试制

报导了8-羟基喹啉锂（Liq）的合成及其提纯方法；用元素分析、X射线衍射谱、紫外吸收光谱对提纯后的样品性能进行表征；研制了结构为ITO／PVK：TPD／Liq／Al的蓝色发光器件，用原子力显微镜分析了纯度与Liq薄膜的表面形态及器件发光性能间的关系，并且也研究了其光致发光和电致发光特性。     

Photostability and toxicity of pentachlorophenol and phenanthrene

Fate of organic contaminants under UV irradiation as environmental variable was studied. Aqueous solutions of pentachlorophenol and phenanthrene were subjected to simulated solar radiation and monitored during ≤ 93 h. Immobilization tests were conducted using Daphnia magna neonates in pre-irradiated water for the assessment of photoproduct-mediated toxicity. We observed a time-dependent decrease in exposure concentrations following irradiation, which correlated positively with reduced immobilization of the animals. A complete disappearance of the lowest and highest concentrations of pentachlorophenol was noted after 25 h and 75 h, respectively. Survivorship of the animals increased until 100% and correlated positively with irradiation time. However, phenanthrene was rather persistent under irradiation, with less than 25% decline in exposure concentrations after 93 h. Neonates were not immobilized at maximum aqueous solubility of phenanthrene. Rate constants (k) for the photodegradation of pentachlorophenol at 0.41, 0.59, 1.1, and 2.1 mg l(-1) were in the range of 7.2 × 10(-2) and 4.9 × 10(-2)h(-1), showing a slight decrease with increasing initial pentachlorophenol concentration. Nonetheless, pentachlorophenol degradation in the studied concentration range could still be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetics. K values for phenanthrene at 0.12 and 0.22 mg l(-1) were 2.9 × 10(-3)h(-1) and 4.2 × 10(-3)h(-1), respectively.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．     

绿色高效制冷空调产业发展分析与展望

我国已经是全球最大的制冷空调设备生产国和消费国,制冷空调系统是国民经济中的耗能大户,制冷空调产业的节能环保发展已经成为国际社会共同面临的紧迫课题。当前国际形势正发生深刻复杂变化,对《蒙特利尔议定书》等国际公约的履约行动也带来巨大的冲击和影响。中国未来的履约将更多的依靠行业自身的努力来实现。中国制冷空调行业进一步提高自主的技术创新能力和实力,推动产业绿色高效的转型升级是实现由制造大国向制造强国转变的必由之路。     

Mechanochemical Synthesis and SHS of Diborides of Titanium and Zirconium

Some properties of titanium diboride (TiB₂) obtained by explosive mechanochemical synthesis and self-propagated high-temperature synthesis (SHS) have been investigated. The properties of zirconium diboride (ZrB₂) obtained by SHS have also been studied. There is a general opinion that explosive mechanochemical synthesis proceeds by a SHS mechanism. For that reason, it is of interest to compare the properties of a product synthesized from the same reagents, by both mechanochemical synthesis and SHS. In order to elucidate the peculiarities of mechanochemical synthesis, the changes in shape and size of the titanium particles occurring during their mechanical treatment up to the moment of synthesis have been examined. Titanium and zirconium powders with particles differing drastically in shape and size have been used for the synthesis of TiB₂ and ZrB₂ by SHS. It has been shown that irrespective of the difference in properties of the reagents, the products obtained have some common properties characteristic of the synthesis method and important with respect to the practical applications of the borides of titanium and zirconium.     

图像处理与识别在果蔬成熟度监测中的研究及应用

目的 分析了果蔬成熟度自动监测对发展智慧农业的重要意义,对图像处理与识别技术在监测果蔬成熟度领域的研究与应用现状进行综述、总结与展望,以期为我国发展果蔬成熟度在线或自动检测识别技术提供参考。方法 对图像处理与识别在监测果蔬成熟度中的原理、优势进行分析,对特征提取、深度学习中的神经网络在该领域中的应用研究进展进行综述。结果 采用以图像处理和识别为核心的计算机视觉检测技术对果蔬的颜色、纹理等外部特征进行成熟度检测具有优势,结合神经网络对果蔬成熟度进行检测的识别率高,可在采摘、运输等场景对果蔬成熟度进行监测。结论 图像处理与识别技术在果蔬成熟度监测领域有望得到突破,将催生更多新的应用场景。     

Synthesis of polymeric titanium and zirconium precursors and preparation of carbide fibres and films

Polymeric precursors for carbothermal reactions were prepared from the chelate derivatives of titanium and zirconium alkoxides L2M(OR)2 (L is an acetylacetonato or ethyl acetoacetato group) in alcohols by reaction with organic compounds having two or more reactive OH groups, such as ethylene glycol, saccharose, tartaric acid or dihydroxybenzenes. These organic groups act as bridging ligands in transesterification and condensation polymerization yielding either spinnable viscous solutions or elastic gels. The rheological properties of the concentrated solutions allowed for the preparation of polymer fibres and films. At temperatures up to 1600 °C, bulk precursors as well as fibres and films were thermally converted into carbide powders, films or coatings. The structural transformations of the polymeric materials into the carbides were investigated using thermogravimetric–differential thermal analyses (TGA–DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis and Raman spectroscopy.     

Modeling of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of heat- and mass-transfer systems

We discuss a method of modeling the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of heat- and mass-transfer systems on analog computers. The bases for the modeling method are given, and an example is presented.