Prevalence of human papillomavirus,cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus in the cervix of healthy women

The prevalence of some sexually transmitted viruses, possibly involved in cervical carcinogenesis, was studied in the cervix of women with normal cytology. The presence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) type 16 and 18, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes in cervical cells taken from 143 healthy Italian women was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The study population was divided into four groups with respect to age as follows: group I, 17 to 25 years, n = 48 women; group II, 26 to 35 years, n = 30; group III, 36 to 50 years, n = 32; and group IV, 51 to 70 years, n = 33. In the first age group prevalence rates of HPV 16, CMV and EBV infection of 23%, 21% and 19% were found respectively. The infection rates of HPV 16 and CMV were shown to decrease with age, with prevalences of HPV 16 at 10% in the second group, 6% in the third and 3% in the fourth and of CMV at 13% in the second and third and 6% in the fourth groups. The prevalence of EBV infection did not decrease with increasing age (19% in the first and third groups, 20% in the second and 18% in the fourth). The occurrence of HPV 18 genome was very low (0-3%) and independent of age. In the first age group a higher percentage of double infections (16.6%) was found than in the three other age groups (6% in the second and third and 3% in the fourth). The finding of multiple infections in younger women requires further study in order to clarify the implications of such viral infections in healthy women and their contribution to the development of genital tract malignancies. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

猴痘疫情的现状以及挑战与展望

猴痘是由猴痘病毒感染引起的一种人兽共患病。2022年5月7日英国报道了今年首例猴痘确诊病例,此后数月内猴痘病例在欧美国家乃至全球范围数量激增。随着国外逐步放松对新冠疫情的管控措施,国际间交流日益增多,猴痘疫情具备了全球传播与扩散的适宜条件。目前猴痘疫情呈现波及范围广、传播速度快、疫源地不明确、人源性传播为主、社区传播及病毒变异加速等特征,已成为人类公共卫生健康事业面临的新威胁与挑战。各国政府都在积极寻找控制疫情的应对策略,防控相关部署已迫在眉睫,需要保持高度警惕。本文就猴痘的流行病学特征、生物学特征、临床特征、实验室检测、治疗及预防措施进行了综述,以期增加知识储备以应对国内可能出现的猴痘疫情。     

A four year seasonal survey of the relationship between outdoor climate and epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a temperate climate

BackgroundThe relation between weather conditions, viral transmission and seasonal activity of respiratory viruses is not fully understood.ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of outdoor weather in a temperate climate setting on the seasonal epidemiology of viruses causing respiratory tract infections, particularly influenza A (IFA).Study designIn total, 20,062 clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples referred for detection of respiratory pathogens using a multiplex PCR panel, between October 2010 and July 2013, were included. Results of PCR detection were compared with local meteorological data for the same period.ResultsLow temperature and vapor pressure (VP) were associated with weekly incidence of IFA, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, bocavirus and adenovirus but no association with relative humidity was found. The incidence of human rhinovirus and enterovirus was independent of temperature. During seasonal IFA outbreaks, the weekly drop of average temperature (compared with the week before) was strongly associated with the IFA incidence recorded the following week.ConclusionA sudden drop in outdoor temperature might activate the annual influenza epidemic in a temperate climate by facilitating aerosol spread in dry air. These conditions also seem to affect the incidence of other respiratory pathogens but not human rhino- or enterovirus, suggesting that routes of infection other than aerosol may be relevant for these agents.     

我国六省市(区)部分人群丙型肝炎病毒感染调查

目的 了解我国健康人群丙型肝炎病毒感染现状.方法 采用北京万泰生物药业的HCV EIA诊断试剂检测人群血清丙型肝炎病毒(丙肝,HCV)IgG抗体.结果 六省市(区)人群血清共9 538份,HCV抗体阳性数37份,总阳性率为0.39％,其中北京人群阳性率0.23％,黑龙江人群为0.74％,山东人群为0.26％,宁夏人群为0.10％,甘肃和四川人群阳性率均为0.44％.对37例HCV阳性者性别及年龄分析,男性19例占51.35％,女性18例占48.65％,＜10岁年龄组1例,占2.70％,10～19岁组5例,占13.51％,20～29岁4例占10.81％,30～39岁组6例,占16.22％,40～49岁组9例,占24.32％,≥50岁有12例占32.43％.对HCV阳性者重叠其他型别肝炎病毒感染分析,单独HCV阳性2例,占5.41％,伴有HAV-IgG抗体阳性35例,占94.59％,伴有HEV-IgG抗体阳性10例,占27.03％,伴有HBsAg、HBcAb和HbeAb阳性者2例,占5.41％,该2例HAV和HEV抗体也阳性.结论 六省市(区)人群HCV感染率均在1％以下,感染者年龄以50岁以上最高,决大多数HCV阳性者重叠有其他型别的肝炎病毒感染.     

