茶花组织培养中体细胞胚状体的形成

本文研究了茶花组织培养中胚状体的形成及各种影响因素。在低浓度BA和NAA的MS培养基上,从子叶等诱导形成胚状体。组织学观察表明,胚状体起源于子叶的表皮细胞。将分离下来的胚状体转移到营养培养基上,能长成苗,并能不断增殖。液体振荡培养促进了胚状体根的生长和茎的发育,已从胚状体得到正常的小植株。     

石刁柏胚乳愈伤组织内胚胎发生的组织细胞学观察

石刁柏(Asparagus officinalis L.)的幼嫩胚乳接种于MS+NAA 5ppm+6-BA 1ppm和MS+NAA 1ppm+6-BA 0.5ppm的培养基上诱导产生愈伤组织。将愈伤组织转移到MS+6-BA 1ppm+NAA 0.5ppm的分化培养基上,培养30天后即可形成胚状体,组织细胞学观察表明:胚状体起源于愈伤组织内或近表层的单个胚性细胞。在胚状体发生的早期阶段,观察到与柳叶菜型和藜型胚胎发育大致相似的细胞分裂方式,从而出现了T型或线型的四个细胞的原胚。在多细胞原胚及球形胚期具有单列或不规则排列的多细胞胚柄。石刁柏胚乳愈伤组织中的胚胎发生是不同步的,在同一块愈伤组织的切片中可以观察到不同发育阶段的胚状体。在外形上还可以观察到一个子叶、两个子叶或四个子叶等多种不同形态的胚状体。一部份胚状体能发育成完整小植株。     

枸杞悬浮培养条件下的胚状体发生

在MS培养基上诱导宁夏枸杞下胚轴切段形成愈伤组织,并进行细胞悬浮培养。观察了悬浮培养条件下胚状体的发生过程。<1>观察发现,细胞经悬浮培养几天以后,先形成胚性细胞团,再有胚性细胞团块形成一个或几个胚状体。较大的胚状体也可以形成新的次生胚状体。<1>影响胚状体形成的关键因素是激素的种类及其含量。实验采用的基本培养基为MS,比较适宜胚状体发生的激素是0.2mg/L 2,4-D。同样浓度的2,4-D,会抑制胚状体的进一步发育,用0.2mg/L6-BA代替2,4-D, 则胚状体可以进一步发育并形成小植株。     

莴苣通过胚状体途径的快速繁殖

诱导莴苣子叶产生愈伤组织和胚状体效果最好的培养基是MS NAA2.0 KT0.5mg/L(单位下同)和 MS NAA0.2 BA2.0。两种培养基上胚状体发生频率分别为79.0％和76.0％.最适碳源是3％的蔗糖。     

槐树子叶组织培养中的形态发生研究

槐树子叶在MS附加0.1～5 mg/L BA 和0.1—5 mg/L 2,4-D的培养丛上培养两周,获得了灰色疏松型及白、绿色紧密型两种类型的愈伤组织。后者经培养产生不定芽并再生植株。子叶切块在MS 附加0.1～8 mg/L 2,4-D等培养基上培养3周,在切口处形成愈伤组织的同时,由其表面直接分化产生胚状体。组织学观察表明,胚状体来源于子叶的表皮及叶肉细胞,胚状体产生通过单细胞起源及多细胞出芽两种方式发生。胚状体发育依次通过球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶胚等阶段形成再生植株,其发育过程与合子胚相似。     

扫描电镜下的器官发生——植物胚状体和不定芽的分化(封二说明)

在离体培养条件下,植物组织的器官分化基本可分为不定芽发生及胚状体(体细胞胚)发生这两大主要类型。它们既可以从外值体(即接种材料)的表面直接发生,也可以由外植体经脱分化后形成愈伤组织,由愈伤组织再分化而产生。 封二,图1、2,为刺五加(Acanthopanaxsenticosus)的胚接种在MS 2,4-D0.5ppm培养基上1—2个月后,由子叶及胚轴直接分化出大量胚状体的情况。胚状体的分化是不同步的,     

