人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层的制备

背景：极小胚胎样干细胞是近年来发现的一种具有类似胚胎干细胞生物学特性的非造血干细胞,但对其体外培养扩增的方法报道极少。有研究推测,人胚胎成纤维细胞能为人骨髓极小胚胎样干细胞体外培养扩增提供良好的微环境。 目的：从人胚胎躯干中分离、培养人胚胎成纤维细胞,制备人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层用于人骨髓极小胚胎样干细胞的培养。 方法：利用胰酶消化法从孕5-9周龄人胚胎躯干中分离培养人胚胎成纤维细胞。制作饲养层,使用不同浓度丝裂霉素C处理后,用于培养分选后的人骨髓极小胚胎样干细胞,以细胞形态、生长曲线作为胚胎成纤维细胞和饲养层的评价指标。 结果与结论：从人胚胎中成功分离培养出人胚胎成纤维细胞,该细胞可传代24代以上,且经过传代及冻存复苏后生物学特性无改变。丝裂酶素C低于12 mg/L时,人胚胎成纤维细胞增殖不能完全抑制;高于14 mg/L,人胚胎成纤维细胞可能死亡。12 mg/L丝裂霉素C作用3 h后能较好地抑制人胚胎成纤维细胞的增殖,并且保持其活力约2周,可以在很长一段时间内用作人骨髓极小胚胎样干细胞的饲养层。     

人胚胎成纤维细胞对人胚胎干细胞生长的作用

目的：比较人和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞对人胚胎干细胞生长的作用,为胚胎干细胞定向诱导各系统细胞应用于临床,消除异种蛋白污染打下基础。方法：分别采用人胚胎成纤维细胞和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞为饲养层细胞,支持人受精卵的培养,观察其增殖和分化情况。结果：人和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞分别加入白血病抑制因子（hLIF）均能很好支持人胚胎干细胞生长增殖,并保持未分化状态。结论：完全可以使用人胚胎成纤维细胞支持人胚胎干细胞增殖,消除异种蛋白污染的可能性,为胚胎干细胞定向诱导分化发育应用于临床打下坚实基础。     

小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的分离培养及饲养层制备

背景:建立一种既可以大量制备,又易于保存并保持较高活性的饲养层细胞是人胚胎干细胞培养研究的重要环节。目的:建立昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的最佳分离培养方法,评价其用于人胚胎干细胞饲养层研究的可行性。方法:用不同浓度胰蛋白酶分步消化法体外分离和培养昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,观察其生物学特性,制备胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层,检测人胚胎干细胞在饲养层上培养的生长状态。结果与结论:制备昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层的最佳胎龄为13.5 d。不同浓度胰蛋白酶分步消化法制备的胚胎成纤维细胞生长状态好,获得的成纤维细胞纯度高,增殖活跃。冻存2周,1,3,6个月内复苏的细胞存活率差异无显著性意义。小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞在第2-4代增殖旺盛,第5代以后细胞增殖活力明显下降。人胚胎干细胞在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞长期传代后呈典型的未分化形态,碱性磷酸酶和过碘酸-雪夫染色均为阳性。结果表明建立的昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层分离培养法可为人胚胎干细胞扩增提供稳定、优质的饲养层细胞。     

人胚胎成纤维细胞对人胚胎生殖细胞生长的作用

目的：研究人胚胎成纤维细胞对人胚胎生殖细胞（EG细胞）生长的作用。方法：采用组织块体外培养法体外培养人EG细胞,不添加任何细胞因子,利用源于胚胎组织自身的成纤维细胞作为饲养层,收集培养3d和9d的上清液,用抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法定量检测其白血病抑制因子（LIF）、干细胞生长因子（SCF）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）的含量。培养的细胞用免疫细胞化学法进行SSEA-3、OCT-4的检测。结果：培养9d的上清液中3种因子均含量为LIF55．25pg／ml、SCF90．39pg／ml、bFGF26．06pg／ml．均高于培养3d相应的平均含量。培养的细胞SSEA-3、OC-4呈强阳性表达。结论：上清液中LIF、SCF和bFGF的含量与胚胎成纤维细胞的生长呈正比,胚胎成纤维细胞能分泌这些细胞因子,以维持EG细胞体外增殖并抑制其分化。     

