Controlled islanding of power systems using label propagation

This paper presents a label propagation controlled islanding (LPCI) algorithm for large interconnected power systems. The proposed algorithm is suitable for finding an islanding solution quickly when a power system with large disturbances need to avoid uncontrolled system separation and to prevent wide‐area blackouts. By referring to the graph theory for the power system, a similar graph is first introduced according to the branch power flows the power system. Then, the buses of coherent generators are viewed as labeled data, while the left buses are viewed as unlabeled data. As a result, the controlled islanding problem is converted into a semi‐supervised learning problem. At last, a classical semi‐supervised learning algorithm, i.e. label propagation, is applied to solve the controlled islanding problem. In addition, a small‐scale strategy space for power system splitting is provided according to the proposed entropy criterion. Characteristics of the proposed algorithm are presented, as well as feasibility to the active splitting control of power systems. The results on four test cases show its correctness and computationally efficient. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Controlled islanding using transmission switching and load shedding for enhancing power grid resilience

A controlled splitting strategy is proposed as the last resort to determine the splitting points of an interconnected power system before occurring a critical transition. The proposed strategy is expressed as a mixed-integer formulation with considering the slow coherency of synchronous generators. In the proposed integer programming formulation, each coherent group of generators is located in an individual island. This grouping constraint may assure the synchronism of generators after islanding. Each island contains a coherent group of generators and its boundary is determined with the aim of achieving minimum load shedding. Two artificial DC load flow algorithms are proposed to model grouping and connectivity constraints. In addition to operational limits, a switching constraint and a frequency stability constraint are proposed to limit the number of line switchings and assure the stability of resulted islands, respectively. The proposed mixed integer model is solved using Benders Decomposition (BD) technique. Using BD technique, the CPU time of computation is reduced significantly. The proposed splitting strategy is simulated over the IEEE 30-Bus and IEEE 118-Bus test grids. Transient stability simulations are done to validate the accuracy of the proposed method.     

A fair method for centralized optimization of multi-TSO power systems

This paper addresses the problem of centralized optimization of an interconnected power system partitioned into several regions controlled by different transmission system operators (TSOs). It is assumed that those utilities have agreed to transferring some of their competencies to a centralized control center, which is in charge of setting the control variables in the entire system to satisfy every utility’s individual objective. This paper proposes an objective method for centralized optimization of such multi-TSO power systems, which relies on the assumption that each TSO has a real-valued optimization function focusing on its control area only. This method is illustrated on the IEEE 118 bus system partitioned into three TSOs. It is applied to the optimal reactive power dispatch problem, where the control variables are the voltage settings for generators and compensators. After showing that the method has some properties of fairness, namely freedom from envy, efficiency, accountability, and altruism, we emphasize its robustness with respect to certain biased behavior of the different TSOs.     

WLAV state estimation for power system containing multitype FACTS devices

This paper presents the state estimation of power system in which not only the bus voltages but also the states of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) are considered as the state variables. By using the rectangular form of state variables and equivalent measurement techniques, a linear measurement model with constraints of FACTS device is obtained. The predictor–corrector interior point method based on the weighted least absolute value criterion is developed for solving the optimization problem. Simulation results on the modified IEEE 14‐bus and 118‐bus test systems are provided. The numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

海上多平台互联电力系统故障后的供电恢复策略

在电力系统出现故障后,恢复非故障区域的供电可有效提高系统自愈能力。针对应急发电机、储能装置辅助的海上多平台互联电力系统,提出了一种适用于孤岛电网故障后的供电恢复策略。首先,提出了电源恢复优化模型所考虑的4种指标:故障恢复效果、故障恢复时间成本、对非故障区域内潮流影响和启动应急发电机数量。此外,给出了具有潮流约束、网络安全约束和网络拓扑约束的故障后供电恢复优化模型。然后,将遗传算法应用于该供电恢复策略中,通过改变电力系统中开关的分合状态来调整电网的运行方式,进而恢复非故障区域的供电。最后,结合IEEE 53节点配电系统和海上多平台互联电力系统的大量仿真实验,验证了所提电源恢复策略的有效性,此外,还评估了含储能的海上多平台互联电力系统的自愈控制能力。     

线路开断引起电力系统分裂后的潮流计算

在静态安全分析中，因线路开断引起系统分裂后，常规解算方法是对各孤立系统（“岛”）重新形成相应的网络矩阵和因子表，并在此基础上计算ＡＣ潮流，对于互联系统来说，这种传统处理方法会耗用大量机时。本充分利用现已成熟的稀疏技术来对各“岛”进行潮流计算，本算法不但在精度上与常规算法完全一致，而且机时节约显，从而有利于在线应用。     

An improved fast decoupled power flow model considering static power–frequency characteristic of power systems with large‐scale wind power

