东营凹陷中始新统上部-上始新统层序地层模式及其石油地质意义

通过识别沉积基准面旋回产生的层序界面,东营凹陷中始新统上部-上始新统可划分出四个层序。各层序具有相似的成因和体系域构成。其低位域 (LST)发育辫状河、下切水道-浊积扇、扇三角洲、废弃型三角洲和水下扇。湖泊扩张体系域 (EST)发育由深湖泥岩、油页岩、白云岩、滨浅湖组成的湖泊体系、破坏型三角洲及曲流河体系。湖泊萎缩体系域 (RST)发育浅湖、河流三角洲体系及扇三角洲体系。由于同一层序在盆地发育的构造部位不同,可以表现出三种层序样式 :A位于构造坡折带之下的深湖-三角洲环境层序样式,B、位于构造坡折带之上的下切水道-浅湖环境层序样式和C、位于湖域之外的河流-泛滥平原环境层序样式。并在综合研究的基础上建立了东营凹陷中始新统上部-上始新统层序的成因模式。指出在每个三角洲主朵体的前方同生断裂带及其靠近洼陷一侧是低位砂体的主要发育区,也是低位砂体油藏的富集区和寻找隐蔽油藏的主要方向。     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷陡坡带砂体成因类型及其演化

以构造沉积学与层序地层学理论为基础,对涠西南凹陷陡坡带铲式、坡坪和断阶三种构造样式背景下砂体成因类型及其演化进行了分析,认为三种不同构造样式控制着不同时期、不同类型及不同规模的砂体沉积:1西段铲式-坡坪式断裂结构区:早期近岸水下扇,晚期扇三角洲-滨浅湖-冲积平原砂体组合;2中段断阶式断裂结构区:早期近岸水下扇,晚期滨浅湖-扇三角洲砂体组合;3东段铲式断裂结构区:早期近岸水下扇,晚期冲积平原-滨浅湖砂体组合。陡坡带沉积体系演化研究表明,不同体系域类型对砂体形成及分布亦有控制作用,低位体系域发育小规模河道砂体和低位扇体;高位体系域在物源丰富区域一般发育大型前积扇三角洲,是未来隐蔽油气藏勘探的主要方向。     

贝尔凹陷下白垩统层序格架下砂体分布特征

以层序地层学理论为指导,综合地震、测井、岩芯以及古生物等资料,对贝尔凹陷下白垩统层序格架下砂体的分布特征进行研究。研究表明:在三级层序格架下,不同沉积期沉积体系的空间展布和配置关系有明显差异,SQ_A层序为初始裂陷型层序,主要发育冲积扇、近岸水下扇等粗碎屑沉积体系;SQ_B～SQ_C层序为伸展裂陷型层序,发育近岸水下扇、湖底扇、扇三角洲和半深湖相等沉积体系;SQ_D～SQ_F层序为裂陷收敛型层序,发育三角洲、滨浅湖和半深湖以及河流、沼泽相等沉积体系。低位域砂体为岩性圈闭的形成提供有利条件,其时空展布主要受幕式构造运动及其产生的构造坡折带的类型和样式控制。在垂向上,构造坡折带类型控制不同类型低位域砂体的形成和分布,其中断崖型坡折带形成近岸水下扇,断阶型坡折带形成浊积扇以及断坡型坡折带形成扇三角洲砂体;在平面上,构造坡折带平面样式控制低位域砂体的空间展布特征,尤其是砂体的形态及规模受断层调节带控制。受同沉积断层组合样式的控制,平面上主要形成断弯型、断接型、断沟型以及交叉型等4种基本砂体分布类型以及断弯-交叉型、断弯-对接型、断弯-断沟型、对接-交叉型、对接-断沟型和交叉-断沟型等6种复合砂体分布类型。低位域砂体在洼槽区相互叠置、连片分布,为各类岩性-地层圈闭的形成创造条件。     

