E—An—76在桦木KP浆及麦草Soda—AQ浆CEM三段漂中的应用

研究了半纤维素酶Ｅ－Ａｎ－７６作为漂白助剂对桦木硫酸盐浆及麦草烧碱蒽醌浆ＣＥＨ三段漂的影响。结果表明，桦木ＫＰ浆用Ｅ－Ａｎ－７６处理后再经ＣＥＨ三段漂，其白度明显高于相同用氯量下未用酶预处理的漂白浆。另一方面在保持白主东变的情况下酶处理浆的漂白节省近５０％的用氯量。     

混合阔叶木KP浆常规三段漂白强化工艺生产性试验

由柞木、桦木、杨木混合木片采用ＫＰ法生产的未漂浆，经ＣＥＨ三段强化漂白后，纸浆白度达到８１％（ＳＢＤ）以上，其裂断长达到了５７９６ｍ。     

漆酶-介体系统处理麦草化学浆全无氯漂白性能的研究

采用漆酶－介体系统对麦草化学浆进行预处理，研究了几种全无氯漂白（TCF漂白）[氧碱脱木质素配合两段过氧化氢漂白（OEPP），两段过氧化氢漂白（QPP）和过乙酸配合一段过氧化氢漂白(PaP)]对漆酶处理后纸浆漂白性能的作用，结果表明，麦草浆经过漆酶预处理后，白度上升了12．9个白度单位（%,ISO)，漆酶处理浆氧碱脱木质素配合过氧化氢漂白后比原浆在相同条件下漂白后白度高14个白度单位以上，经两段过氧化氢漂白后白度比原浆在相同条件下（过氧化氢用量4％）漂白后白度高18．3个白度单位，经过乙酸过氧化氢漂白后比原浆在相同条件下漂白后白度高8．1个白度单位。漆酶处理浆漂白后强度比原浆漂白后的低，但是其白度高，如漂至相同的白度可以节约大量漂剂，有利于改善浆的质量，降低漂白废水的污染负荷。     

甲脒亚磺酸用于麦草Soda-AQ浆漂白的研究

对甲脒亚磷酸（ＦＡＳ）用于麦草Ｓｏｄａ－ＡＱ浆漂白的可能性进行了研究，重点考察了麦草Ｓｏｄａ－ＡＱ浆过氧化氢（Ｐ）和甲脒亚磺酸（Ａ）两段漂白中的几个过程变量（Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＦＡＳ用量、温度、时间）对漂白的影响，找出了较佳的ＰＦ漂白工艺条件。结果表明，Ｐ段Ｈ２Ｑ用量２％～３％（对绝干浆）、Ｆ段ＦＡＳ用量０．５％（对绝干浆）、温度７０℃、时间３（）ｎｄ为较佳的漂白工艺条件。研究中发现，Ｌ＊与白度呈线性正相关。ａ＊与Ｌ＊呈线性负相关，而ｂ＊与Ｌ＊之间无明确的相关性。     

棉杆制漂白化学浆和人造丝浆的研究

研究了棉杆烧碱蒽醌法制化学浆和预水解烧碱蒽醌法制人造丝浆的适宜蒸煮条件，用Ｄ／Ｃ ＥＤ，Ｄ／Ｃ ＥＨＤ，Ｄ／Ｃ ＥＤＥＤ流程进行了漂白试验。试验表明，用适宜的蒸煮条件，Ｄ／Ｃ ＥＤＥＤ漂白流程可得到白度８７、聚合度１３９９和α－纤维素８５％的化学浆和白度８９、聚合度８３０、α－纤维素含量达９４％的人造丝浆。     

尿素在桦木Kp浆漂白中的应用

采用在氯化段或次氯酸盐漂白段添加尿素和碱抽提强化技术，以改善桦木硫酸盐浆ＣＥＨ三段漂白的效率。研究结果表明：在次氯酸盐漂白段添加尿素，不仅可以提高纸浆粘度和白度，而且漂白浆返黄减轻；若在氯化段和次氯酸盐漂白段同时添加尿素，纸浆粘度最高，碳水化合物得到最大程度的保护。     