Large‐scale wind power (LSWP) integration may cause significant impact on power system frequency, so it is necessary to take frequency regulation issues into account in power system steady‐state operation analysis. An improved fast decoupled power flow model considering static power–frequency characteristic of power systems with LSWP is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the active power of generators and loads are presented with their static power–frequency characteristics. The slack bus degenerates to the nodal voltage phase angle reference bus of the system, and all the generators with frequency regulation capability participate in unbalanced power regulation. The power flow calculation results can reveal the impact to the system frequency of operation mode change and load variation, and present the output adjustment of the generators. The proposed model can be solved conveniently by the block solving technology based on the fast decoupled power flow algorithm. The scheme presented in this paper has been tested on the IEEE standard 30‐bus test system by simulating basic operation and primary and secondary frequency regulation of the generators, which demonstrated the validity by the method. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于目标级联分析法的输电网结构优化

为了充分利用可再生能源,增强电力系统各区域间的互联协调能力,提出了一种基于目标级联分析(ATC)法的输电网结构优化模型。首先,利用母线撕裂法将电力系统解耦为多区域互联系统;其次,建立含可再生能源发电的输电网结构优化模型,在此基础上,进行多区域互联电力系统的统一分析和决策;再次,采用ATC法将模型分解为主问题和子问题进行并行计算,实现源网荷协同的输电网结构优化。最后,通过对IEEE 14节点及IEEE 118节点系统的测试分析,验证了所提模型可有效协调互联电网的运行,提高电力系统运行的经济性。     

基于贪心算法的自适应解列断面自动搜索方法：(一)解列指标体系与算法设计

现有的解列断面搜索方法仅能考虑发电机同调、孤岛功率平衡等少数约束条件,在大系统的解列断面搜索过程中需要事先人工化简系统,无法实现从在线调度数据出发自动获得解列断面。文中以交直流系统的自适应解列控制为研究目标,提出了交直流电网解列指标体系,并设计了基于贪心算法的解列断面自动搜索方法。该方法根据系统发电机慢同调分群结果,确定解列孤岛数量及孤岛初始搜索节点,然后,对各孤岛一级相连节点进行评分,确定应该并入各孤岛的节点;最后,设计了解列策略校验环节。     

A new hybrid state estimation based on pseudo‐voltage measurements

This paper presents a new hybrid state estimation method based on the concept of pseudo‐voltage measurements for a power system containing both conventional and synchronizing phasor measurements. Actual measurement data is employed to calculate the magnitude and phase of the pseudo‐voltage. In the proposed formulation, the measurement matrix describing the relations between the measured data and the state variables contains only 0 or 1. Then the state estimation problem is formulated based on the weighted least‐squares criterion, and its solution can be obtained without using iterative procedures. Comparisons with previous hybrid state estimation methods have been performed on IEEE 14‐bus, 57‐bus, and 118‐bus systems. Numerical experimental results indicate that the proposed approach yields solutions of comparable accuracy with other methods but with shorter computation times. Moreover, the proposed method also provides superior results in the presence of bad data. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

大规模电网解列控制可行性判断

解列是电力系统在受到大干扰、系统完整性无法保持的情况下将系统分解成几个孤岛的控制。基于在线信息做可行性判断,是实施解列控制的决策前提。从解列控制的主要目标隔离异步机群出发,分析影响解列可行性的众多约束,指出同调约束是其中最关键约束。在阐明电力系统机群失稳机理之后指出,只有那些有显著机群模式、机群之间存在弱连接的电力系统,才是适合解列的系统。据此,提出基于特征分析的解列可行性判断方法,给出解列可行的3个必要条件,通过对若干典型系统的仿真计算,证明方法的有效性。     

跨区域互联电网的可用输电能力计算方法

为确保电网安全,保证跨区域电力交易的正常进行,提出了计算跨区域互联电网可用输电能力的方法。相比于其他方法,该方法仅需交换边界节点电压和购电用户有功负荷增长量即可准确地计算出跨区域互联电网的可用输电能力。首先,建立了适用于可用输电能力计算的外网等值模型,使各个区域从互联电网中解耦。同时,建立了虚拟的平衡节点和自动调节的边界注入功率,使各个区域可以进行独立的潮流计算。然后,采用分布式潮流计算对区域电网的潮流进行校正,旨在减小各个区域电网潮流计算的偏差。最后,根据定义计算出了跨区域互联电网的可用输电能力。通过IEEE 118节点系统的仿真计算,证明了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

Experimental Study of Islanding‐Prevention Method by Harmonic Injection Synchronized with Exciting Current Harmonics of Pole Transformer

As distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly used in distribution systems, quick prevention of islanding caused by power system failure is essential to assure electrical safety. Various islanding protection methods have been used practically, but the conventional active systems tend to increase the detection time, because mutual interference occurs between active signals due to asynchronous states. A new active islanding detection method, the frequency feedback method with step reactive power injection, also has the possibility of extending the detection time in the so‐called perfect balance area (PBA). Thus we propose a novel method of islanding‐prevention by harmonic injection synchronized with the exciting current harmonics of the pole transformer. We performed an experimental study using prototype inverters equipped with the proposed method. We have shown the feasibility of detecting islanding quickly and reliably, even if the islanding state is in the PBA. The experimental results demonstrate that mutual interference does not occur due to asynchronous states between active signals, and also that the proposed method is applicable to islanding detection system in clustered installation of PV systems.     