南堡凹陷东营组高精度层序地层格架及沉积体系分析

在高分辨率三维地震、钻井以及大量地质资料研究基础上,根据层序地层界面特征,将南堡凹陷东营组划分为1个二级层序和4个三级层序。以初始洪泛面和最大洪泛面识别特征为依据,进一步将三级层序划分出体系域。通过层序地层格架特征及其发育位置分析,认为柳南次凹层序地层格架发育的主控因素为构造、物源和湖平面变化。应用层序地层学原理及南堡凹陷沉积充填背景研究,认为柳南次凹的沉积体系类型为冲积扇、扇三角洲、水下扇、重力流及湖泊沉积体系。冲积扇及水下扇体系在低位体系域中发育,高位体系域中扇三角洲体系和重力流发育,湖扩体系域中湖泊体系非常发育。     

陈家庄凸起北坡古近系层序地层特征及沉积体系

陈家庄凸起北坡发育了多种类型的储集体．根据岩心、钻井和测井资料，以层序地层学理论和方法为指导，从分析、识别层序的主要界面，如层序界面、初始湖泛面、最大湖泛面等入手，对陈家庄凸起北坡古近系层序、准层序和体系域进行了划分．通过钻井层序分析与地震层序解释，在层序地层分析的基础上，对沉积体系进行了研究．指出本区发育的低位域水下扇、低位域复合扇、湖扩展体系域滨岸沉积和高位域三角洲沉积等，是进行岩性油藏勘探的有利目标．     

辽中凹陷旅大16油田东三段层序地层及沉积充填

渤海湾盆地辽中凹陷旅大16油田东营组东三段是目前勘探开发的主力含油层系。综合三维地震资料、录井、测井及岩心资料,在井—震结合、层序地层学研究基础上,利用古地貌研究、岩心相、测井相、地震相和振幅属性切片分析,明确了东营组层序格架内沉积相类型、沉积展布特征及沉积演化规律。应用Vail的经典层序地层学理论,将东三段划分为一个三级层序,其中可识别出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域。低位体系域沉积期,辽西低凸起大面积暴露遭受剥蚀,为研究区提供碎屑沉积物,发育近源的扇三角洲及重力流沉积体系。扇三角洲砂体以灰色中砂岩和细砂岩为主,河床滞留沉积、波状层理和生物扰动构造十分发育;高位体系域时期,辽西低凸起被淹没,供源能力减弱,研究区发育较远源的辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,且伴生重力流沉积。其中辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体以细—中砂岩为主,见块状构造和楔状交错层理。重力流沉积体系主要为滑塌湖底扇及砂质碎屑流沉积,岩心观察可见细砂岩中发育滑塌变形构造,及漂浮状的砾石和泥岩撕裂屑。研究区沉积演化过程与地貌演化密切相关,且断裂体系对砂体展布具有控制作用,重力流沉积发育于断裂坡折前方。显然,明确沉积相类型、沉积展布特征及沉积演化规律,可为进一步油气勘探开发提供地质依据。     

新疆准东煤田西部八道湾组层序地层及聚煤规律分析

综合利用钻井岩心和测井曲线资料,对准东煤田西部下侏罗统八道湾组层序地层格架及沉积体系空间展布及煤的聚集规律进行研究。研究区八道湾组主要发育冲积扇扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲和湖泊等沉积体系类型,物源来自北部卡拉麦里山。八道湾组地层可划分为2个三级层序和6个体系域,每个三级层序发育较完整的低位体系域、湖扩体系域和高位体系域,煤层主要发育于湖扩体系域早中期。     

