北部湾海域秋、冬季甲壳类的种类组成及分布

根据2001年11至2002年1月间北部湾海域秋、冬季2个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料，对北部湾海域甲壳类的种类组成及分布进行研究。本次调查共渔获虾类24种，隶属于6科11属；蟹类30种，隶属9科19属；虾蛄9种，隶属2科6属。各种类沿水深和地理分布有明显变化，主要集中分布于湾中部水深21～80m海域。     

雷州半岛红树林海区的软体动物

2 0 0 2年 7～ 9月 ,对雷州半岛主要红树林区的软体动物进行调查 ,计有 110种 ,隶属 3纲、6亚纲、12目、37科、75属 ,主要为亚热带海岸区系种类。其中全国沿海广泛分布的暖水种有 36种 ,占 32 .8% ;分布于东、南沿海的暖水种有 6 0种 ,占 5 4.3% ;分布于南海的暖水种有 13种 ,占 11 8% ;1种外来种 ,占 0 .9% ;具有较高经济和可以开发利用的贝类约占总数的 1/2。由于人为过度采捕和环境污染严重 ,部分软体动物资源已遭到破坏 ,因此 ,急需加强红树林区生态保护和环境污染整治。     

南海北部陆架区海域深水金线鱼的产卵场

根据 1997年 12月至 1999年 6月在南海北部陆架区海域进行的底拖网渔业资源调查的资料 ,统计分析了南海北部陆架区海域深水金线鱼性腺成熟期的组成及分布、季节性变化和水深变化规律。结果表明 ,南海北部陆架区海域深水金线鱼的产卵场位于广东沿海水深 6 0～ 15 0m海区 ,尤其是珠江口外海区的群体更为密集 ;该生殖群体的产卵期较长 ,且分布范围大 ,未见有显著性变化。     

雷州半岛红树林海区的软体动物

2002年7—9月，对雷州半岛主要红树林区的软体动物进行调查，计有110种，隶属3纲、6亚纲、12目、37科、75属，主要为亚热带海岸区系种类。其中全国沿海广泛分布的暖水种有36种，占32．8％；分布于东、南沿海的暖水种有60种，占54．3％；分布于南海的暖水种有13种，占11．8％；1种外来种，占0．9％；具有较高经济和可以开发利用的贝类约占总数的1／2。由于人为过度采捕和环境污染严重，部分软体动物资源已遭到破坏，因此，急需加强红树林区生态保护和环境污染整治。     

越南沿海的双壳纲软体动物

报道了越南沿海的双壳纲软体动物 32 0种 ,隶属 3亚纲、6目、2 6总科、4 1科、1 4 8属。从种类的组成中 ,帘蛤科有 5 7种 ,蚶科 32种 ,樱蛤科 2 9种 ,贻贝科 2 5种 ,鸟蛤科 1 6种 ,牡蛎科 1 4种 ,蛤蜊科 1 3种 ,珍珠贝科和扇贝科各 1 2种 ,紫云蛤科 1 1种 ,竹蛏科 1 0种 ,其他各科的种类均在 7种以内。按种的性质而论 ,越南沿海主要是由热带种和亚热带种类组成 ,还有与珊瑚礁紧密联系的热带种。就越南沿海双壳纲软体动物分类区系而论 ,应属印度—西太平洋区的印尼—马来亚区。     

南麂列岛浅海区鱼种组成、分布与环境因子的关系

根据2013年11月、2014年2、5、9月在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区浅海区域的渔业资源调查资料,研究南麂列岛浅海区域的鱼类种类组成及数量分布,并对其与水文环境因子之间的关系作定量分析。结果表明,南麂列岛浅海区域鱼类有92种,隶属15目、49科、74属,鱼类种数春季(55种)冬季(45种)秋季(44种)夏季(34种),其中优势种为龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys)、凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)和绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu)等6种。鱼类生物量各季节由高到低依次为夏季(825.87 kg)冬季(160.05 kg)秋季(139.14 kg)春季(124.94kg)。典范对应分析认为,底层盐度和水深是影响调查海域鱼类种类组成和数量分布的主要环境因子。     

流沙湾的底栖大型海藻调查

2008年3月～2009年1月调查了流沙湾潮间带及湾内(109°55'～109°59'E,20?22'～20°28'N)底栖大型海藻资源,定性、定量分析该海湾底栖大型海藻种类、生态分布、区系性质、群落结构及生物量的季节变化规律。共采集底栖大型海藻3门10目17科19属32种,其中红藻门4目9科9属15种,绿藻门4目6科7属14种,褐藻门2目2科3属3种,以亚热带藻种占绝对优势,达59.4%,温带成分21.9%,热带成分18.7%。采样海藻具印度-西太平洋海洋植物区系中国-日本亚热带海洋植物亚区特点。调查区域内底栖大型海藻群落组成的季节变化明显。     