高效制备昆明鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层

背景：小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞作为饲养层是胚胎干细胞培养最常用的方法,能有效抑制胚胎干细胞分化并促进其增殖,但其制备过程繁琐,工作量大,准备周期长。 目的：探索建立小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层简单、高效的培养体系。 方法：取13.5 d胎龄胎鼠用改良组织块法及简化酶消化法分离培养原代成纤维细胞,倒置显微镜下观察不同方法培养的原代和传代鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的生长形态、结构及细胞数量变化。收集鼠胚胎成纤维细胞进行冻存,复苏后细胞经不同浓度作用时间的丝裂霉素C处理,制备饲养层。 结果与结论：两种简化方法培养的原代鼠胚胎成纤维细胞生长状态良好,得到高效优质足量细胞,操作过程简单,省去了多次消化、离心、细胞计数等繁琐操作,均适宜于鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的原代培养。简化复苏法复苏后的细胞,按其生长汇合情况,以丝裂霉素C 10 mg/L作用1.5~2.0 h或1 mg/L培养过夜,省时并可获得细胞生长状态最佳的饲养层。     

人胚胎干细胞饲养层的制备及生物学活性

背景：建立一种既可以大量制备,又能保存并保持较高活性的饲养层是胚胎干细胞培养研究不可缺少的环节。 目的：体外分离培养、冻存复苏ICR小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,观察其生物学特性。 方法：取ICR小鼠13.5 d胚胎,用胰蛋白酶分步消化法分离培养小鼠成纤维细胞,对冻存复苏后的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞形态、生长曲线、贴壁率、细胞化学染色及支持人胚胎干细胞生长特性等进行观察。 结果与结论：复苏后的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞在体外传代30 min时80%以上细胞贴壁,生长曲线显示细胞增殖活跃,细胞化学染色AKP、PAS、POX阴性,能长期支持人胚胎干细胞传代生长。提示此方法所获得的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞复苏后有较高的生物学活性,可为人胚胎干细胞扩增提供稳定、优质的饲养层细胞。     

人胚胎生殖细胞在人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上的生长

目的探讨以人胚胎成纤维细胞为饲养层分离、培养人胚胎生殖细胞的方法和条件。方法分离、培养3～4月胚胎成纤维细胞,取3～15代细胞经丝裂酶素处理后铺板备用;分离6．11周胚胎原始生殖细胞,将其置于人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上,在含生长因子、分化抑制因子的培养体系中培养胚胎生殖细胞;用免疫细胞化学方法检测胚胎生殖细胞表面标志SSEA-1和SSEA-4;钙-钴法检测碱性磷酸酶活性;RT-PCR检测转录因子Oct-4的表达。结果人胚胎成纤维细胞可连续传代25代以上(6月),3～15代细胞可以用作饲养层细胞。分离的胚胎生殖细胞在饲养层上可增殖形成典型胚胎生殖细胞集落,并能连续在体外培养超过8代。集落未分化标志检测显示SSEA—1、SSEA-4呈阳性,碱性磷酸酶活性呈强阳性,Oct-4表达阳性。结论用人胚胎成纤维细胞作为饲养层能获得可连续增殖的胚胎生殖细胞。     

昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞分离培养及应用

目的探讨昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞培养及应用。方法取昆明小鼠胚胎分离成纤维细胞,用丝裂霉素C处理成纤维细胞为胚胎干细胞制备饲养层,消化贴壁成纤维细胞为核移植提供供体细胞。结果13.5d、14.5d、15.5d孕鼠均可分离出成纤维细胞,14.5d孕鼠制作的成纤维细胞形态规则,3-5代成纤维细胞经处理可作饲养层,可作核移植供体细胞。结论昆明小鼠可分离成纤维细胞,用于饲养层制作及核移植供体细胞。     

C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞生物学特性及饲养层制备

背景：昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞是目前最常用的饲养层细胞,C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞作为饲养层的研究鲜有报道。目的：体外分离和培养C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,制备饲养层,力求扩大小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的来源。方法：用不同浓度胰蛋白酶分步消化法体外分离和培养C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,观察其生物学特性,研究其生长规律,并制备小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层,检测干细胞在所制备饲养层上的生长状态。结果与结论：不同浓度胰蛋白酶分步消化法制备的C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞生长状态好,获得的成纤维细胞数量多,增殖活跃。在细胞冻存后1,2周、1,3,6个月内复苏的细胞存活率差异无显著性意义。C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞在第2-5代增殖旺盛,第6代以后细胞增殖出现明显下降。种植到培养皿上的C57BL/6小鼠饲养层细胞在种植后3 d内活力高,种植4 d以后细胞活力急剧下降。所以C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞来源的饲养层的最佳使用时间为灭活后3 d内,C57BL/6小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层和昆明小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层一样,能很好地支持胚胎干细胞及诱导多能干细胞生长。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