黑龙江七星河含煤盆地古近纪-新近纪沉积相及层序地层特征

黑龙江省东部七星河盆地是一新生代聚煤盆地,其含煤地层为古近系宝泉岭组、新近系富锦组。宝泉岭组由各级砂岩、泥岩、炭质泥岩以及褐煤组成,发育滨浅湖相、深-半深湖相、三角洲平原相,属于湖泊沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系。富锦组主要由泥岩、粉砂岩、中砂岩、含砾粗砂岩及煤层、炭质泥岩、硅藻岩组成,发育滨浅湖相、扇三角洲平原相,分别属于湖泊沉积体系和扇三角洲沉积体系。层序SI相当于宝泉岭组,发育低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域,煤层主要发育高位体系域中后期,成煤环境以滨浅湖淤积沼泽为主。层序SII相当于富锦组,主要发育湖侵体系域、高位体系域,局部地区发育低位体系域,煤层亦主要发育高位体系域中后期,成煤环境以扇三角洲淤积沼泽和滨浅湖淤积沼泽为主。层序SI、SII的高位体系域中后期,盆地基底沉降速率和物源供给处于相对平衡状态,主要发育了扇三角洲淤积沼泽、滨浅湖和滨浅湖淤积沼泽环境,发育可采煤层。     

松辽盆地东南缘层序地层与沉积体系配置及演化--以梨树断陷西北部营城组地层为例

 利用地质和地球物理资料对梨树断陷西北部营城组地层的层序界面进行识别,识别结果表明,营城组地层可划分为2个三级层序,由下至上分别是SQ5和SQ6,对应的3个层序界面分别是SB5、SB6和SB7。各三级层序可进一步细分为低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域。低位体系域主要由进积准层序组构成,湖侵体系域主要由退积准层序组构成,而高位体系域则以进积或加积式准层序组为主。沉积类型主要有近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和湖泊总计4种相类型,其中辫状河三角洲和湖泊是研究区内最发育的相类型。近岸水下扇和扇三角洲沉积体系在各层序的凹陷边界断层下降盘发育,受构造运动控制明显,常发育在断陷湖盆的陡带;辫状河三角洲沉积体系往往与充沛的长轴物源相配置,常发育在断陷湖盆的缓坡带,指出这种构造与沉积体系的空间配置关系及其演化常受古构造与古地貌的控制。最后指出最有利的储集区位于梨树断陷西北部斜坡带。     

陆相断陷盆地层序类型与隐蔽油气藏勘探——以南堡凹陷古近系为例

以南堡凹陷高分辨率三维地震、测井和丰富的地质资料为基础, 运用高精度层序地层分析方法, 结合盆地构造和沉积充填特征的研究, 在南堡凹陷古近系识别出了1个超层序组、4个超层序、11个三级层序, 在柳北扇三角洲体系可划分出6个四级层序.根据古构造坡折带控制层序类型和层序构成模式的思路, 通过南堡凹陷古近系同沉积构造发育特征的分析, 认为南堡凹陷古近系存在同沉积断裂坡折带和同沉积背斜挠曲坡折带2种类型, 由此决定了南堡凹陷古近系主要发育了同生断裂坡折型层序和同沉积背斜挠曲坡折型层序, 建立了这2种类型层序体系域构成模式.其中同生断裂坡折型层序和同沉积背斜挠曲坡折型层序的低位域砂体及高位域砂体成藏条件优越、地震剖面易于识别, 是隐蔽油气藏勘探的主要目标.      

泌阳凹陷基于层序地层格架的油气成藏模式

泌阳凹陷层序地层研究表明,油气藏与层序地层体系域关系密切:南部陡坡带上倾尖灭油气藏主要位于低位和高位体系域中;中央凹陷带岩性透镜体油气藏主要是低位特殊地质体和高位白云岩缝洞储层构成的油气藏;北部缓坡带与层序地层密切相关的是地层不整合油气藏及断层-不整合油气藏,断层-岩性、断鼻等油气藏在高位体系域较发育。此外,北部斜坡区存在低位三角洲以及湖扩体系域地层超覆油气藏和高位滑塌岩性体油气藏。结合泌阳凹陷层序地层特点和各种类型油气藏分布规律,总结了泌阳凹陷基于层序地层格架的油气藏成藏模式。油气成藏模式表明,深凹区环盐湖带是当前岩性-地层类隐蔽油气藏勘探的重点领域。这类隐蔽油气藏主要有低位特殊地质体、低位三角洲、湖扩体系域地层超覆、高位白云岩缝洞油气藏、高位浊积体、高位断层-岩性等潜在的岩性-地层油气藏。     