黄连体细胞胚胎发生的研究

黄连(Coptis chinensis)叶片外植体在 MS 2,4-D 1 ppm 培养基上很容易产生愈伤组织。愈伤组织在转入分化培养基 MS 6-BA 0.5ppm NAA 1ppm 培养基上以后,能产生大量胚状体。胚状体可经过球形、心形、鱼雷形及子叶期等诸阶段发育成小植株。对胚状体用4%的藻酸钠和2%的氯化钙进行人工种皮包埋后,在无菌条件下,胚状体转变成苗。愈伤组织在分化培养基上经几次继代后,整个愈伤组织可转变为胚性愈伤组织并形成一个个胚性细胞团。胚状体可从其表面或愈伤组织内的任一细胞团产生。这一研究结果为获得大量分散的单个胚状体及人工种子的研制提供了良好的实验系统。     

三七的胚状体发生和植株再生

植物名称:三七(Panax notoginseng)。材料类别:茎、叶柄、叶。培养条件:(1)诱导愈伤组织和胚状体发生培养基为MS 2,4-D0.5—1.0mg/L(单位下同)(2)胚状体成苗培养基为M8 BAI GA1。培养温度26士1℃,愈伤组织诱导至胚状体发生过程为暗培荞;胚状体成苗为光培养,每日光照10小时,光照度1000～1500lx。生长与分化情况:取还未完全展开幼叶的小苗,按常规消毒后,以茎、总叶柄、小叶柄和叶外植体分别切成小段或小块,切段长度为0.5～0.7cm,叶片切块面积为0.7～1.0cm~2,接种于培养基(1)中,     

西洋参的组织培养

植物名称:西洋参(Panax quinquefolium)。材料类别:生理裂口种子内的胚在培养基上长成无菌苗后,将无菌苗的子叶和胚轴切成3mm见方的小块作培养材料。培养条件:培养种胚无菌苗是用1/2 MS培养基(MS的大量元素减半,其它成份不变)。诱导子叶,胚轴出胚状体用MS作基本培养基,每升附加NAA     

黄瓜胚性细胞悬浮培养及其原生质体的植株再生

黄瓜子叶原生质体来源的胚性愈伤组织,在液体培养中形成胚性悬浮细胞系,已继代两年,仍保持胚胎发生能力,不同的ABA和蔗糖浓度对胚状体的生长发育和同步化有明显影响。1mg/l的ABA和7－9％的蔗糖能显著地减少培养物的愈伤化,并同步地控制胚状体处于球形或球形后期,低浓度的蔗糖（1％）有利于胚状体的早期萌发,继代3－5天的胚性是浮细胞团酶解后,获得大量有活力的原生质体,原生质体在DPDK,液滴或浅层培养,或褐藻酸钠包埋培养中活跃分裂,形成细胞团和球形胚,转至固体培养基上或将包埋培养物直接转入液体振荡培养,胚状体可不断增殖,胚状体在大量元素减半,不加外源激素的MS培养基上发育成小植株。     

Embryogenic Suspension Culture and Plant Regeneration from Suspension-Derived Proto-plasts of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Fast growing embryogenic cell suspension culture was established when embryogenic callus derived from cotyledon protoplasts of cucumber was transferred into a liquid culture. So far the cell line has been subcultured for two years and retained the ability of embryogenesis and plant regeneration. Experimental data showed that the concentration of ABA or sucrose had a dramatic effect on embryogenesis and synchronization of embryoid development. Low level of sucrose concentration (1%) facilitated the precocious germination of the embryoids while 1 mg/l of ABA or 7–9% of sucrose was found to be effective for reducing callusing of the cultures and synchronisticly controlling the embryoids at globular or late globular stage. Embryogenic cells taken from 3–5 days after subculture were enzymatically digested. A large amount of viable protoplasts was isolated. Protoplasts were cultured in a DPDK1 medium either by means of drop or thin layer liquid culture or by means of sodium alginate encapsulation culture. Actively dividing cells formed cell colonies and globular embryoids which were transferred onto a solidified agar medium or directly into a liquid medium to form a shaken culture. The embryoids would proliferated continuously. Embryoids eventually developed into plantlets when they were transferred onto a 1/2 MSO medium devoid of phytohormones.     