季风影响下北部湾颗粒无机碳浓度时空变化特征

以北部湾1999年7月至2009年6月11年的Sea Wi FS卫星遥感颗粒无机碳度资料为基础,研究北部湾颗粒无机碳浓度的时空分布特征,并初步探讨其可能的海洋动力调控机制。结果表明:在季节变化上,整个冬季北部湾颗粒无机碳浓度普遍较高,表现出季节平均最大值(0.012 mol·m-3),春季普遍较低(0.004 mol·m-3),表现出全年最低水平;不同区域的最高水平出现的季节却有所不同:北部湾北部沿岸区域颗粒无机碳浓度在秋季较高,海南岛西部大部分海域在冬季较高,北部湾西北部沿岸则在夏季较高;在空间分布上,近岸海区的颗粒无机碳浓度明显高于海湾中央区域,北部湾北部海域普遍高于南部海域,东部海域高于西部海域。综合相关分析表明,北部湾颗粒无机碳浓度的这一时空分布特征主要同季风的强弱及风向有关,同时也可能与海表温度、流场(如沿岸上升流等)及陆地径流量等有关。     

珠海庙湾岛海域造礁石珊瑚的分布及种类多样性

【目的】对珠海庙湾岛海域进行造礁石珊瑚分布及种类多样性调查。【方法】采用石珊瑚群落边界摸查和截线样条法开展石珊瑚群落的面积分布及生态资源调查。【结果与结论】造礁石珊瑚分布区共有14个,分布面积共42.33 hm~2,分布区主要集中在庙湾岛滃崖礁东、下风湾、庙湾岛西中、水坑湾、钳虫尾湾及庙湾岛东南近岸海域;珠海庙湾岛海域共有造礁石珊瑚11科23属50种及2个未定种,优势种为澄黄滨珊瑚、翼形蔷薇珊瑚和秘密角蜂巢珊瑚;庙湾岛活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率显著下降,珊瑚礁资源退化严重,其中水坑湾降幅达43.56%,下风湾及钳虫尾湾珊瑚覆盖率降低20%～30%。     

2000年5～7月北太平洋海域水温分布及柔鱼渔场研究

对 2 0 0 0年 5～ 7月北太平洋中东部海域鱿钓探捕调查所获的不同深度海水温度和柔鱼渔获量等资料进行分析 ,结果表明在西经调查水域的 1 74°W和 1 71°W附近 ,1 0 0m ,2 0 0m和 3 0 0m水温分布均形成明显的暖水舌 ,其特征水温依次为 1 0～ 1 1℃ ,9～ 1 0°C及 8～ 9°C ;在东经调查水域 ,表层以下各层水温较往年有所偏低 1～ 2度。分析结果还表明 ,西经调查水域的中心渔场均处在暖水舌前锋一侧 ,中心渔场形成的水温指标为 :表层 1 3～ 1 4°C ,1 0 0m水层 1 0～ 1 1°C、2 0 0m水层 9～ 1 0°C及 3 0 0m水层 8～ 9°C ;在东经调查水域 ,调查期间没有形成中心渔场 ,这可能与深层水温偏低有关     

临沂市与江苏省四市保障用地做法对比分析

临沂市毗邻江苏省,前者是革命老区,经济欠发达城市,后者则是全国经济发展速度最快的省份之一.经济发展形势的差异使得二者在保障用地的措施做法上产生了差别.文章以江苏省徐州市、宿迁市、南通市和扬州市为例,重点分析了经济发展较快地区化解用地矛盾的做法,并与临沂市作了比较,借以提出了可供经济欠发达地区借鉴的保障发展用地的措施建议.     

Mollisols properties and changes in Ukraine and China

Soils are the foundation of civilizations and the basis for human food production.Mollisols in Ukraine and Northeast China are two out of the four major Mollisol regions in the world.The natural areas from which Mollisols developed are the prairies and steppes that experience temperate and freezing conditions.This review paper introduces the general climate,vegetation,and topography of Mollisols regions in Ukraine and Northeast China,analyzes their properties,including soil texture,soil organic matter content,soil bulk density,pH,cation exchange capacity and other chemical properties,and compares the property changes and management practices of Mollisols in relation to sustainable grain production.     