构造活动盆地沉积层序形成过程模拟——以断陷和前陆盆地为例

应用二维层序地层模拟系统开展了构造活动盆地沉积层序的形成过程的动态模拟分析,揭示了同沉积断裂活动、湖平面变化及沉积物供给量变化相互作用对沉积层序形成的控制作用。模拟表明,快速的构造沉降、相对高的湖平面和大量的沉积物供给是形成相对深水扇三角洲的必要条件;而沉积物的供给量变小或构造沉降量加大时有利于形成近岸湖底扇或水下扇。模拟揭示出断陷湖盆陡坡边缘断裂形成的古地貌坡折控制着低水位域浊积扇或湖底扇的发育部位,同时对水进或高位域的三角洲前缘的沉积中心的分布具控制作用。断裂坡折带的构造沉降是控制可容纳空间变化的关键因素。在陆内前陆逆冲构造边缘,层序发育早期（底部）发育冲积扇和河流沉积,但由于相对快的构造沉降形成水进序列;在快速沉降的晚期沉降速率减小,碎屑体系向盆地方向推进,形成广泛河流三角洲沉积。由隐伏逆冲断裂形成的构造坡折带对低位域的分布具控制作用。在构造坡折带下的低位域砂体与上覆的水进域泥岩组合可形成重要的地层油气藏。     

Insight into sequence stratigraphic and structural framework of the onshore Niger Delta Basin: Integrating well logs,biostratigraphy, and 3D seismic data

Stratigraphic and structural interpretative studies have been carried out within the paralic sequence of Agbada Formation in the Niger Delta Basin. The method of study involved integrating sequence stratigraphic techniques with well logs, biostratigraphy, and 3D regional seismic data obtained from several producing fields in the Coastal Swamp depobelt of the onshore Niger Delta Basin. This was targeted at establishing regional sequence stratigraphic and structural framework from well log correlation and seismic mapping so as to better define hydrocarbon leads. Well log correlation using stratigraphic bounding surfaces such as maximum flooding surfaces (MFSs) and sequence boundaries (SBs) indicates that the stratigraphic package was deposited within the Middle to Late Miocene (8.5 to 12.1 Ma) age. Recognized depositional sequences revealed differential thickening and thinning of the associated system tracts (lowstand system tract (LST), transgressive system tract (TST), and highstand system tract) (HST)). This observed stratal behavior has been attributed to the influence of syndepositional tectonic structures that characterize the Coastal Swamp depobelt, which lies within the extensional zone. Flattening of MFSs at various ages indicates observable basinward shift of the depositional center. The genetic units of LST and HST serve as good hydrocarbon reservoir whereas HST and TST constitutes mainly the source and seal packages rocks in the area. Structural interpretation revealed the occurrence of simple/faulted rollover anticline, collapsed crest, regional hanging wall and footwall, horst block, and subdetachment fault structural styles that constitute the key hydrocarbon entrapment mechanisms. Structural top maps show fault-dependent closures which dominate the extensional zone, which could form possible hydrocarbon leads and prospects that should be targeted during exploration studies for development.     