酸性成纤维细胞生长因子与胚胎干细胞的造血分化

背景：有研究表明,在卵黄囊造血、胎肝造血和胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化过程中,酸性成纤维细胞生长因子可强烈表达。 目的：探讨酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对小鼠胚胎干细胞造血分化的作用,在拟胚体培养阶段施加酸性成纤维细胞生长因子,验证酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对造血形成细胞产生的调控作用。 方法：培养小鼠胚胎干细胞,将饲养层上生长状态良好的小鼠胚胎干细胞用胰酶消化成单个细胞后,利用悬滴法制备拟胚体,拟胚体继续悬浮培养,以1,2和5 μg/L酸性成纤维细胞生长因子分别培养3,5,7,9 d,通过免疫荧光法检测胚胎干细胞与拟胚体中酸性成纤维细胞生长因子的表达,流式细胞术检测Flk-1⁺与CD133⁺阳性细胞率。 结果与结论：酸性成纤维细胞生长因子在拟胚体中呈阳性表达。在5 μg/L酸性成纤维细胞生长因子作用下,Flk-1⁺细胞随时间增加表达增加,CD133⁺细胞表达模式与Flk-1⁺细胞类似。在1 μg/L时,Flk-1⁺细胞在7 d时表达达到高峰,随后下降。CD133⁺细胞表达结果类似。而在2 μg/L时,5 d时Flk-1⁺细胞表达升高,随后下降,在9 d时表达又增高。而CD133⁺细胞则总体呈现升高趋势。酸性成纤维细胞生长因子可促进Flk-1⁺与CD133⁺细胞的产生,证明酸性成纤维细胞生长因子能够有效促进拟胚体的扩增以及成血管血液干细胞的产生与增殖。     

Secreted proteoglycans directly mediate human embryonic stem cell-basic fibroblast growth factor 2 interactions critical for proliferation

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state if the culture medium is first conditioned on a layer of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells. Here we show that human ES cell proliferation is coordinated by MEF-secreted heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in conditioned medium (CM). These HSPG and other heparinoids can stabilize basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in unconditioned medium at levels comparable to those observed in CM. They also directly mediate binding of FGF2 to the human ES cell surface, and their removal from CM impairs proliferation. Finally, we have developed a purification scheme for MEF-secreted HSPG in CM. Using column chromatography, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, we have identified multiple HSPG species in CM. The results demonstrate that HSPG are key signaling cofactors in CM-based human ES cell culture.     

Human placenta feeder layers support undifferentiated growth of primate embryonic stem cells

Various undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells can grow on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. However, the risk of zoonosis from animal feeders to human ES cells generally excludes the clinical use of these human ES cells. We have found that human placenta is a useful source of feeder cells for the undifferentiated growth of primate ES cells. As on MEF feeders, primate ES cells cultured on human amniotic epithelial (HAE) feeder cells and human chorionic plate (HCP) cells had undifferentiated growth. The cultured primate ES cells expressed Oct-4, alkaline phosphatase, and SSEA-4. The primate ES cells on HAE feeder cells produced typical immature teratomas in vivo after injection into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Human placenta is quite novel and important because it would provide a relatively available source of feeders for the growth of human ES cells for therapeutic purposes that are also free of ethical complications.     

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colonies of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells: a model for processes involved in gastrulation

Rhesus monkey embryonic stem (rhES) cells were grown on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder layers for up to 10 days to form multilayered colonies. Within this period, stem cell colonies differentiated transiently into complex structures with a disc-like morphology. These complex colonies were characterized by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and marker mRNA expression to identify processes of epithelialization as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and pattern formation. Typically, differentiated colonies were comprised of an upper and a lower ES cell layer, the former growing on top of the layer of MEF cells whereas the lower ES cell layer spread out underneath the MEF cells. Interestingly, in the central part of the colonies, a roundish pit developed. Here the feeder layer disappeared, and upper layer cells seemed to ingress and migrate through the pit downward to form the lower layer while undergoing a transition from the epithelial to the mesenchymal phenotype, which was indicated by the loss of the marker proteins E-cadherin and ZO-1 in the lower layer. In support of this, we found a concomitant 10-fold upregulation of the gene Snail2, which is a key regulator of the EMT process. Conversion of epiblast to mesoderm was also indicated by the regulated expression of the mesoderm marker Brachyury. An EMT is a characteristic process of vertebrate gastrulation. Thus, these rhES cell colonies may be an interesting model for studies on some basic processes involved in early primate embryogenesis and may open new ways to study the regulation of EMT in vitro.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor activates ERK and induces c-fos in human embryonic stem cell line MizhES1

