河流潜流带渗透系数变化研究进展

介绍了河流潜流带的含义,即是河水与地下水发生物质能量交换的区域,其水力联系和交换水量大小受河床沉积物渗透系数的影响。对近年来国内外学者对河床潜流带渗透系数变化进行了大量研究。由于特殊的环境与水文地质条件,潜流带渗透系数的大小不仅取决于沉积物孔隙大小和孔隙的连通性,而且与生物扰动、河流流水等作用紧密相关:洪水带来的细小颗粒引起河床表面沉积物孔隙淤塞,致使渗透系数减小,但在洪水退后,潜流带的水文交换和生物扰动能破坏淤塞层,从而引起反淤塞作用,造成河床渗透系数增大。因此,淤塞-反淤塞作用改变着河床的渗透性能。最后,指出存在的问题今后的研究方向。     

注水井回灌过程中堵塞问题实验研究

采用砂柱在实验室内模拟井灌过程中注水井周围砂层的堵塞过程。通过测定渗透系数的变化来分析堵塞的程度，同时，通过测定水样悬浮物浓度、细菌数目、溶解氧、TOC等水质参数的变化来分析井灌过程中可能发生的物理、生物堵塞。试验分别采用平均粒径为0.59 mm和0.34 mm的两种砂样。试验结果分析表明：悬浮物颗粒填充砂粒介质空隙引起的机械堵塞和微生物积聚、繁殖堵塞介质空隙引起的生物堵塞是砂柱堵塞的主要原因；砂柱上部对悬浮物和微生物的过滤、吸附作用强，堵塞也更严重；介质粒径差异对堵塞过程和堵塞程度的影响明显，平均粒径较小的砂柱更容易发生堵塞，而平均粒径为0.59 mm的砂柱渗透系数减小持续时间长，渗透系数减小的幅度大。     

A Generalized Predictive Model of Water Table Fluctuations in Anisotropic Aquifer Due to Intermittently Applied Time-Varying Recharge from Multiple Basins

Mathematical models play a key role in assessing the future behavior of a groundwater system in response to various schemes of ground water resources development such as artificial recharging and in selecting an appropriate one out of many proposed schemes for its sustainable development. This paper presents an analytical solution of groundwater flow equation for unconfined, anisotropic, 2-D rectangular aquifer under the Boussinesq approximation to predict water table fluctuations in the aquifer in response to general time-varying intermittent recharge from multiple rectangular infiltration basins of different spatial dimensions. The horizontal anisotropy incorporated in the model is such that the principal axes of the hydraulic conductivity tensor are oriented parallel to the rectangular sides of the aquifer. The time-varying recharge rate is approximated by a series of line elements of different lengths and slopes depending on the nature of variation of recharge rate. The solution is obtained by using extended finite Fourier sine transform. Application of the solution is demonstrated with the help of synthetic examples. Numerical results of the analytical solutions are verified by comparison with the results obtained from MODFLOW. Numerical results indicate significant effect of anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity on the nature of water table variation.     

The Effect of Geological Heterogeneity and Groundwater Table Depth on the Hydraulic Performance of Stormwater Infiltration Facilities

Urbanization has led to a substantial change in the hydrological cycle of urban catchments. Increased runoff and urban flooding, decreased direct subsurface infiltration and groundwater recharge, deterioration of water quality are among the major effects of this alteration. To alleviate these effects, Low Impact Development (LID) practices have been frequently adopted for stormwater management. Among LID infrastructures, infiltration facilities are particularly challenging to design and model due to the considerable amount of uncertainties related to the hydrogeological configuration of installation sites. To date, analysis on how soil heterogeneity, groundwater table depth, and thickness of the unsaturated zone affect the hydraulic performance of infiltration facilities are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, a series of numerical experiments under transient variably water saturated conditions were performed for a hypothetical infiltration facility. Numerical simulations showed that i) infiltration rates increase considerably as the initial depth of the groundwater table increases, ii) the contribution of the bottom of the facility to the infiltration of water is generally higher than the sides, iii) the presence of a less conducting soil layer at a short depth from the bottom of the facility reduces infiltration rates dramatically, iv) the complete clogging of the bottom of the facility has a dramatic impact on the hydraulic performance, v) the stochastic heterogeneity of the soil controls the overall stormwater infiltration process through the facility, and the hydraulic performance may largely deviate from the case when heterogeneity is absent.