Turbulence and Fossil Turbulence in Oceans and Lakes

Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than any of the other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Energy cascades of irrotational flows from large scales to small are non-turbulent, even if they supply energy to turbulence. Turbulent flows are rotational and cascade from small scales to large, with feedback. Viscous forces limit the smallest turbulent eddy size to the Kolmogorov scale. In stratified fluids, buoyancy forces limit large vertical overturns to the Ozmidov scale and convert the largest turbulent eddies into a unique class of saturated, non-propagating, internal waves, termed fossil-vorticity-turbulence. These waves have the same energy but different properties and spectral forms than the original turbulence patch. The Gibson (1980, 1986) theory of fossil turbulence applies universal similarity theories of turbulence and turbulent mixing to the vertical evolution of an isolated patch of turbulence in a stratified fluid as its growth is constrained and fossilized by buoyancy forces. Quantitative hydrodynamic-phase-diagrams (HPDs) from the theory are used to classify microstructure patches according to their hydrodynamic states. When analyzed in HPD space, previously published oceanic datasets showed their dominant microstructure patches are fossilized at large scales in all layers. Laboratory and field measurements suggested phytoplankton species with different swimming abilities adjust their growth strategies by pattern recognition of tur-bulence-fossil-turbulence dissipation and persistence times that predict survival-relevant surface layer sea changes. New data collected near a Honolulu waste-water outfall showed the small-to-large evolution of oceanic turbulence microstructure from active to fossil states, and revealed the ability of fossil-density-turbulence patches to absorb, and vertically radiate, internal wave energy, information, and enhanced turbulent-mixing-rates toward the sea surface so that the submerged waste-field could be detected from a space satellite (Bondur and Filatov, 2003).     

Distribution of Aluminum and Fluoride in Tea Plant and Soil of Tea Garden in Central and Southwest China

The distribution of Al and F contents and the relationship between Al and F in tea plants and soils of 12 tea gardens in Central and Southwest China were investigated from October 31 to November 14, 2006. The results show that there were differences in pH, CEC, the contents of organic matter (OM), Al and F in the different soils of the tea gardens. The Al content ranged from 1196 to 7976mg/kg for old leaf, 370 to 2681mg/kg for young leaf and 285 to 525mg/kg for stem, whereas the content of F ranged from 221 to 1504mg/kg for old leaf, 49 to 602mg/kg for young leaf and 13.5 to 77.5mg/kg for stem. The concentrations of labile Al varied obviously in the different soils, but the distribution law of labile Al content for the same garden was Alexchangeable≈AlFe-Mn oxide>Alorganic>Alwater-soluble. The contents of different labile F fractions varied slightly in the different soils and the different soil layers, though the exchangeable F content was lowest among the labile F in the soils. The concentrations of Al and F in tea plants increased with increasing amount of water-soluble Al or F, especially the amount of water-soluble fractions in the soil layer of 0-20cm.The correlation between Al content and F content in the tea leaf was more significant than that in the tea stem. Furthermore, the correlation between Al content and F content in whole tea plant was strongly significant (r=0.8763, p<0.01, n=36). There were evident tendency that Al concentration increased with the increase of F concentration in different soil layers. The correlation of water-soluble Al with water-soluble F in all soils was also strongly significant (r=0.7029, p<0.01, n=34). The results may provide a proof that Al and F are jointly taken up by tea plants to some extent in natural tea gardens.     

Symbiosis of Marshes and Permafrost in Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains in Northeastern China

Recently, the degradation of permafrost and marsh environments in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains has become a great concern as more human activities and pronounced climate warming were observed during the past 30 years and projected for the near future. The distr/bution patterns and development mechanisms of the permafrost and marshes have been examined both in theories and in field observations, in order to better understand the symbiosis of permafrost and marshes. The permafrost and marshes in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains display discernible zonations in latitude and elevation. The marsh vegetation canopy, litter and peat soil have good thermal insulation properties for the underlying permafrost, resulting in a thermal offset of 3 ℃ to 4℃ and subsequently suppressing soil temperature. In addition, the much higher thermal conductivity of frozen and ice-rich peat in the active layer is conducive to the development or in favor of the protection of permafrost due to the semi-conductor properties of the soils overlying the permafrost. On the other hand, because permafrost is almost impervious, the osmosis of water in marsh soils can be effectively reduced, timely providing water supplies for helophytes growth or germination in spring. In the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, the permafrost degradation has been accelerating due to the marked climate warming, ever increasing human activities, and the resultant eco-environmental changes. Since the permafrost and marsh environments are symbiotic and interdependent, they need to be managed or protected in a well-coordinated and integrated way.     

