污泥堆肥技术及工艺优化研究进展

我国污泥产量逐年增长,污泥处置问题面临严峻挑战。污泥堆肥技术因其符合绿色发展理念,是极具发展潜力的污泥处置技术。高效化、高值化、智能化是目前污泥堆肥技术的发展方向。从堆肥调理剂的优化发展、污泥堆肥的曝气策略、除臭工艺及堆肥设备的工艺优化等方面,归纳总结了目前污泥堆肥技术工艺的发展现状及面临的主要问题。提出从废物利用、可回收设备研发利用、生物生命活动利用的角度开发堆肥调理剂;结合传感器反馈、软件数值模拟等技术,改良堆肥工艺设备;引进新型曝气及除臭工艺,研发高效堆肥设备。以期为可为我国污泥堆肥工艺的发展及相关研究工作提供参考。     

污泥堆肥及其应用研究

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市污水厂所处理的污水量不断增大,由此产生了数量庞大的污泥,致使城市污水厂的污泥的合理处理处置成为研究热点.目前污泥的主要处理方法有卫生填埋、污泥堆肥以及焚烧等,其中污泥堆肥为诸多学者所赞同.文章探讨了污泥堆肥的基本原理与过程,介绍了条垛式堆肥系统、强制通风静态垛系统、反应器堆肥系统以及槽式堆肥系统的发展与污泥堆肥在农业以及绿化方面的应用情况,以期为污泥堆肥的发展与应用提供一定的参考.     

城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质研究进展

针对城市污泥堆肥特点,阐述了国内外城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质的研究现状。总结了污泥堆肥用于草坪生产存在的问题,并认为研究重点应放在污泥堆肥混合基质的组成、水肥管理技术、草种的筛选、规范堆肥生产和草坪质量综合评价标准及可能存在的环境问题等方面。另外,需要加大高新技术的投入促进产业化,以便为污泥堆肥用作草坪基质提供确实的理论指导和技术支持。     

复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥中的作用研究

应用复合微生物菌剂对剩余污泥进行堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中微生物总量、温度、C／N,系统地研究了复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥系统中的作用。结果表明,利用复合微生物菌剂可以提高剩余污泥堆肥效率、加速堆肥反应过程,对剩余污泥处理及资源化具有重要作用。     

城镇污水处理厂污泥堆肥对喷播基质物理性质的影响

通过室外模拟喷播基质的配比试验及室内理化性质试验,研究不同污泥堆肥含量对喷播基质物理性质的影响,为污泥堆肥在边坡绿化喷播基质中的2次使用提供科学依据。结果表明污泥堆肥含量与喷播基质之间存在一定相关性:1)在污泥堆肥含量为20%~30%时,喷播基质的硬度、容重和总孔隙度与污泥堆肥含量呈反比;2)在污泥堆肥含量为20%~30%时,喷播基质的保水性能、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度与污泥堆肥含量呈正相关关系。用污泥堆肥替代草炭土时,其含量应控制在20%~30%,这样比较有利于形成良好的基质结构。     

污泥富磷堆肥前后重金属赋存形态及释放能力变化

市政污泥富含有机质和N、P等营养元素,经堆肥稳定化处理后可成为矿山废弃地复垦的良好基质,但市政污泥中含有的重金属成为限制其土地利用的主要瓶颈.以磷尾矿为辅料进行污泥堆肥处理,既可利用其中磷酸盐固定市政污泥中的重金属,又可实现磷尾矿和市政污泥的协同资源化利用.以磷尾矿渣为辅料,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺,研究污泥堆肥前后重金属As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的赋存形态以及不同pH条件下的重金属浸出特性,探讨污泥富磷堆肥处理对堆肥中重金属迁移转化的影响.结果表明,污泥添加磷尾矿渣经过堆肥处理,促进了重金属由不稳定形态向稳定形态转化,降低了重金属在土壤自然pH范围(6~8)内及强碱性条件下的潜在释放风险,有利于污泥的土地利用.     

绿化废物低比例补充的市政污泥好氧堆肥可行性分析

为验证绿化废物低比例补充的市政污泥好氧堆肥工艺可行性,以回流污泥堆肥产品替代绿化废物为骨料,采用静态翻堆好氧堆肥工艺处理脱水市政污泥,分析一次发酵过程及产品的主要性质。结果表明:以回流污泥堆肥产品部分替代绿化废物时,堆体的高温期（≥55 ℃）均可持续超过3 d,产品含水率低于40%,挥发性固体含量（VS）超过45%,pH值稳定在6.0~7.0,种子发芽指数（GI）超过70%,满足园林绿化用途要求。其中,脱水市政污泥、绿化废物、回流污泥堆肥产品质量比为5:1.5:1的试验组一次发酵周期可控制为27 d,一次发酵产品总氮、总磷、总钾、腐植酸等营养物质的含量较高,肥效更优,适合于工程规模的园林绿化用途。在回流污泥堆肥产品完全替代绿化废物的试验组中,脱水市政污泥和回流污泥堆肥产品质量比为5:6和5:8的堆体可达到高温要求（≥55 ℃保持至少3 d）,VS、pH、营养物质、蛔虫卵死亡率、粪大肠菌群数等指标均符合园林绿化用泥质和有机肥料的要求,且一次发酵周期可控制在16 d内。当回流污泥堆肥产品与脱水市政污泥质量比≤6/5时,GI超过90%,满足腐熟要求。污泥堆肥产品回流替代绿化废物作为市政污泥堆肥的骨料,可有效调节脱水市政污泥堆体性质,缩短堆肥周期,提高产品肥效。     