     

保定市一亩泉水源地水文地质条件分析与评价

通过对区域水文地质条件、地质钻探、物探和水文地质抽水、单井回灌、渗坑入渗、示踪试验等资料的综合分析,对保定市一亩泉水源地水文地质条件进行了系统研究,查明了地层岩性、地质结构及地层渗透性等基本参数,为地下水回灌方案设计提供了可靠依据。研究结果表明,入渗场80m深度内揭露含水层7~8层,含水层岩性主要为卵砾石,渗透性较好,是较理想的入渗场地;回灌水有利于补给第1~2含水组,回灌水向西南方向流失及向下部3~4含水组渗流的可能性很小;入渗场垂直渗透系数为37．16~39．79m/d,单井影响半径为199．53m。     

天山北坡经济带东段浅层地下水固有脆弱性评价

基于改进的DRASTIC方法,选择地下水埋深、含水层净补给量、含水层岩性、土壤介质类型、地面坡度、浅层地下水水质、包气带介质类型、含水层渗透系数和潜水蒸发量9项评价指标,分别确定其评分体系和权重体系,并利用Arc Gis 10.2中的图层空间叠加分析功能,对天山北坡经济带东段地区的浅层地下水固有脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:脆弱性较高区和中等区占研究区总面积的80.17%,地下水整体脆弱性偏高,而导致研究区浅层地下水脆弱性偏高的主要因素为地下水埋深较小、含水层渗透性较强、浅层地下水水质差。     

Recharge Wells Site Selection for Artificial Groundwater Recharge in an Urban Area Using Fuzzy Logic Technique

In arid and semi-arid area, groundwater is the most important water resources. Surface runoff harvesting is the most important process in the artificial recharge of groundwater that should increase groundwater quality and quantity. Urban impervious area provides an appropriate surface to produce adequate amounts of runoff. Groundwater recharge via recharge wells is one of the successful direct sub-surface methods. As many cities around the world face issues of water scarcity due to a fast and unsustainable urbanization, identify the best locations of groundwater recharge wells is an interesting relevant topic, especially in the arid and semi-arid area. Selection of a suitable area for groundwater recharge could increase efficiency of the recharge wells. In this study, the best location of recharge wells was investigated in Urmia city located in the North-west of Iran using fuzzy logic technique. In this study, locations of the drainage channel junctions with adequate potential of surface runoff were determined using SWMM. Appropriate locations for recharge wells were determined based on different layers including distance to runoff harvesting points, distance to the production water wells and depth of groundwater table. Hydraulic condition (hydraulic conductivity and specific recharge) was also used separately. The input layers were prepared using geostatistical interpolation techniques in ArcGIS 9.3 software. Mamdani fuzzy inference system was applied to incorporate the fuzzified input layers. Finally, in each area, pixels with the highest value were proposed as suitable locations for recharge wells. Based on the results, the number of pixels with “High” priorities increased when the hydraulic conductivity was used to site selection. Comparing hydraulic conductivity layer and selected location of the recharge wells shows that the area with low hydraulic conductivity and the area closed to the production water wells has not suitable priority for recharge wells.     