郯城县城镇变更地籍调查研究

城镇地籍调查是国土资源管理的一项重要的基础性工作,是城镇土地登记的法定程序,主要内容包括土地权属调查和地籍测量。该文分析探讨了土地权属调查政策、调查程序以及地籍测量技术的创新及应用,对城镇地籍初始和变更地籍调查具有一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

章丘地区土壤硒的含量分布及影响因素

以章丘地区土壤为对象,系统分析了表层、深层土壤及8条剖面土壤中Se元素的含量水平,研究了土壤中Se的分布特征及其与土壤类型、成土母质、地形地貌和土壤理化性质及组分的关系。结果表明：章丘地区表层土壤中Se含量在0.1～0.8mg/kg之间,以中硒土壤为主,富硒土壤面积173km2。土壤类型中,水稻土Se平均含量水平最高,为0.55mg/kg;成土母质中以石炭—二叠纪泥页岩发育的土壤Se含量最高;剖面土壤中的Se主要在表层富集。影响章丘地区土壤Se含量分布的主要因素是成土母质、地形地貌、土壤pH、有机质及土壤中硫、铁铝氧化物等组分。     

鲁中南地区古近纪含石膏盆地地质特征及矿石质量的差异

山东省石膏矿产出层位较多,目前,开发利用的石膏矿均为发育在鲁中南隆起区(鲁西山地丘陵区)的古近纪含膏盆地内,即汶口-汶东含膏盆地、泗水含膏盆地、平邑含膏盆地及底阁含膏盆地内,含膏盆地内矿体主要赋存于古近纪官庄群大汶口组中段及卞桥组等含膏岩系内,各含膏盆地因分布形态原始地貌及沉积旋回中各种因素的影响,矿石质量出现明显差异,由此推断出石膏矿石质量与盆地的分布特征及地质特征具有密切联系。根据含膏盆地特征可以预测含矿层的矿石质量,以指导勘查工作布署的合理实施。     

贫困地区耕地的地形和土壤肥力特征分析与质量评价

本文利用全国1∶100万土地利用数据和1∶400万土壤肥力综合质量数据,从耕地的地形特征和土壤肥力两个角度,对贫困地区和非贫困地区的耕地自然质量进行比较研究。研究表明:贫困地区平原型、丘陵型耕地比重较低、山地型和陡坡型耕地比重较高;贫困地区耕地土壤肥力的平均水平和非贫困地区差别不大,但土壤肥力好和较好的耕地所占比重较小。本文还建立了包括地形特征和土壤肥力综合质量两个因素的耕地自然质量评价指数,从县域尺度对全国耕地自然质量进行定量评价,并发现贫困地区耕地自然质量评价指数在低值区集中的特征更为显著。     

Mechanism and forecasting methods for severe droughts and floods in Songhua River Basin in China

The influence of various factors, mechanisms, and principles affecting runoff are summarized as periodic law, random law, and basin-wide law. Periodic law is restricted by astronomical factors, random law is restricted by atmospheric circulation, and basin-wide law is restricted by underlying surface. The commensurability method was used to identify the almost period law, the wave method was applied to deducing the random law, and the precursor method was applied in order to forecast runoff magnitude for the current year. These three methods can be used to assess each other and to forecast runoff. The system can also be applied to forecasting wet years, normal years and dry years for a particular year as well as forecasting years when floods with similar characteristics of previous floods, can be expected. Based on hydrological climate data of Baishan (1933-2009) and Nierji (1886-2009) in the Songhua River Basin, the forecasting results for 2010 show that it was a wet year in the Baishan Reservoir, similar to the year of 1995; it was a secondary dry year in the Nierji Reservoir, similar to the year of 1980. The actual water inflow into the Baishan Reservoir was 1.178 × 10 10 m 3 in 2010, which was markedly higher than average inflows, ranking as the second highest in history since records began. The actual water inflow at the Nierji station in 2010 was 9.96 × 10 9 m 3 , which was lower than the average over a period of many years. These results indicate a preliminary conclusion that the methods proposed in this paper have been proved to be reasonable and reliable, which will encourage the application of the chief reporter release system for each basin. This system was also used to forecast inflows for 2011, indicating a secondary wet year for the Baishan Reservoir in 2011, similar to that experienced in 1991. A secondary wet year was also forecast for the Nierji station in 2011, similar to that experienced during 1983. According to the nature of influencing factors, mechanisms and forecasting methods and the service objects, mid-to long-term hydrological forecasting can be divided into two classes:mid-to long-term runoff forecasting, and severe floods and droughts forecasting. The former can be applied to quantitative forecasting of runoff, which has important applications for water release schedules. The latter, i.e., qualitative disaster forecasting, is important for flood control and drought relief. Practical methods for forecasting severe droughts and floods are discussed in this paper.