污泥高温好氧发酵的原理及影响因素

好氧堆肥技术因其堆肥效率高,异味、臭气少等优点在众多污泥处置方法中独树一帜,本文对对污泥好氧堆肥发酵的基本原理和工艺流程进行阐述,然后分析污泥高温好氧发酵的影响因素.     

施用堆肥污泥对土壤肥力及植物生长的影响

土地利用有望成为市政污泥处置的主要途径。本研究以好氧堆肥的市政污泥为研究对象,通过田间试验,设置不同堆肥污泥施用量：0%、30%、50%、70%、100%(堆肥污泥与土壤体积配比),研究堆肥污泥施用对土壤肥力、植物生长以及土壤重金属含量的影响。结果表明：堆肥污泥施用未造成土壤酸碱化,土壤肥力等级由三级一般土壤提升为二级肥沃土壤,土壤主要营养组分含量随污泥施用量的增加均显著提高,其中堆肥污泥添加比例为50%时土壤有机质增加1.9倍、碱解氮增加3.0倍、有效磷增加9.5倍、速效钾增加3.7倍。堆肥污泥添加比例为50%时木春菊组长势最好,添加比例为30%时鼠尾草组和高羊茅&黑麦草组长势最佳,但是不同添加比例下早樱组生长并无显著差异。尽管施用堆肥污泥会导致试验区土壤重金属含量略有升高,但远低于《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置林地用泥质》(CJ/T 362-2011)所规定的污染物指标及其限值,未造成土壤重金属污染。本研究将为堆肥污泥的土地利用提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

不同无害化处理对污泥中有机组分的影响

以城市污泥为材料,研究了热喷、辐射和堆肥 3 种无害化处理方式对污泥中有机组分形态的影响.结果表明,污泥中的有机组分经过热喷和辐射处理后,易降解物含量增加,难降解物含量降低;而堆肥处理则相反.污泥总氮的 70%~80%是有机氮,热喷、辐射处理使污泥中的有机氮向易矿化态转变,易矿化态氮含量较处理前分别增加 8.0%和 6.5%;而堆肥处理使污泥中的有机氮向难矿化态转变,难矿化态氮含量增加了 4.1%.经热喷、辐射处理后污泥中有机磷的活性显著提高,但堆肥处理降低了污泥中有机磷的活性.热喷、辐射处理使得污泥中水溶性有机物的大分子组分向小分子组分转化,堆肥处理则与之相反.因此,经热喷、辐射处理的污泥的供肥效果优于堆肥处理.     

Insights into multisource sludge distributed in the Yangtze River basin, China: Characteristics, correlation, treatment and disposal

Sludge is the by-product of wastewater treatment process. Multisource sludge can be defined as sludge from different sources. Based on the sludge properties of five typical cities in the Yangtze River basin, including Jiujiang, Wuhu, Lu'an, Zhenjiang and Wuhan, this study investigated and summarized the characteristic variations and distribution differences of multiple indicators and substances from municipal sludge, dredged sludge, and river and lake sediments. The results demonstrated pH of multisource sludge was relatively stable in the neutral range. Organic matter and water content among municipal sludge were high and varied considerably between different wastewater treatment plants. Dredged sludge had an obviously higher sand content and wider particle distribution, which could be considered for graded utilization depending on its size. The nutrients composition of river and lake sediments was usually stable and special, with lower nitrogen and phosphorus content but higher potassium levels. The sources of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in multisource sludge were correlated, generally much higher among municipal sludge than dredged sludge and river and lake sediments, which were the most important limitation for final land utilization. Despite various properties of multisource sludge, the final fate and destination have some overall similarities, which need to be supplemented and improved by standards and laws. The study provided a preliminary analysis of suitable technical routes for municipal sludge, dredged sludge, river and lake sediments based on their different characteristics respectively, which was of great significance for multisource sludge co-treatment and disposal in the future of China.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