库计水源地地下水水化学特征分析

以库计水源地地下水为研究对象,在分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上,系统研究了研究区地下水的水化学时空变化特征：从外围分水岭向内以及由内部分水岭向周边,地下水水化学类型总体上沿地下水流向,呈HCO₃型→HCO₃•Cl型→HCO₃•SO₄•Cl型→SO₄•Cl型逐步过渡变化规律;在垂向上,中、浅层地下水水力联系较为密切,分带规律不明显,深部地下水水质略差;在时间上,由于白垩系含水层厚度巨大,垂向水力联系密切,且水位埋藏普遍较深,季节性变化对地下水水质影响有限,地下水水质相对稳定。     

第二松花江流域平原区浅层地下水脆弱性时变特征分析

以第二松花江流域平原区为研究区,选择了地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、土壤介质、地形坡度、包气带影响、渗透系数7个指标,运用DRASTIC评价方法对浅层地下水脆弱性进行了评价,进一步分析了地下水脆弱性评价结果的影响因素。结果表明:(1)地下水脆弱性分区在整体上具有空间分带特征性,并与地貌分区具有良好的一致性,其中河谷平原区由于地下水埋藏较浅,地下水脆弱性较高,污染风险大;(2)受地下水位变动以及净补给量的影响,具体地段的地下水脆弱性等级也具有较为明显的年际与年内变化特征,但整体区域上的地下水脆弱性的相对级别仍受地貌格局的控制。在开展区域地下水脆弱性评价时,应注意选择具有代表性的时段数据进行评价。     

太湖地区典型小流域地下水储量动态模拟与分析

对太湖地区典型小流域的近地表地质特征进行系统野外试验,分析近地表土层土壤和岩层结构特征,初步确定了含水层计算参数;采用三维地下水流数值模拟方法概化水文地质条件,识别与验证模型参数。结果表明:地表水补给地下水的量约是地下水补给地表水总量的2倍,山溪型小流域的地表地下水交互过程趋于单向交换,即河道水补给地下水。从含水层储水量变化看,除去蒸散发,通过地下通道流失的水量占据总水量的相当比重,且地下储水的减少量主要依赖降雨入渗进行补给。所建立的模型能够较好地反映研究区实际的水文地质条件,揭示地表水和地下水的交互量的变化过程,并定量研究流域水量平衡动态关系,可为变化环境下的地下水保护和滨湖区的地下水潜流计算研究提供预测分析依据。     

淮北采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水流场分布特征分析

为了解淮北采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水分布规律,在充分收集研究区已有相关成果资料的基础上,从研究采煤塌陷区域含水层结构变异入手,运用Visual Modflow软件对研究区地下水流场变化特征进行模拟、分析。结果表明：1）煤层完全开采情况下矿坑不再排水,因采煤矿坑排水而下降的松散层孔隙水水位在降雨补给和河流补给的作用下将逐渐回升,但基本无法恢复至采前水平;2）裂隙岩溶水接受塌陷区湖泊地表水和松散层孔隙水通过垂向网络型导水裂隙带不断入渗补给,导致研究区域裂隙岩溶水水位上升和溢出而形成多个局部水丘。闭坑后采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水流场分布规律研究成果可以为类似采煤塌陷蓄水区地下水资源综合利用提供参考。     

王赫生，李燕，周锴锷，张庆

为系统了解沙颖河流域地下水含水系统的补给源以及水化特征,在取样测试、现场监测的基础上,分别采用同位素、水文地球化学等方法,深入分析了沙颍河流域地下水含水系统特征。研究发现：沙颖河流域浅层地下水水化学类型自流域上游到下游呈HCO3-Ca+Mg型向HCO3+Cl-Ca+Mg型变化的趋势,中深层水以HCO3-Na型为主,局部呈HCO3+Cl型可能是浅层水混入的结果。采用铀不平衡方法识别地下水补给源,结果表明：浅层地下水补给源除降水外,还包括深层地下水的贡献;深层水来源包括大气降水、潜水和深层地下水3个补给源。各方法所得结论互相验证,研究结果可为流域内水循环模式研究、水污染防治等提供科学依据。     

滹沱河大型入渗试验地下水补给量计算

通过采用水均衡法计算了滹沱河入渗试验期间的河道入渗补给量,并求取了滹沱河水源地一带获得的河道入渗补给量。研究表明:试验期间河道入渗水量为1 482.75万m3,河道入渗补给地下水量为1 382.89万m3,河道渗漏补给系数为93%;滹沱河水源地接受的补给量为742.53万m3,水源地范围内的观测井最大水位上升幅度6.823m,地下水补给效果明显。     