我国六省市（区）部分人群丙型肝炎病毒感染调查

目的 了解我国健康人群丙型肝炎病毒感染现状.方法 采用北京万泰生物药业的HCV EIA诊断试剂检测人群血清丙型肝炎病毒（丙肝,HCV）IgG抗体.结果 六省市（区）人群血清共9 538份,HCV抗体阳性数37份,总阳性率为0.39％,其中北京人群阳性率0.23％,黑龙江人群为0.74％,山东人群为0.26％,宁夏人群为0.10％,甘肃和四川人群阳性率均为0.44％.对37例HCV阳性者性别及年龄分析,男性19例占51.35％,女性18例占48.65％,＜10岁年龄组1例,占2.70％,10～19岁组5例,占13.51％,20～29岁4例占10.81％,30～39岁组6例,占16.22％,40～49岁组9例,占24.32％,≥50岁有12例占32.43％.对HCV阳性者重叠其他型别肝炎病毒感染分析,单独HCV阳性2例,占5.41％,伴有HAV-IgG抗体阳性35例,占94.59％,伴有HEV-IgG抗体阳性10例,占27.03％,伴有HBsAg、HBcAb和HbeAb阳性者2例,占5.41％,该2例HAV和HEV抗体也阳性.结论 六省市（区）人群HCV感染率均在1％以下,感染者年龄以50岁以上最高,决大多数HCV阳性者重叠有其他型别的肝炎病毒感染.     

陕西省发热呼吸道症候群病原谱和呼吸道合胞病毒基因特征

目的 分析陕西省发热呼吸道症候群患者咽拭子中16种呼吸道病毒病原谱构成和呼吸道合胞病毒基因特征.方法 2010年1月至2011年1月收集符合监测定义患者咽拭子标本208份,采用基于毛细管电泳的多重RT-PCR反应进行病毒核酸检测,包括人鼻病毒(HRV)、冠状病毒(HCOV)、流感病毒(Flu)、副流感病毒(HPIV)、腺病毒(ADV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(HRSV)、人偏肺病毒(HMPV)以及博卡病毒(HBOV),并对其中HRSV检测阳性的标本进行G基因羧基末端测序与种系进化分析,研究流行于陕西的HRSV分子流行病学特征.结果 总病毒检出率为53％(109/208),检测到的阳性病毒病原构成率分别为:HRSV42.2％、Flu24.5％、PIV20％,HRV13.6％,ADV10.9％,HCOV7.3％、HMPV4.6％和3份HBOV2.7％.有20％(22/109)病例为混合病毒感染,其中有14例为PIV与其他病毒混合感染,15 ～ 39岁年龄组混合感染率最高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).总呼吸道病毒的感染率在各年龄组中差别不大,除Flu、HMPV和PIV外,其他病毒(HRV、HBoV、HCoV、ADV、HRSV)的感染人群主要以0～4岁小儿为主.46例多重RT-PCR HRSV阳性病例中,42例为HRSV A血清型的NA1基因型;2例为B血清型,其中1例为BA9基因型,1例为GB2基因型.结论 @@陕西发热呼吸道症候群由多种呼吸道病毒引起,存在2种或以上病毒的混合感染,其中以PIV与其他病毒混合感染为主.HRSV是2010年陕西省发热呼吸道症候群的主要病原,其中A血清型的NA1基因型是陕西2010年流行的绝对优势型别.     

珠海市冬春季节儿童病毒性腹泻的流行病学特征

目的 探讨珠海市冬春季节儿童诺如病毒(NV)、扎如病毒(SV)和星状病毒(AstV)等3种重要病毒性腹泻的流行病学特征.方法 采集2009年11月21日至2010年4月3日在珠海市妇幼保健院就诊的腹泻儿童粪便样本,选取轮状病毒和腺病毒筛查阴性的样本,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测NV、SV和AstV的特异基因片段,并对诺如病毒检测阳性的样本进行分子分型.结果 3种病毒季节总检出率为21.49％,其中2009年12月的检出率最高,为29.05％,而2010年2月检出率最低,为12.20％,87.96％的阳性样本来自0～30月龄患儿.NV、SV及AstV的季节检出率分别为14.70％、2.75％和4.04％,3种病毒中以NV和SV各月份阳性检出率差别较大,而AstV较为一致,12 ～ 18月龄患儿NV检出率最高(34.09％),60 ～ 120月龄患儿SV检出率最高(12.5％),24 ～30月龄患儿AstV检出率最高(16.67％).诺如病毒经分子分型后均为GⅡ型.结论 NV是引起2009年冬春季节珠海市儿童病毒性腹泻的主要病原之一,SV与AstV也是重要的病原,应加强对婴幼儿NV、SV和AstV等3种重要病毒性腹泻的监测和防控工作.     

