血管腔内支架成形术治疗上腔静脉综合征

目的:探讨血管内支架置入治疗上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的临床价值。方法:采用经皮穿刺股静脉插管的方法对15例上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)患者行上腔静脉狭窄段球囊扩张,并置入"Z"形不锈钢裸支架。术前常规行上腔静脉CTA了解病变位置、范围、狭窄程度及管径大小。结果:15例患者均一次成功共置入支架16枚,上腔静脉血流恢复通畅。临床症状3～7 d内显著改善。随访3～12个月后患者因原发病死亡时亦无阻塞症状复发。结论:血管内支架治疗SVCS是一种有效的姑息治疗方法,但为了进一步延长这类患者的生存期,提高生存质量,需重视原发病本身的治疗。     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的血管内支架及溶栓治疗

目的 探讨上腔静脉内支架置入及局部溶栓治疗原发性肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征（SVCS）的临床价值。材料与方法 采用经皮穿刺股静脉插管的方法对15例肺癌合并SVCS患者分别向狭窄的上静脉置入1枚直径10－14mm、长60－80mm的镍钛记忆合金支架,其中5例经导管注入尿激酶30－42万U局部溶栓治疗。结果 15例支架置入一次成功,上腔静脉血流恢复通畅。14例患者SVCS症状很快消除;1例合并血栓者经局部溶栓治疗后症状显著改善,随访3个月－5年,6例患者成活3个月－3年,无复发;5例患者术后4个月－2年因肺癌死亡时亦无复发。4例患者术后短期内复发支架内血栓阻塞,经局部溶栓治疗后症状显著改善。结论 血管内支架治疗肺癌合并SVCS是一种有效的姑息治疗方法,及时局部溶栓治疗是防止近期复发的良好手段,为了延长这类患者的生存期,必须重视肺癌本身的治疗。     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨经皮血管内支架植入联合肿瘤供血动脉化疗栓塞治疗肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的方法及临床价值。方法28例肺癌合并上腔静脉阻塞患者,经螺旋CT和静脉造影明确诊断,以阻塞远侧静脉压大于22mmHg为支架植入适应证,支架植入前明确伴有继发血栓形成患者行抗凝及溶栓治疗,经肘前静脉或股静脉入路,先行狭窄部位球囊扩张术,然后在上腔静脉和头臂静脉狭窄段植入支架,支架植入前后联合支气管动脉栓塞化疗。结果28例患者成功植入支架30枚,3例支架内继发急性血栓形成,经过保留导管溶栓治疗成功溶解血栓,2例术后出现肺栓塞,经过血栓抽吸 抗凝溶栓治疗症状缓解,1例3个月后上腔静脉综合征复发,再次植入1枚支架后上腔静脉重新开通,其余病例在生存期内支架保持通畅。结论上腔静脉支架植入联合支气管动脉栓塞化疗治疗肺癌所致上腔静脉综合征,缓解症状迅速有效、微创、并发症较少,可以明显提高患者的生存质量。     

血管内支架联合~(125)I条植入治疗恶性上腔静脉阻塞综合征的初步探讨

目的探讨"双股静脉"入路血管内支架联合~(125)I粒子条植入治疗恶性上腔静脉阻塞综合征的方法及临床价值。方法对2017年1月～2018年1月在我科应用血管内支架联合~(125)I粒子条治疗的10例恶性肿瘤所致的上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者进行回顾性分析。采用一侧股静脉入路植入血管内支架,对侧股静脉入路释放粒子条,利用血管内支架的张力将~(125)I粒子条固定在上腔静脉内壁上。对血管内支架通畅性,症状缓解率,患者的生存和预后进行分析。结果上腔静脉血管内支架和粒子条植入技术成功率100%,SVC症状缓解率98%,血管内支架即刻通畅率96%。患者中位生存期(8个月),随访期3～8个月内血管通畅率98%。结论经"双股静脉入路"血管内支架联合~(125)I粒子条植入治疗恶性肿瘤引起的上腔静脉阻塞,具有扩张血管和抑制肿瘤生长的双重作用。     