考虑同调约束的电力系统主动解列断面的搜索方法

电力系统主动解列是避免发生大停电事故和系统崩溃的有效保护措施,需要及时、准确地确定解列方案。文中提出一种考虑发电机同调约束的最佳解列断面的搜索方法。首先基于故障后广域测量系统(WAMS)提供的实时动态响应信息,利用改进拉普拉斯特征映射算法在线识别同调机群,利用发电机同调虚拟节点聚合同调机群,减小解列断面的搜索空间,然后利用加权拉普拉斯分群策略得到初始的解列断面。最后考虑断面有功功率的方向,利用启发式变邻域搜索算法确定最佳的解列断面,使得解列后各孤岛的净不平衡功率最小。文中方法能充分考虑不同故障模式所带来的同调行为的差异性,使得主动解列控制具有选择性和鲁棒性。通过新英格兰39节点系统验证了所述方法的有效性和适应性。     

考虑同调机组的电力系统主动解列断面搜索方法*

将电力系统解列断面搜索问题转化为单目标多约束优化问题,提出了一种考虑同调机组的解列断面搜索新方法。节点间电抗值的大小反映了其电气连接强弱程度。首先以节点间线路电抗值为线路权值,利用Dijkstra算法计算同调机群中发电机之间最小电抗连接线路,得到同调机组连通图,之后用prim算法得到同调机组连通图的最小生成树,并将其等值为一个节点,从而保证电力孤岛内机组连通性。最后利用Dinic算法求得非同调机群间最小潮流割集,得到最优解列断面。对经典IEEE-39节点系统进行算例仿真,验证了文中所提出方法能够快速准确定位解列断面。     

逐步二次规划法在约束潮流中的运用

约束潮流就是当系统的结构、参数及负荷情况给定时，通过选取控制变量，找到能够满足所有运行限制的潮流分布。文中运用最优潮流算法计算约束潮流，将有功、无功出力以及电压值作为控制变量，并使用逐步二次规划法对其进行求解。给出了有关的数学模型和计算流程，介绍了处理Maratos效应的一种的灵敏度算法。中国电科院8机22节点系统和IEEE—118节点系统的计算结果证明了使用SQP方法计算约束潮流的有效性。     

基于广域量测信息的负荷裕度灵敏度计算新方法

提出一种基于广域量测信息的电力系统负荷裕度灵敏度(LMS)分析方法。根据电力系统的广域量测信息,在线计算电力系统中各负荷节点的负荷裕度;依据所得的负荷裕度,提出一种基于广域量测信息的节点负荷裕度对有功、无功及机端电压的灵敏度分析方法;针对所提的LMS方法,进一步提出了改善系统电压稳定性的相关控制策略;最后将所提方法应用到New England 39节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统中,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

考虑柔性直流落点约束的最优主动解列断面搜索算法

当电力系统遭受严重扰动后,主动解列策略是防止灾害性大停电事故积极而有效的手段,其核心内容是搜索最优解列断面,通常理解为是一种含约束的组合优化问题。提出了一种基于谱聚类的考虑柔性直流落点约束的最优主动解列断面搜索算法,该方法通过谱聚类算法将电力系统的最优解列断面搜索问题映射为图的分割问题进行求解,直接求取最优解且计算速度较快;以最小有功潮流冲击为目标函数,最小化解列后系统潮流的改变提高了孤岛系统的暂态稳定性;考虑了基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的终端落点作为约束条件,将VSC-HVDC的终端置于不同孤岛内可实现孤岛间功率的交换,降低了系统整体恢复稳定的成本。最后通过IEEE 10机39节点系统以及厦门系统实际算例的仿真验证,证明了该方法的有效性和快速性。     

MINIMUM EMISSIONS HYDRO-THERMAL POWER FLOW

ABSTRACT

Minimum NO_x emission optimal power flow scheduling for a hydro-thermal power system is considered. Computational results using Newton's method and Powell's penalty function approach arc obtained for the 57 bus and 118 bus hypothesized IEEE hydro-thermal power systems. Based on a comparison with the minimum cost solution, it is concluded that regardless of which scheduling strategy is used, increasing the hydro generation results in decreasing both emissions and thermal fuel costs. The results obtained indicate that system N O _x emissions are influenced by bus voltage lower limits, reactive power generation and the hydro unit water conversion factor.     

A computational comparison of steady state load shedding approachesin electric power systems

This paper presents a formulation of the optimal steady state load shedding problem that uses the sum of the squares of the difference between the connected active and the reactive load and the supplied active and reactive power. The latter are treated as dependent variables modelled as functions of bus voltages only. An investigation of the performance of the proposed algorithm over a range of generation deficits as well as overload conditions is presented. Testing is done using IEEE 14, 30, 57, and 118 bus power systems, representing small and medium power systems. The optimal results are compared with results obtained using two earlier approaches. The results obtained using the proposed approach appear to give a better optimal state of the power system