Dosage comparison of Congo Basin and West African strains of monkeypox virus using a prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease

The prairie dog is valuable for the study of monkeypox virus (MPXV) virulence and closely resembles human systemic orthopoxvirus disease. Herein, we utilize a variable dose intranasal challenge with approximately 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, and 10⁶ PFU for each clade to further characterize virulence differences between the two MPXV clades. A trend of increased morbidity and mortality as well as greater viral shedding was observed with increasing viral challenge dose. Additionally, there appeared to be a delay in onset of disease for animals challenged with lower dosages of virus. Mathematical calculations were used to determine LD₅₀ values and based on these calculations, Congo Basin MPXV had approximately a hundred times lower LD₅₀ value than the West African clade (5.9 × 10³ and 1.29 × 10⁵ respectively); reinforcing previous findings that Congo Basin MPXV is more virulent.     

表达HIV－1 CRF01_AE gp145的rMV MVA疫苗构建及免疫原性评价

目的 构建携带密码子优化型HIV-1 CRF01_AE gp145基因的重组改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉株(MVA)载体疫苗,并对其免疫效果进行初步评价。 方法 利用前期研究获得并改造的HIV-1 CRF01_AE env共享基因,去除其胞内区序列得到gp145基因,将此基因克隆至重组MVA载体系统的穿梭质粒pSC11上,以穿梭质粒转染提前感染了野生型MVA病毒的BHK-21细胞,通过同源重组获得携带gp145基因的重组MVA疫苗,即rMVA-AEgp145。经鉴定证实重组MVA疫苗可表达Gp145蛋白后,在BALB/c小鼠中进行rMVA-AEgp145疫苗单独免疫的效果评价。 结果 重组MVA疫苗可有效表达Gp145蛋白,单独免疫BALB/c小鼠能诱导较高水平的细胞免疫反应。 结论 成功构建了表达HIV-1 CRF 01_AEgp145基因的重组MVA疫苗,在小鼠体内单独免疫可以诱导较强的env特异性CTL应答。     

青海省1例外省输入性猴痘病毒基因特征分析

目的 基于扩增子技术结合高通量测序技术和生物信息分析技术,构建青海省猴痘病毒基因组测序、病毒变异分析及病例分子溯源方法,为今后青海省猴痘疫情防控提供技术支撑。 方法 以猴痘病毒核酸阳性样本DNA为模板,利用Ampliseq扩增子技术进行全基因组靶向扩增并构建测序文库,利用Ion Torrent GeneStudio S5二代测序仪及其内置软件完成猴痘病毒全基因组测序、数据优化、变异分析及序列拼接,获得一致性序列。使用在线分析工具进一步分析病毒变异和基因组谱系分型,构建进化树进一步分析病例病毒潜在来源。 结果 皮疹拭子和口咽拭子样本猴痘病毒基因核酸检测Ct值分别为32.13和36.91,皮疹拭子样本经猴痘病毒全基因组测序后获得一条高质量有效序列,reads数匹配率为99.99%,测序平均深度12 370×,基因组覆盖度为99.4%,序列属于IIb(西非分支)B.1.3型,存在86处核苷酸突变位点,引起41个氨基酸突变。变异分析和系统进化树分析结果显示,与GISAID猴痘病毒数据库中国云南、日本近期提交的共4条猴痘病毒基因组序列在同一分支,与中国云南提交的序列EPI_ISL_18059184(2023-07-03采样)进化关系最近,共享82个核苷酸突变位点,其中云南序列仅存在共享的全部82个突变位点,本研究序列在共享82个核苷酸突变位点的基础上增加2个核苷酸突变位点;与日本提交的序列EPI_ISL_17692269(2023-04-28采样)进化关系较近,共享78个核苷酸突变位点,存在7个核苷酸突变位点差异,日本序列在共享78个突变位点的基础上增加1个核苷酸突变位点(G57786A),本研究序列则增加6个核苷酸突变位点(G13563A、C21062T、G101241A、C142797T、G152866A、T169721A)。 结论 从一例核酸检测Ct值较低的样本中获得一条全长197 084 bp的猴痘病毒全基因组有效序列,成功构建了青海省基于Ampliseq扩增子技术的猴痘病毒全基因组测序、病毒变异和分子溯源方法。