新疆杨幼龄材带皮硫酸盐法化学浆漂白性能的研究

研究了新疆杨木１～３年生带皮硫酸盐法化学浆的漂白规律。结果表明：采用单段和二段次氯酸盐漂白，漂后浆白度较低，分别为６３．１％和６６．７％（ＳＢＤ）；采用常规次氯酸盐三段漂白（ＣＥＨ），漂白度可达７５％（ＳＢＤ）以上；采用少量过氧化氢结合常规次氯酸盐多段漂白，漂后浆白度达８０％（ＳＢＤ）以上。     

氨基磺酸在桦木KP浆漂白中的应用

采用在氯化段或次氯酸盐漂白段添加氨基磺酸和碱抽提强化技术，以改善桦木硫酸盐ＣＥＨ三段漂白的效率。研究结果表明：在氯化段添加氨基磺酸，可增加脱木素的选择性，而且脱木素作用不受影响；在次氯酸盐补充漂白段添加氨基磺酸，漂白浆的白度和粘度均得到提高；在常规碱抽提段添加少量氧化剂，脱木素能力大大加强，纸浆白度得到提高，返黄减轻。     

木聚糖酶预处理对麦草化学机械浆可漂性及白度的改善

探讨了以玉米芯片为碳源制备木聚糖酶及麦草化学机械浆经该木聚糖酶预处理后可漂性和白度的改善效果。结果表明，直接以玉米芯为底物、里氏木霉为菌种产酶效果较好，当底物浓度为18g/L时，木聚糖酶活力可达38．34IU／mL。木聚糖酶预处理有利于改善麦草化机浆的可漂性，促进其过氧化氢漂白，有提高漂白浆白度，降低漂剂消耗。研究表明，当经单段H2O2漂至相同白度时，木聚糖酶预处理后可节约50％的H2O2用量。若麦草CMP酶处理后采用高浓度两段过氧化氢漂白，即XP3P3漂序（H2O2总量为6％0时，白度可达60％（ISO）以上。     

速生材制生物机械浆研究：Ⅱ,泡桐（Paulowniaelongata）酶液预？…

研究了兰考泡桐木片用４种酶液（纤维素酶液Ｅ－Ｓ２８、半纤维素酶Ｅ－Ａｎ－７６、木质素酶Ｅ－０２５及Ｅ－０１４）预处理制生物机械浆。测定了预处理对木片主要化学组成,磨浆能耗,纸浆强度的影响。结果表明：（１）Ｅ－０１４、Ｅ－０２５、Ｅ－Ｓ２８、Ｅ－Ａｎ－７６预处理后,木片失重３．１８％－３．７２％,其中３．９％－１８．６％为木质素损失,纤维素损失则高达３８．２％－４６．２％;（２）磨浆度为５５°ＳＲ时     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Use of hemicellulase in sequence with hydrogen peroxide and laccase for improvement of teak veneer surface color

Teak veneer was treated with a commercial hemicellulase from Thermomyces lanuginosus in sequence with hydrogen peroxide or a hydrogen peroxide-laccase mixture to improve the veneer surface color and at the same time to reduce the necessary amount of hydrogen peroxide. The removal of a small portion of hemicellulose from the teak veneer surface could be carried out after treatment with the hemicellulase preparation as 0.05 xylanase unit/ml for 30 min. The veneer samples immediately after the hemicellulase treatment were subjected to the designated concentration of hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide-laccase mixture at 60°C at pH 6.5 for 4 h. The changes in veneer color were measured by using imaging technology as percentage change in gray scale. A treatment combination of hemicellulase containing xylanase, hydrogen peroxide, and laccase yielded a color improvement close to that achieved using 20% hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that hemicellulase pretreatment could improve the bleachability of teak veneer surfaces treated with hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide-laccase mixture.     