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells can be maintained in a proliferative undifferentiated state in vitro by growing them on feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells along with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2). To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the requirement of bFGF in human ES cells, we investigated expression of FGF receptors and intracellular signaling events in response to bFGF in human ES cell line MizhES1. On the basis of the results of RT-PCR, clear expression of FGF receptors FGFR1, FGR2, and FGFR3 was noticed. Because MAPK, PI3K, and PKC pathways are well-known pathways triggered by bFGF in other cells, these pathways were investigated after stimulation with bFGF. bFGF did not induce activation of PI3K or PKC, but induced activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). To monitor the consequences of ERK activation, we examined expression of the immediate early gene c-fos, one downstream target of the MEK1/ERK pathway. mRNA and protein levels of the c-fos gene were increased by bFGF. Induction of c-Fos was dependent on MEKl. Therefore, it is likely that bFGF contributes to maintenance of human ES cells, at least in part, through the MEK1/ERK pathway.     

Establishment of human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen-thawed blastocysts using STO cell feeder layers

BACKGROUND: Recently, human embryonic stem (hES) cells have become very important resources for basic research on cell replacement therapy and other medical applications. The purpose of this study was to test whether pluripotent hES cell lines could be successfully derived from frozen-thawed embryos that were destined to be discarded after 5 years in a routine human IVF-embryo transfer programme and whether an STO cell feeder layer can be used for the culture of hES cells. METHODS: Donated frozen embryos (blastocysts or pronuclear) were thawed, and recovered or in vitro developed blastocysts were immunosurgically treated. All inner cell masses were cultured continuously on an STO cell feeder layer and then presumed hES cell colonies were characterized. RESULTS: Seven and two cell lines were established from frozen-thawed blastocysts (7/20, 35.0%) and pronuclear stage embryos (2/20, 10.0%), respectively. The doubling time of hES cells on the immortal STO cell feeder layer was approximately 36 h, similar to that of cells grown using fresh mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder conditions. Subcultured hES cell colonies showed strong positive immunostaining for alkaline phosphatase, stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) and tumour rejection antigen 1-60 (TRA1-60) cell surface markers. Also, the hES colonies retained normal karyotypes and Oct-4 expression in prolonged subculture. When in vitro differentiation of hES cells was induced by retinoic acid, three embryonic germ layer cells were identified by RT-PCR or indirect immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that establishment of hES cells from frozen-thawed blastocysts minimizes the ethical problem associated with the use of human embryos in research and that the STO cell feeder layer can be used for the culture of hES cells.     

Embryonic stem cells

Stem cells are unique cell populations with the ability to choose between self-renewal and differentiation. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to form any fully differentiated cell of the body. To date, only three species of mammals have yielded long-term cultures of self-renewing ES cells- mice, monkeys, and humans. These cells have some special requirements to maintain their undifferentiated state in culture, e.g., presence of feeder cells, serum, or cytokines. Many scientific studies have tried to manipulate the growth and differentiation conditions with varied success. Studies of development in model systems, such as mice help our efforts to manipulate human stem cells in vitro. Data are now emerging that ES cells can be directed toward lineage-specific differentiation programs. On the basis of this property, it is likely that human ES cells will provide a useful differentiation culture system to study the mechanisms of human development. Recent advances in culturing ES cells and success in exploiting their pluripotency brings great hope for using human ES cell-based reparative therapy in future.     

子宫内膜基质细胞作为饲养层培养人胚原始生殖细胞

目的探讨子宫内膜基质细胞作为饲养细胞培养人胚原始生殖细胞的可能。方法从5—9周人胚胎生殖嵴、中肾嵴、肠系膜中消化分离原始生殖细胞(PGCs),种植于经丝裂霉素c处理的人子宫内膜基质细胞饲养层上培养。结果PGCs可以在体外培养3个多月,传14代。这样培养的PGCs表达胚胎干细胞的多种标志,如碱性磷酸酶染色、SSEA和TRA抗原等。另外细胞保持正常的染色体核型。结论人子宫内膜基质细胞可以作为饲养细胞在体外培养人胚原始生殖细胞,保持未分化状态。