层序地层中的混合沉积作用及其控制因素

简要介绍了硅质碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积有关概念及混合沉积作用类型,分析了层序体系域中的混合沉积作用及其控制因素。总结认为,硅质碎屑与碳酸盐的混合沉积作用不仅发生在低水位体系域（LST）,而且其它各体系域中也都有不同程度的混合沉积现象,但混合沉积作用方式有差别：LST主要为源区混合,陆棚边缘体系域（SMT）和高水位体系域（HST）晚期以间断混合及相混合占优,海浸体系域（TST）早期以间断混合为主。综合研究显示,准层序一级的海平面变化型式差异可能是导致层序体系域混合沉积作用的主要因素,其中,LST、SMT、晚期HST的混合沉积作用分别与准层序一级海平面变化的幅度、速率、位置和持续时间有关,TST则受控于物源供给;先期地形、气候变化（含碳酸盐生产速率影响）或多或少对体系域的混合沉积作用有影响。此外,某些情况下层序体系域的混合沉积作用可能会受到局部构造活动影响,而层序组或超层序内层序体系域的混合沉积作用强弱及其旋回性变化可以提供脉动性区域构造活动信息。     

Tectono-stratigraphic evolution and hydrocarbon exploration in the Eocene Southern Lufeng Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

The structural evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the Southern Lufeng Depression in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea show two second-order sequences (SSQ1 and SSQ2) and nine third-order sequences (WSQ1-5 and ESQ1-4) within the Eocene rift-related successions. Based on integrated interpretations of seismic reflections, well logs and core data, five distinct tectono-stratigraphic patterns are identified: (1) the initial synrift-I sequence (WSQ1) of low tectonic subsidence, overfilled by alluvial fan or fan-delta deposits and volcanic deposits, with no clear systems tracts; (2) the climax synrift-I sequences (WSQ2–4) developed in response to rapid tectonic subsidence, generally consisting of a low-stand systems tract (LST), transgressive systems tract (TST) and high-stand systems tract (HST); (3) the late synrift-I sequence (WSQ5) characterised by a decreased tectonic subsidence rate, dominated by braided delta, deep and shallow lacustrine sediments, mainly constructed by TST and HST; (4) the early synrift-II sequences (ESQ1–2) rapidly filled by braided deltaic sandstone and mainly composed of TST and HST with less common LST units; and (5) the late synrift-II sequences (ESQ3–4), which are totally filled by braided deltaic system in a shallow-water lake setting, presenting typical imbricate clinoforms or sub-parallel seismic configurations, consisting of only TST and HST components. During the climax stage of synrift-I development, the depositional setting changed from a prominent shallow lake (WSQ2) to a deep-lucustrine with turbiditic deposits (WSQ3) and finally dominated by mostly braided deltaic-shallow lacustrine deposits (WSQ4); the HST occupies an increasing proportion from early to late. Furthermore, the stratigraphic patterns, especially LST units of the climax synrift-I stage, are significantly influenced by topographic variations and slope-break belt types in the hanging dip-slope. This study reveals that the spatial and temporal evolution of lacustrine depositional and stratigraphic patterns were significantly controlled by the interplay of tectonic subsidence and sediment supply, and provides a fundamental basis for predicting the favourable reservoirs and geometry of source rocks related to the general variability of Eocene rift-related tectonic subsidence in the Southern Lufeng Depression of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Furthermore, the topographic responses of differential active fault-stepped patterns associated with magma intrusions, highlight the variability of relevant sequence architectures in the hanging dip-slope in lacustrine rift basins.     

贝尔凹陷贝西斜坡南屯组层序特征及其油气成藏模式研究

运用层序地层学指导油气藏勘探,是目前油气勘探的热门课题和重要的发展方向之一。以层序地层学理论为指导,综合运用地震、测井、岩心等资料,采用井—震对比综合分析,波阻抗反演来验证的方法,在贝尔凹陷贝西斜坡南屯组中共识别出2个主要由扇三角洲—湖泊体系组成的三级层序:层序Ⅰ相当于南一段,层序Ⅱ相当于南二段。每个层序发育完整,分别由低水位体系域、水进体系域和高水位体系域组成。针对研究区目的层段所划分层序发育的特点,在层序地层单元划分和对比基础上,对不同类型层序格架内的沉积特征和层序地层模式进行了总结,并建立了相应的油气成藏模式。     