城市污水处理厂污泥脱水性能研究

分别对城市污水处理厂产生的浓缩污泥、初沉池污泥和浓缩污泥的混合污泥以及消化污泥进行了絮凝脱水试验,同时对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、丙烯酸钠-丙烯酸酰胺共聚物、异丁烯酸-甲基丙烯酸共聚物和阳离子聚丙烯酸胺(PAM)的絮凝效果进行比较。结果表明,浓缩污泥所需要的絮凝剂最少,消化污泥所需要的絮凝剂最多,并且各种絮凝剂都存在着最佳投加量。以浓缩污泥为例进行经济分析结果表明,最佳絮凝剂为PAM,最佳投加量为2.45kg/t干泥。另外,对絮凝脱水的影响因素分析后发现,过滤压力、pH以及搅拌速度都对污泥脱水性能有很大影响,在实际应用中应通过实验进行优化选择。     

城市污泥处理处置及综合利用研究现状与建议

概述了当前国内外城市污泥处理处置及综合利用的各种方法，分析了今后污泥综合利用研究的发展趋势。指出我国城市污泥综合利用研究存在的问题。并就我国污泥处理处置和综合利用提出了相关建议。     

焚烧法和厌氧消化法处理制革污泥中热值、硫、铬的比较

焚烧法和厌氧消化法都是利用制革污泥中热量的有效方法。比较两种方法所产生的热量,以及污泥处理过程中向大气排放的硫和铬,同时对铬的迁移作了初步的讨论。试验表明:焚烧法产生的热量多于厌氧消化方法,而厌氧消化方法中硫以及重金属铬的排放量明显小于焚烧法。     

生活污水处理厂污泥处置技术研究

针对生活污水处理厂污泥处置技术,介绍了国内外污泥的处理现状,提出了传统的污泥处置技术,主要是海洋倾倒,污泥消化技术法,污泥堆肥技术法,污泥的土地利用和污泥的有效利用法,给出林地利用与绿化利用随着污泥量的增长,污泥的处置越来越来受到人们的关注。介绍了国内外污泥处理现状和传统污泥处理处置方法,分析了污泥稳定和资源化处置技术及应用进展,提出了污泥堆肥和堆肥后污泥的土地利用是符合中国国情的污泥处置与资源化利用途径。     

基于"骨架构建体"的污泥板框脱水影响因素、改性机理及其节耗分析研究

分析了影响污泥板框脱水性能的关键因素以及基于"骨架构建体"的污泥调理改性机理,并结合宝山污水处理厂板框压滤脱水单元的现场实践,从运行角度对其展开节耗分析.论文认为:(1)今后应加强其他类型"骨架构建体"的理论与实践研究,以期为污泥脱水单元的节能降耗奠定基础;(2)该厂现状水质条件下,调整石灰投量、挤压脱水时间分别为0.24 kg/kgDS、35 min时可得到良好污泥脱水效果,同时节约污泥处理成本约21.4%.     

探讨昆明城区污水处理厂污泥处置方案

城市污水处理所产生的污泥产量巨大而且成分复杂,如何避免二次污染并合理利用污泥中的有效成分,已经成为世界热点难题之一。污泥处理处置技术主要从污泥的减量化、无害化、资源化着手。文章对污泥处置技术做了分析,结合昆明市污水处理厂污泥处理现状,探讨适合昆明市中远期发展的污泥处置方法。     

活性污泥驯化技术与高浓度CTMP废水生物处理的研究

为探讨活性污泥处理高浓度ＣＴＭＰ制浆造纸废水,研究了活性污泥驯化工艺的良性对生物系统污泥沉降性能及处理效果产生的影响。３个月多的运行试验结果表明,改良后的污泥驯化工艺即间歇式与连续式进料相结合的污泥驯化工艺能够明显改善污泥沉降性能,污泥的ＳＶ３０为２９９０－３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＶＩ为４８－５５ｍｌ／ｇ,并显著增加处理效果,ＣＯＤ去除率７７％－８５％,ＢＯＤ５去除率９０％－９５％,ＴＳＳ去除率７５％－     

Bacterial communities in different locations, seasons and segments of a dairy wastewater treatment system consisting of six segments

A dairy wastewater treatment system composed of the 1st segment (no aeration) equipped with a facility for the destruction of milk fat particles, four successive aerobic treatment segments with activated sludge and a final sludge settlement segment was developed. The activated sludge is circulated through the six segments by settling sediments (activated sludge) in the 6th segment and sending the sediments beck to the 1st and 2nd segments. Microbiota was examined using samples from the non-aerated 1st and aerated 2nd segments obtained from two farms using the same system in summer or winter. Principal component analysis showed that the change in microbiota from the 1st to 2nd segments concomitant with effective wastewater treatment is affected by the concentrations of activated sludge and organic matter (biological oxygen demand [BOD]), and dissolved oxygen (DO) content. Microbiota from five segments (1st and four successive aerobic segments) in one location was also examined. Although the activated sludge is circulating throughout all the segments, microbiota fluctuation was observed. The observed successive changes in microbiota reflected the changes in the concentrations of organic matter and other physicochemical conditions (such as DO), suggesting that the microbiota is flexibly changeable depending on the environmental condition in the segments. The genera Dechloromonas, Zoogloea and Leptothrix are frequently observed in this wastewater treatment system throughout the analyses of microbiota in this study.