辣椒游离小孢子细胞团培养的胚状体形成

从预培养15天后的花药中机械游离小孢子及其细胞团,经28℃液体悬浮暗培养．30天后,获得了自球形期胚到子叶期胚发育程度不等的各类胚状体。从12个花药中可以形成高达22个胚状体,且子叶期胚的比例约为23％。显微镜检表明,这些胚状体来自游离的小孢子细胞．经核的对称分裂形成多核细胞或者早期形成多细胞团,最后经细胞的分裂分化形成。胚状体体表具毛,活力有差异。在适当培养基上,具活力的鱼雷期及子叶期胚状体均能发育成正常植株。7℃、32℃、35℃8天的胁迫处理均能诱导小孢子胚状体发生。但花药培养中7℃、35℃处理下的出胚率较32℃下高,而游离小孢子细胞团培养中以35℃、32℃下较好。7℃处理下获得的胚状体数很少．对产生这种现象的原因进行了探讨。出胚率在基因型间,不同胁迫处理温度间表现明显差异。而在温度处理的不同天数间差异不明显。流式细胞仪对再生株真叶的DNA含量分析表明．获得的再生株中具有单倍体、双单倍体以及单倍一双倍嵌合体植株。本结果为进一步开展辣椒雄性生殖途径的胚状体发育研究。提高辣椒成熟胚状体的频率提供了实验体系。     

Control of Embryoid Development in Tissue Cultures of Celery

Scanning electron microscope photographs of the embryoids showedglobular embryoids attached to the surface of aggregates inliquid medium and also some free floating. The surface structureof the unattached embryoids was very irregular, but, with thechange to polarized growth in the heart and torpedo forms, thesurface of the embryoid became smoother. The stage of developmentof the embryoids could be controlled by modifying the compositionof the medium to the extent that the majority of the embryoidsin the culture were either globular or torpedo forms. One ofthe most effective compounds in controlling development was2,4–dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4–D). At high2,4–D concentrations, embryogenesis in the callus wasrestricted to the globular stage and after two subcultures itwas totally repressed, while after ten subcultures the potentialfor embryogenesis was lost and could not be regained even aftersubculture on a normal medium. On the normal agar medium thecallus always continued to show embryogenesis, but when it wastransferred to liquid medium of the same composition, embryoidswere produced in the first subculture but the potential haddeclined by the third subculture, when only roots were produced,and after ten subcultures cell growth and all differentiationwas totally it hibited. However, in the first subculture inliquid medium, embryogenesis was sequential with the whole cultureprogressing from globular to torpedo forms. This was particularlyeffective when the callus inoculum had been maintained on ahigh 2,4–D concentration for the two subcultures priorto inoculation of the liquid medium. By making use of this sequentialchange in embryoid development, a large number of embryoidscould be obtained at any particular stage. Apium graveolens, celery, tissue culture, embryoids, 2,4–D     

茶梅体细胞胚胎发生和植株的再生

在山茶属植物中,我们曾报道过金花茶和云南山茶组织培养形成胚状体和再生植株。茶梅(Camellia sasanqua)也是山茶属的一种重要的观赏植物,其植株矮小,花色鲜艳且具香味,除供观花外,还可做成不同造型的盆景供观赏,在园艺上也可用作茶花嫁接的砧木。茶梅组织培养通过体细胞胚状体产生植株,至今尚未见报道。现把部份实验结果报道如下。     

槐树组织细胞培养的研究

系统研究了槐树叶片、子叶及花药的培养方法和植株再生,获得了大量的试管苗,建立了槐树二倍体和单倍体植株快速繁殖的培养程序。实验表明在MS附加高浓度比值BA／IBA或2,4-D的培养基中可诱导各种外植体在短期内产生大量的不定芽和试管苗,但同时,又诱导产生了许多超度含水态苗。在培养过程中,BA浓度先高后低,既可获得大量的试管苗,又相对降低了超度含水态苗的比率,是槐树快速繁殖程序中的重要一环。组织学观察显示,槐树子叶切块培养中形成的胚状体来自于子叶的表皮及叶肉细胞,通过单细胞起源和多细胞出芽两种方式产生。     

Induction and cryopreservation of embryogenic cultures from nucelli and immature cotyledon cuts of mango (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mangifera indica</Emphasis> L. <Emphasis Type="Italic">var Zihua</Emphasis>)