兰州市城市化对地下水系统的影响研究

以地下水污染调查数据为基础,结合历史观测资料,揭示兰州市城市化过程中地下水水位、水质的变化特征及其影响因素。城市污水排放、蓄水设备修建及农业灌溉等因素使垂直渗入补给量增加,引起地下水上升,其中西固区地下水位上升剧烈,受地下水开采的影响,水源地地区形成大面积的地下水降落漏斗,水位下降显著;兰州市区地下水水质影响因素较多,土地利用类型的改变带来污染源强的增加、城市垃圾处理方式以及水位下降等是直接或间接地造成地下水质恶化的重要因素,老城区和工业区地下水总硬度、NO-3、氟离子、有机组分等指标呈逐年上升趋势,污染形势严峻。     

土壤水入渗补给数值模拟——以河北栾城为例

由于通过短时间尺度的土壤水动态监测数据难以准确获得土壤水入渗补给的规律,因此在中国地质科学院栾城试验场开展了长时间尺度(5 a)的土壤水动态监测试验,监测深度为340 cm。利用Hydrus-1D软件的双渗透(基质流区和大孔隙流区)模型进行数值模拟,并采用最小函数法对模型进行参数反演。为克服地表复杂的气象条件可能给模拟结果带来较大误差,选取140 cm深度为模型上边界。研究结果表明,基质流区(m)和大孔隙流区(F)土壤水动力特征参数n_m,n_F,α_m和α_F,大孔隙流区饱和导水系数K_sF对模型入渗补给量的灵敏性最高,并被选取为模型反演参数。 总体上,土壤体积含水量的模拟值能较好地拟合其实测值,其决定系数为0.78。地下水入渗补给速率具有年际变化特征,但在年内具有明显的季节性,即在雨季达到最大,然后缓慢减小。年均入渗补给速率为220 mm/a,其中由优先流引起的入渗补给量为211 mm/a,这表明地下水入渗补给以优先流为主。该研究成果可提高对地下水入渗补给规律的认识,同时可为地下水资源评价与农业节水管理等提供参考。     

Study of Rejim Maatoug groundwater in southern Tunisia using isotope methods

The Rejim Maatoug aquifer, which located in south-western Tunisia, constitutes a good example of overexploited resources. Hydrogeological and geochemical data were examined to determine the main factors and mechanisms controlling the groundwater chemistry and the hydrodynamic functioning of this aquifer based on a multi-tracer approach. Thirty-one groundwater samples from the CT Miocene aquifer of Rejim Maatoug and Djerid regions were collected in 2010 for major chemical element analysis. Physical parameters such as temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in the field. Three groundwater samples were selected for ¹⁴C measurements. Four groundwater samples were chosen for ³H measurements. The chemical data indicates that dissolution of evaporate minerals, evaporation and cation exchange processes seem to be the main factors controlling groundwater mineralization. The geological and hydrogeological studies show the important role of the deep existing faults in controlling the hydrodynamic functioning of the aquifer systems in southern Tunisia. The isotopic data shows that groundwater in this area is a mixture of recent shallow waters located in the Mio-Plio-Quaternary sands and paleo-deep waters of the carbonate Senonian aquifer. Low ³H and ¹⁴C contents, observed in some sampled wells (³H = 0.15 TU in C1N1, ¹⁴C = 8.8 pmc in Matr2), indicates that the recharge of the Miocene aquifer occurs mainly through upflow leakage of Senonian deep aquifer while there is no evidence of significant recharge in major part of the plain and mountains piedmonts that can be observed.     