经皮经腔内支架成形术治疗上腔静脉综合征

目的 总结经皮经腔介入内支架成形术治疗上腔静脉综合征的经验，并评价其疗效。方法 使用西门子1200mAC形臂机，采用“Z”形不锈钢裸支架，对15例上腔静脉综合征患者行经皮经腔介入治疗。释放支架使用RUPS－10014鞘及90cm长鞘。15例中男12例，女3例，年龄54－72岁，平均63岁。12例为中心型肺癌，2例为转移瘤，1例为恶性胸腺瘤。13例经右颈静脉入路，2例经右股静脉入路。并对其中13例行支气管动脉灌注化疗。结果 15例患者14例置入支架15枚，1例失败，2例并发血栓形成。无死亡及其他严重并发症。11例术后24h内症状缓解，1周内症状基本消失。结论 内支架治疗上腔静脉综合征安全有效，可以明显延长患者生存时间。     

血管内支架置入治疗Budd-Chiari综合征(附89例分析)

目的：探讨血管内支架置入治疗各型Budd-chiari综合征疗效及长期随访结果。方法：97例Budd-chiari综合征病人采用经股静脉、左颈静脉或经皮经肝途径施行下腔静脉或肝静脉的球囊扩张或内支架置入。结果：96例病人治疗获得成功。89例经平均2年7个月（3个月-5年）的随访，采用彩超或重复下腔静脉造影评价内支架开通情况，显示87例的下腔静脉内径保持在18.0-22.mm（平均19.5mm）。2例病人下腔静脉内径小于12.0mm且伴有轻微症状。结论：血管内支架置入治疗Budd-chiari综合征疗效显著，支架可保持长期开通。     

支架治疗上腔静脉综合征32例疗效分析

目的:评价支架治疗上腔静脉综合征的疗效。方法:经股静脉造影确诊32例肿瘤患者并发上腔静脉综合征,然后在上腔静脉、无名静脉狭窄段植入支架治疗。结果:32例造影均显示静脉血流恢复,术后患者上腔静脉梗阻症状缓解。结论:支架植入治疗上腔静脉综合征安全有效,并发症少,能有效提高患者生活质量。     

肺癌致上腔静脉梗阻介入治疗的疗效评价

目的探讨经血管内支架置入术联合经皮肺¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入治疗肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(superior vena cava syndrome,SVCS)的临床疗效。方法选取2016年1月~2018年12月我院收治的31例SVCS患者临床资料,均行内支架置入术后序贯经皮肺¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入。结果31例患者一次性血管内支架置入成功率为100%,即刻造影均显示病变段上腔静脉(SVC)血流通畅,管径扩大;术中、术后患者无严重并发症(上腔静脉破裂、症状性肺动脉栓塞);术后症状、体征完全缓解19例,部分缓解12例,无效0例;¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入术后,完全缓解0例,部分缓解26例,疾病稳定5例,进展0例;¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入后放射性肺损伤、放射性食管炎发生率分别为32.3%、19.4%,未发生Ⅲ级及以上不良反应。结论经血管内支架置入术联合经皮肺¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入治疗肺癌所致SVCS临床缓解率高、见效快、安全性高。     

姑息性内支架置入术治疗累及右心房的恶性下腔静脉阻塞

目的 探讨右心房及下腔静脉内联合置入内支架治疗累及右心房的恶性下腔静脉狭窄的安全性与疗效。方法 5例男性晚期肝癌患者，年龄42－65岁，平均56．3岁，肿瘤侵及下腔静脉和右心房下腔静脉入口引起下腔静脉阻塞，产生肝肿大，腹水，下肢水肿等症状和体征，选用Z形自膨胀不锈 内支架，长度7．5－10.0cm，直径2．5cm，将其部分置入右心房，大部分置入下腔静脉，以开通阻塞的下腔静脉，心腔段内支架置入长度1－3cm，结果 内支架均置入成功，阻塞的下腔静脉全部开通，患者下腔静脉阻塞症状和体征均明显减轻或消失，随访67－188天，下腔静脉阻塞症状未见复发，也无与内支架入有关的心脏并发症，结论 对累及右心房的恶性下腔静脉狭窄采用右心房和下腔静脉联合内支架置入术是一种安全，有效的治疗方法。     

恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉压迫综合征的介入治疗

目的：探讨采用介入方法治疗恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉阻塞综合征（SVCS）的疗效及临床意义。方法：24例上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者,经右侧股静脉入路,以猪尾巴导管于狭窄段近端或远端造影,明确狭窄部位、长度、程度,无局部血栓形成者直接置入Wallstent支架（Boston Scientific,USA）,合并血栓病例留置溶栓导管局部溶栓后再置入支架。结果：24例全部开通成功,手术成功率100%,狭窄段平均长度4.6 cm（3～7 cm）。3例置入2枚支架,其余患者均置入1枚支架。9例在支架置入前行溶栓治疗。开通前后梗阻远侧卧位测静脉压,术前（27.3±1.8）cmH2O,术后降至（4.5±0.8）cmH2O,置入支架后造影示侧支静脉完全消失,上腔静脉阻塞症状于术后即刻至术后3 d完全消退。随访8～26个月,11例术后5～10个月内死亡,13例存活,所有病例上腔静脉阻塞症状未再复发。结论：上腔静脉支架置入术联合导管局部溶栓是治疗恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉阻塞综合征有效的微创治疗方法。     

上腔静脉综合征支架植入术后并发症分析

目的 探讨上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)支架植入术的并发症及其影响因素,以便制定合理的预防和处理措施.方法 对39例不同原因所致的SVCS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.39例患者均行静脉造影,明确上腔静脉狭窄位置、程度、范围,然后行上腔静脉支架植入术.支架植入后以狭窄程度<50%或狭窄程度减少20%以上,同时患者症状在治疗后短期缓解作为支架植入有效的标准,观察术后并发症情况.结果 39例共植入支架40枚.术后35例患者症状明显好转,有效率89.7%(35/39).6例发生并发症,发生率15.4%,其中1例因术后化疗有效、病变缩小致支架移位,症状未加重而未予处理;1例因未抗凝等后续治疗导致血栓形成,后行溶栓及放射治疗致支架移位,患者自动出院;1例因植入大网眼Gianturco Z形支架,肿瘤向网眼内生长导致再狭窄,患者自动出院;急性肺梗死及急性右心功能不全各1例,内科保守治疗后症状缓解;急性心包积液1例,急诊行心包抽液后症状缓解.结论 SVCS支架植入术并发症种类较多,部分后果严重.需根据病因选择合适的治疗方法和合适的支架型号,术中操作轻柔仔细,重视术后处理等方能有效减少并发症.     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征继发病变类型及介入治疗CT研究

目的探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)继发病变CT表现类型及介入治疗价值。方法病理确诊肺癌致SVCS51例,其中7例行上腔静脉(SVC)支架植入术,回顾分析上腔静脉梗阻程度、继发病变CT表现及支架植入术后CT表现的变化,并作统计分析。结果(1)继发病变CT表现:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例、单纯胸壁肿胀12例、二者均有16例、二者均无9例,肺癌致SVCS时上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,胸部侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。肺癌致SVCS时血栓形成(或癌栓)7例。(2)上腔静脉支架植入术后CT表现的变化:7例成功行此治疗后CT示上腔静脉通畅,侧枝循环和胸壁水肿减退。结论肺癌致SVCS继发病变包括侧枝循环建立与开放、胸壁肿胀、上腔静脉梗阻端血栓形成,前二者CT表现与梗阻程度有关,且有助于判断支架植入术近期疗效。     

Superior vena cava syndrome associated with massive thrombosis: treatment with expandable wire stents

Two patients with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) associated with massive thrombosis were treated by means of local thrombolytic therapy and placement of modified Gianturco expandable wire stents. Treatment resulted in complete resolution of the SVCS symptoms. The combination of local thrombolytic therapy and stent placement allows a more aggressive approach to treatment of SVCS and provides longer-term palliation of symptoms even for patients with later stages of the disease.     