碱预处理玉米芯生物转化L-乳酸

玉米芯经碱预处理后,采用米根霉对其发酵制备L-乳酸,同时考察分步糖化发酵(SHF)和同步糖化发酵(SSF)两种工艺。实验结果表明,水洗碱预处理玉米芯酶水解性能优于未水洗碱预处理玉米芯,水洗过程可显著提高米根霉发酵性能。分步糖化发酵工艺下,米根霉于40℃下发酵48 h,可将含有31.84 g/L葡萄糖、6.38 g/L木糖的酶解液转化为14.65 g/L的L-乳酸,L-乳酸得率为0.29 g/g(以绝干物料计,下同);同步糖化发酵工艺下,米根霉40℃发酵36 h将底物质量浓度为50 g/L的水洗碱预处理玉米芯高效转化为L-乳酸,L-乳酸得率为0.44 g/g。     

马尾松硫酸盐浆过氧化氢强化氧漂的研究

探讨了预处理和过氧化氢强化氧漂对氧漂浆性能的影响,结果表明：采用酶、螯合预处理能较多地提高氧漂的选择性和脱木素程度,而对漂后浆的白度影响较小。在氧漂过程中添加过氧化氢能大幅度提高预处理浆的白度,而浆的卡伯值和粘度下降较小。     

新型绿色糖单孢菌复合胞外酶对比纯木聚糖酶助漂杨木KP浆研究

用绿色糖单孢菌复合胞外酶和纯木聚糖酶分别对三倍体毛白杨KP浆进行单段酶预处理及后续ECF、TCF漂白,结果发现,绿色糖单孢菌复合胞外酶助漂效果明显,接后续漂白可制得白度均高于85%ISO,粘度保持在1000mL/g左右的高白度、高强度、低氯和无氯全漂浆.相对传统纯木聚糖酶助漂,复合胞外酶在提高纸浆白度方面表现更佳,在保持纸浆粘度方面效果稍差.此外,三倍体毛白杨制浆漂白性能良好,ECF碱抽提段加入0.5%的H2O2可强化碱抽提效果,氧脱木素作用明显,是TCF漂白必不可少的组成部分.     

用红外光谱分析刨花蒸汽处理后成分的变化

用红外光谱法分析了云杉和白桦刨化蒸汽处埋后成分的变化。红外谱图不出了蒸汽处埋后刨花中的半纤维素和羟基比未处理的减少了,这是蒸汽处理改善刨花板尺寸稳定性的主要原因。红外谱图还示出了在同样的蒸汽处理条件下,白桦中半纤维素和羟基的减少程度大于云杉的减少程度,因此蒸汽处理后白桦刨花板尺寸稳定性的改善程度大于云杉刨花板的改善程度。     

Effects of using certain tree species in forest regeneration on volume growth,timber yield,and carbon stock of boreal forests in Finland under different CMIP5 projections

We studied how the use of certain tree species in forest regeneration affected the volume growth, timber yield, and carbon stock of boreal forests in Finland under the current climate (1981–2010) and recent-generation global climate model (GCM) predictions (i.e., multi-model means and individual GCMs of CMIP5), using the representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 over the period 2010–2099. Forest ecosystem model simulations were conducted on upland national forest inventory plots throughout Finland. In a baseline management regime, forest regeneration was performed by planting the same tree species that was dominant before the final cut. In alternative management regimes, either Scots pine, Norway spruce, or silver birch were planted on medium-fertility sites. Other management actions over rotation were done as in a baseline management. Compared to baseline management, an increased planting of birch resulted in relative sense highest increase in the volume growth, timber yield, and carbon stock in forests in the south, especially under severe climate projections (e.g., multi-model mean RCP8.5, and GCMs such as HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 and GFDL-CM3 RCP8.5). This situation was opposite for Norway spruce. In the north, the volume growth, timber yield, and carbon stock of forests increased the most under severe climate projections (e.g., multi-model mean RCP8.5 and CNRM-CM5 RCP8.5), regardless of tree species preference. The magnitude of the climate change impacts depended largely on the geographical region and the severity of the climate projection. Increasing the cultivation of birch and Scots pine, as opposed to Norway spruce, could be recommended for the south. In the north, all three species could be cultivated, regardless of the severity of climate change.     