In this paper, we described the direct somatic embryogenesis from both immature cotyledon cuts and nucelli in the same mango cultivar (Mangifera indica L. var Zihua), studied the effect of growth conditions of embryogenic cultures (EMs) on cryopreservation and compared the cryopreservation response of EMs induced from these two different explants. Histological studies demonstrated that EMs derived from nucelli could be induced directly from epidermal cells of both sides of nucelli, whereas EMs derived from cotyledon cuts were induced only from epidermal cells of the adaxial side of the cotyledons. EMs from either nucelli or cotyledon cuts could be maintained in liquid medium or on solid medium and cryopreserved using a vitrification procedure. Success of cryopreservation of EMs depended on the dehydration treatment and the defined growth conditions during culture but not on their origins. When EMs were sampled during their exponential growth phase in liquid medium and dehydrated with PVS₃ solution for 5 min, survival of the EMs induced from cotyledon cuts and nucelli reached 77.7 and 80%, respectively, after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 24 h. Furthermore, when dehydrated with PVS₃ solution for 30 min, all EMs induced from cotyledon cuts and 96.7% of EMs induced from nucelli could survive after cryopreservation. Cryopreservation did not affect the plant regeneration potential of EMs through somatic embryogenesis. The protocols of somatic embryogenesis and cryopreservation of mango EMs established in this study may offer potential ways to improve mango germplasm conservation and genetic improvement.     

茶（Camellia sinensis Kuntze）离体培养体细胞胚胎发生的组织细胞学研究

以茶树叶片为外植体．以ＭＳ培养基附加４ｍｇ·Ｌ－１６－ＢＡ,２ｍｇ·Ｌ－１ＩＡＡ．３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１ＧＡ３和０．２—０．３％活性碳诱导出愈伤组织和胚状体,进一步形成小植株．切片观察表明．茶叶愈伤组织胚状体的发生,起源于愈伤组织表层及其内部的单个细胞和细胞团,胚状体发育顺序与合子胚大致相似．经球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚阶段．但发育过程中常有畸形胚出现．     

CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EMBRYOGENIC CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE DERIVED FROM CULTURED INFLORESCENCES OF PENNISETUM AMERICANUM (PEARL MILLET,GRAMINEAE)

An embryogenic suspension culture was established from cultured inflorescence segments of Pennisetum americanum in Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 5% coconut milk. The suspension was composed of two major cell types: 1) small, richly cytoplasmic and starch-containing cells, generally found in small, compact clumps, here termed embryogenic cells; and 2) elongated, thick-walled cells with large vacuoles. By manipulating the duration of culture and dilution ratios (cell suspension: fresh medium) at the time of subculture, suspensions consisting predominantly of embryogenic cells were obtained. Suspensions grown for 2-3 wks were transferred to agar media with reduced amounts of 2,4-D. This resulted in the production of hundreds of globular and early cotyledonary embryoids. Further development of the embryoids was promoted by their transfer to a medium containing abscisic acid. Many of the embryoids germinated and produced normal green plants. Atypical embryoids, some containing many shoot meristems and a leafy scutellum, were also observed. The relevance of such atypical embryoids in the interpretation of organogenesis and embryogenesis reported in tissue cultures of cereal species is discussed. It is also suggested that somatic embryogenesis occurs in tissue cultures of most, if not all, species of cereals and grasses.     

向日葵幼胚培养中体细胞胚胎发生的观察

1.向日葵不同品种体细胞胚胎发生的情况不同。2.较高浓度的蔗糖有利于向日葵幼胚的体细胞胚胎发生。3.在同样条件下,2mm长的幼胚较其它时期的幼胚体细胞胚胎发生的频率高。4.在蔗糖浓度为17.5％并分别加入0.5—10.0ppm玉米素的Nitsch培养基中,向日葵幼胚产生体细胞胚胎发生的频率随着玉米素浓度的增高而增加。5. 2,4-D能使体细胞胚胎发生,但不能分化器官。6.切片观察表明:在含玉米素的培养基上,幼胚产生了胚性细胞团和胚状体。并多数发生于子叶与下胚轴的深层。胚性细胞团周围细胞退化,使其与周围组织之间形成间隙。     

Correlation of cotyledonary node shoot proliferation and somatic embryoid development in suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Suspension cultures of soybean were initiated from hypocotyl or cotyledon callus tissue of several soybean genotypes. When these were grown on L2 medium with 0.4 mg/liter 2,4-D several genotypes produced numerous embryoids while others produced only a few such structures. Due to internal anatomy, no embryoid developed into a complete plant. A genotype's propensity to form normal appearing embryoids was correlated with the ability to proliferate shoots at the cotyledonary node on a medium with benzylaminopurine as determined in previous testing.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - BAP Benzylaminopurine - L2 Phillips and Collins (1979) legume medium