Percutaneous treatment of superior vena cava syndrome using metallic stents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of treatment of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) in patients with benign and malignant disease using expandable metallic stent. From January 1995 to April 2000, 87 expandable stents were implanted in 82 patients (59 men, 23 women; mean age 57.8 years, age range 39–79 years) for the treatment of SVCS. The SVCS was defined as symptomatic bilateral obstruction of venous drainage from head, neck and upper extremities. In 68 patients SVCS was due to malignant neoplasia, and in 14 cases it was due to benign aetiology. All patients were treated with expandable stent. We implanted 81 Wallstent prostheses and 6 Palmaz stents. Adjuvant thrombolysis was applied in 12 patients who required fibrinolysis. After recanalization, the stent was implanted in all cases in SVC (infra- or supra-azygos vein). All patients were treated with heparin of low molecular weight (HBPM) during 6 months. Patency was analyzed according to clinical symptoms and Doppler US or venograms exploration. Technical success was observed in all cases. Clinical success was reached in 78 of 82 patients (95.1%) (absence of symptoms in 2 or 3 days). Four patients suffered immediate thrombosis which required fibrinolitic treatment with a new prosthesis placement in 1 case. The follow-up for the malignant process was of 7.1 months (range 1–39 months) and in benign cases was 31.2 months (range 11–61 months). Sixty-two (91.1%) patients with malignancy died without SVCS symptomatology. All the patients with benign pathology are alive. Clinical primary patency in malignant cases was 87% with assisted patency of 96.2%. Endovascular therapy using metallic stent and thrombolysis is a successful method to treat SVCS due to benign or malignant aetiology. Electronic Publication     

Gianturco-Rösch expandable Z-stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome

Gianturco-Rösch expandable Z-stents were used in 22 patients with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Stents were placed in all patients in the SVC and in 17 patients, also into the innominate veins. Stent placement resulted in complete relief of symptoms in all patients. Twenty-one patients had no SVCS recurrence from 1 to 16 months, to their death, or to the present time. SVCS recurred only in 1 patient 9 months after stent placement due to tumor ingrowth and secondary thrombosis. Based on ours and on other reported experiences, expandable metallic stents are effective devices for treatment of the SVCS which is difficult to manage by other means.     

Fatal Pericardial Tamponade After Superior Vena Cava Stenting

We discuss a fatal complication of percutaneous superior vena cava (SVC) self-expandable stent placement in a patient with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). The SVCS was caused by a malignant mediastinal mass with total occlusion of the SVC. Twenty-four hours after the procedure, the patient died of a hemopericardial tamponade. In the literature, only seven cases have been described with this life-threatening complication. Patients with a necrotic tumor mass are more likely to develop this complication. Knowledge of this complication may increase patient survival.     

Gianturco self-expanding stents: Clinical experience in the vena cava and large veins

Twenty-five patients with stenosis of the vena cava (21) and other large veins (4) have been treated with self-expanding Gianturco metallic stents. Eighteen patients had superior vena cava syndrome. In 17, the stricture was due to malignant superior vena cava compression recurrent after maximum tolerance radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. In 16 of these patients there was early symptomatic relief. In 1 patient with a benign posttraumatic superior vena cava stricture, the stenosis was not relieved, and occlusion occurred after 1 month. Stenoses associated with dialysis shunts were relieved in 2 other patients. Two malignant and one benign inferior vena cava stenoses were relieved either until death, or in the benign case, for 30 months. One malignant subclavian vein obstruction occluded after 24 h due to stent misplacement and another with extrinsic mediastinal compression remained patent until death, extensive thrombus having been lysed prior to stent placement. The results of this short series suggest that the Gianturco self-expanding stent in the vena cava and large veins is easy and safe to place, and in most cases produces almost immediate palliation of the distressing effects of venous obstruction, often in a preterminal and inoperable patient.