Tectono–sedimentary Evolution of the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin

The early stage of Sichuan Basin formation was controlled by the convergence of three major Chinese continental blocks during the Indosinian orogeny that include South China,North China,and Qiangtang blocks.Although the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation is assumed to represent the commencement of continental deposition in the Sichuan Basin,little research is available on the details of this particular stratum.Sequence stratigraphic analysis reveals that the Xujiahe Formation comprises four third-order depositional sequences.Moreover,two tectono-sedimentary evolution stages,deposition and denudation,have been identified.Typical wedge-shaped geometry revealed in a cross section of the southern Sichuan Basin normal to the Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt is displayed for the entire Xujiahe Formation.The depositional extent did not cover the Luzhou paleohigh during the LST1 to LST2 （LST,TST and HST mean Iowstand,transgressive and highstand systems tracts,1,2,3 and 4 represent depositional sequence 1,2,3 and 4）,deltaic and fluvial systems fed sediments from the Longmen Shan belt,Luzhou paleohigh,Hannan dome,and Daba Shan paleohigh into a foreland basin with a centrally located lake.The forebulge of the western Sichuan foreland basin was located southeast of the Luzhou paleohigh after LST2.According to the principle of nonmarine sequence stratigraphy and the lithology of the Xujiahe Formation,four thrusting events in the Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt were distinguished,corresponding to the basal boundaries of sequences 1,2,3,and 4.The northern Sichuan Basin was tilted after the deposition of sequence 3,inducing intensive erosion of sequences 3 and 4,and formation of wedge-shaped deposition geometry in sequence 4 from south to north.The tilting probably resulted from small-scale subduction and exhumation of the western South China block during the South and North China block collision.     

Miocene tidal-influenced sedimentation to continental Pliocene sedimentation in the forebulge–backbulge depozones of the Beni–Mamore foreland Basin (northern Bolivia)

Mio-Pliocene deposits of the forebulge–backbulge depozones of the Beni-Mamore foreland Basin indicate tidally to fluvially dominated sedimentation. Seven facies assemblages have been recognized: FAA–FAG. FAA represents a distal bottom lake assemblage, FAB and FAD are interpreted as tidal flat deposits, FAC and FAG are interpreted as fluvial systems, FAE sediments are deposited in a subtidal/shoreface setting, and FAG represents a meandering fluvial system. The identification of stratigraphic surfaces (SU, MFS, and MRS) and the relationship among the facies assemblages permit the characterization of several systems tracts: a falling-stage systems tract (FSST) followed by a lowstand systems tract (LST), a transgressive systems tract (TST), and a highstand systems tract (HST). The FSST and LST may have been controlled by the uplift of the Beni-Mamore forebulge, whereas TST may result from a quiescent stage in the forebulge. Subaerial unconformity two (SU2) records the passage from a tide-influenced depositional system to a fully continental depositional system. The Miocene tidal-influenced deposits in the Beni–Mamore Basin suggest that it experienced a connection, either with the South Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea or both.     

准噶尔盆地腹部地区中部4区块层序地层分析

中部4区块位于准噶尔盆地腹部的昌吉凹陷,侏罗纪时堆积了浅水辫状三角洲相粗粒砂砾岩与深水湖泊相泥岩沉积,这些沉积在D2井区显示出多个明显的旋回.根据沉积相序变化、准层序叠加样式、测井曲线特征,通过伴生的低水位域底界面的识别及附近的超失、削截特征分析,仔细追踪和查明了10条关键层序界面,划分出9个三级层序,识别出低水位、湖进和高水位体系域.由于处于关键坡折带的下倾方向,每个层序均具有完整的三分结构,年限平均约5Ma,共识别出27个体系域,准层序组62个,准层序148个.单个层序厚度平均209.3m,单个准层序组平均厚30.4m,单个准层序平均厚13.0m.