The effects of species mixture on the growth and yield of mid-rotation mixed stands of Scots pine and silver birch

The effect of tree species mixture on stand volume yield and on tree-species-specific diameter and height growth rates were analysed in managed mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Ehrn.).Data were obtained from 14 repeatedly measured stands located in Southern Finland on mineral soil sites with varying admixture of Scots pine and silver birch. Statistical analysis was carried out for studying the effect of species mixture on the development of stand characteristics. For the analysis, the plots were categorised into three groups (plot types) according to the species dominance. In order to analyse species-specific growth rates, individual-tree mixed linear growth models for tree diameter and height growth were developed for both tree species.The results clearly show that the yield of the managed mid-rotation, mixed stands was greater for stands dominated by Scots pine than for stands dominated by birch, and the stand volume increment decreased with an increasing proportion of silver birch. Analysis of diameter and height growth by tree species revealed that the main reason for this pattern is the negative impact of birch competition on the growth of pine trees. The increase in diameter of pine was clearly hampered if the proportion of birch was high. An abundance of birch also slightly decreased the growth in height of Scots pine, although the effect was less than on diameter growth. Species mixture did not affect the diameter growth of birch but did have a significant effect on height development. Height growth of birch was considerably greater in pine-dominated stands than in birch-dominated stands. In pine-dominated mixed stands, the height growth of birch was quite close to that of dominant pine trees, and birches can endure in competition with pines for light.The results apply for even-aged and single-storey managed stands, where stocking density and structure are controlled with pre-commercial and commercial thinnings. The results are not applicable to unmanaged mixed stands undergoing self-thinning. This study provides new information on mixed stands from a silvicultural perspective, which can be applied in decisions involving the management of mixed stands.     

Productivity and economics of mixed two-storied spruce and birch stands in Southern Finland simulated with empirical models

The profitability of growing a naturally emerged birch (Betula pendula Roth or Betula pubescens Ehrh.) overstory in a young Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) plantation was examined with empirical stand structure, growth and yield, logging cost, and logging damage models. In the projected alternatives, an overstory of either birch species was thinned to 200–1000 stems per ha at the age of 15 years and retained for another 15 years. Development of the remaining spruce stand was simulated up to rotation age (70–85 years). Alternative treatments included removing the overstory completely at 15 years, and managing a pure spruce stand that was kept free of birch throughout.

Growing a birch overstory of 200–1000 stems per ha up to age 30 years resulted in a 61–93 m³ ha⁻¹ or 9.1–16.8% yield loss for the spruce stand due to growth retardation, and a mortality of 382–498 out of 1900 stems per ha through logging damage. This was compensated for or exceeded by the additional yield of the birch (54–173 m³ ha⁻¹) except for the lowest stocking (200–400 stems per ha) alternatives with B. pubescens. Treatment regimes with a birch overstory were clearly the most profitable alternatives, yielding up to 151% (B. pendula) and 113% (B. pubescens) of the net present value of the pure spruce alternative, at 4% interest rate. Removing the birch overstory already at 15 years was the least profitable alternative with 79 and 83% net present values, respectively. The most profitable treatment with current technology, price, and cost structure appears to be to grow 500–800 birch per ha up to about age 40 years for B. pendula and 45–50 years for B. pubescens.     

桦木单板化学镀镍过程的FTIR和XPS分析

采用化学镀法在桦木表面获得Ni-P合金镀层.利用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术,分析桦木单板化学镀前预处理后,桦木表面官能团的变化和化学镀后元素的变化.FTIR分析表明:分别经活化和解胶处理后的桦木单板表面FTIR谱与素材几乎重合,表明活化和解胶处理过程没有使木材表面发生任何化学反应.XPS分析结果表明:活化后桦木单板表面吸附了内部包裹着具有催化作用的Pd0胶粒,此时Pd0起不到催化作用;解胶后,Pd0才显露出来并催化化学镀反应的进行,但化学镀过程之初是Ni先沉积而P的沉积滞后,所得镀层成分为Ni-P合金.