新疆鄯善县水环境氢氧同位素特征及其指示作用

根据鄯善县氢氧稳定同位素资料及氘盈余（d）值,分析了地表与地下水体的δD、δ18O和d值的分布规律,并得到地下水的主要补给来源及其与地表水的相互作用关系;地下水的δD在-87.88‰～-65.97‰间,δ18O在-9.4‰～-12.37‰间;地表水的δ18O在-10.08‰～-13.63‰间,d在14.12‰～32.19‰间。结果表明：鄯善县地下水和地表水同源于大气降水,且经历了较强的蒸发作用;地下水与地表水之间的水力联系较弱,深层地下水主要接受河水在洪积扇区的入渗补给,浅层地下水主要接受河流引水灌溉入渗;不同深度地下水之间的水力联系较为密切,为统一的地下水系统。     

孔隙结构对地下水回灌颗粒堵塞影响的试验研究

地下水人工回灌是增加地下水补给量的有效手段,颗粒堵塞是影响地下水回灌效率的主要因素,介质孔隙结构是颗粒堵塞发生发展的直接影响因素。为了研究孔隙结构如何对地下水回灌颗粒堵塞产生影响,基于地下水回灌工程实际,设计并搭建了一维砂柱物理模型,通过玻璃珠介质和石英砂介质的对比试验,研究了介质孔隙结构对地下水回灌颗粒堵塞的影响。定量表达并分析了孔隙结构对颗粒运动过程和颗粒堵塞发生发展的影响。对试验现象进行了定量描述和理论推导,分析总结了地下水回灌试验过程中的颗粒运动规律及颗粒堵塞机理。研究表明,地下水回灌过程中介质孔隙结构越不规则,颗粒堵塞发展越快、发展程度越高、影响范围越大。本研究为地下水人工回灌等提供了一定介质孔隙结构对颗粒堵塞影响方面的理论参考。     

石川河河谷区地下水人工补给潜力与补给方式

为实现石川河地下水位的有效回升进而维持采补平衡,需在该区实施地下水人工补给工程,并确定合理的 补给位置及有效的补给方式。选取地下水埋深、坡度、含水层厚度、含水层渗透系数、与环境敏感区距离和给水 度 6 个指标,运用空间分析技术对人工补给地下水地点适宜性进行评价;在此基础上建立三维地质模型分析典型 人工补给潜力区的地层结构,探索可行的地下水人工补给方式。结果表明：适宜进行人工补给的高潜力和较高潜 力区域主要分布在研究区中部及东南部,面积达 48.01?km2,占研究区总面积的 32.0%。建议：在石川河河道中上 游高潜力和较高潜力区域的北部修建地表入渗池或渗坑;在河道中上游高潜力和较高潜力区域南部和河道中下 游的较高潜力区域布设反滤回灌井群;可沿石川河河道中上游高潜力与较高潜力区域之间布置一条长约 4.5?km 的渗渠,利用河道进行入渗补给。研究结果可为地下水库的修建提供参考。     

Water quality as an indicator of hydrogeological conditions: a case study of the Belgrade Groundwater Source (Sava/Danube confluence area)

The City of Belgrade receives most of its drinking water supply from the alluvial aquifer of the Sava River. The wells are radial, placed in the lower part of the aquifer, so they partly run below the Sava riverbed. However, the groundwater quality of the wells in one part of the source (near the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers) is found to differ somewhat from the groundwater quality of the other wells. The finding gave rise to additional investigations. The results revealed the existence of a deeper, limestone aquifer which is isolated from upper alluvial sediments by a thick layer of clay in most of the terrain. The naturally potential hydraulic contact of the two aquifers was additionally maintained by well operation in this part of the source. According to multiple analyses of groundwater flow using a hydrodynamic mathematical model, a hydrogeological and hydraulic system of groundwater flow was defined. Although the wells are situated adjacent to the river, and some well laterals are below the riverbed, most of the groundwater that flows to the wells is partly from the wider zone of the alluvial aquifer, and partly from the deeper aquifer. The initial results of hydrochemical investigations also showed an unexpected, inverse oxic character of the groundwater in these two aquifers.