催化裂化烟气轮机级叶栅内气固两相运动特性的数值研究

基于欧拉-拉格朗日模型,对催化裂化烟气轮机叶栅内烟气流动特性进行数值研究.采用可压缩流体的k-ε双方程湍流模型,对流道内压力、温度、速度以及水蒸气含量变化进行研究;研究结果表明:级叶栅流道低压区会导致超音速流动,增加流动的不均匀性;二次流使5μm颗粒向动叶压力面底部移动,且压力面处分子黏度大、温度低,易造成颗粒沉积结垢;10μm以上大颗粒容易造成叶顶出气边磨损.模拟结果为烟气轮机长周期安全运行提供理论基础.     

燃气透平静叶微颗粒碰撞和沉积特性的数值分析

基于拉格朗日颗粒追踪模型及El-Batsh和Haselbacher等提出的微颗粒沉积模型并结合燃气轮机透平静叶实际运行参数,为研究PM2.5等微颗粒在透平静叶的碰撞和沉积特性,通过计算流体CFD方法,对不同直径的微颗粒横掠透平静叶进行颗粒运动轨迹追踪和沉积情况分析。模拟结果表明:颗粒直径0.1~5.0μm时,碰撞率随颗粒直径的增大而增大,黏附率随着颗粒直径的增大反而减少,沉积率随着颗粒直径的增大先增大后减少;颗粒直径为0.1μm时,在叶片背面和压力面都有碰撞和沉积,直径为1.0和2.5μm时,沉积和碰撞大都发生在压力面后半部分和前驻点附近,直径为5.0μm时,沉积大都发生在压力面前半部分。     

矩形冷却通道内超临界RP-3航空煤油对流传热数值研究

对超临界压力下RP-3航空煤油在内截面宽为4mm、高为4mm、固体壁面厚为1mm、加热段长度为500mm的水平矩形冷却通道内的对流传热特性进行了数值模拟研究。分析了通道内速度场的分布规律,讨论了热流密度、压力、进口温度对传热的影响。计算结果表明:当主流温度处于拟临界温度附近时,流体物性参数变化剧烈,导致传热系数降低,传热出现恶化。在超临界压力下,较低的热流密度、增大压力、降低进口流体温度或提高质量流速均有利于改善冷却通道内的传热性能。     

微米沙尘高温气-粒两相流平板沉积特性研究

基于微米沙尘高温弹塑性碰撞理论及沙尘-壁面碰撞沉积模型和两相流理论,研究了不同温度下1~5 μm沙尘与镍基单晶材料壁面碰撞沉积特性,分析了气流流动特性、颗粒运动轨迹和碰撞沉积结果等,研究了粒径和温度对微米沙尘碰撞率、沉积率和捕捉率的影响。结果表明：微米沙尘在通道输送过程中不同出口位置处运动轨迹差异较大;温度为1 323 K时,直径1~5 μm沙尘碰撞率随粒径减小而减小,1 μm沙尘沉积率和捕捉率最大,分别为37.86%和6.049%,2 μm以上沙尘沉积率和捕捉率相对较小;直径1 μm沙尘在1 273,1 323和1 343 K 3种温度下沉积率和捕捉率随温度升高而增大。     

喷枪结构对低温超音速火焰喷涂颗粒飞行特性的影响

建立了低温超音速火焰喷涂传热和流动模型,对喷涂过程的焰流和颗粒的运动加热历程进行了模拟分析.研究了三种不同结构的喷枪对焰流速度与温度分布、不同粒径颗粒飞行特性的影响.模拟结果表明,粒径为20μm的Cu颗粒在撞击基板时能达到临界速度,且温度低于熔点,有利于沉积并减少了颗粒氧化;枪管的扩张率对喷涂颗粒的速度影响不大,而对颗粒温度的影响较大;延长扩张段的长度代替平直枪管有利于在保证颗粒速度的同时提高颗粒的温度.     

微小颗粒横掠圆管的数值分析

利用拉格朗日粒子随机追踪模型以及El-Batsh 和Haselbacher提出的粒子沉积模型,对飞灰颗粒横掠管束时的运动轨迹和沉积特性进行了数值研究,获得了管束排布方式以及粒子直径对飞灰颗粒运动轨迹及沉积分布的影响。结果表明：当颗粒的直径小到一定程度时,管束通道内的流场和温度分布对颗粒的运动轨迹影响显著;颗粒在管壁表面的碰撞率和沉积率与管束排布和粒径有关,粒径50.0um颗粒几乎没有沉积;粒径10.0um颗粒沉积主要分布在管壁迎风面;粒径1.0um的颗粒在管壁的迎风面和背风面都有沉积。     

绝缘子表面积污规律的数值模拟研究

为了研究输电线路悬挂绝缘子表面的积污规律,本文以XWP2-160型绝缘子为研究对象,利用计算流体力学方法,对大气中的污染物颗粒在绝缘子周边的运动和沉积进行数值模拟,分析了风速、质量浓度、颗粒粒径对绝缘子表面积污速率和区域的影响。研究结果表明,模拟结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性,所建立的数学模型能够较好地反映绝缘子表面的积污规律;绝缘子表面积污密度随风速的增加而增加并且增速逐渐增大,上表面与下表面积污密度的比值随风速的增加逐渐减小;绝缘子表面积污密度与质量浓度呈线性增加关系;不同粒径的颗粒在绝缘子表面的沉积区域呈现出不同的规律;绝缘子上表面,0~20μm颗粒的沉积数目几乎不受粒径影响,大于20μm颗粒的沉积数目随着粒径的增加而增加并且增速逐渐增大;绝缘子下表面,0~20μm颗粒的沉积数目随粒径增加迅速下降,20~50μm颗粒沉积数目回升,50~100μm颗粒沉积数目下降,一直100μm时接近于零。     

基于灰烬沉积的微粒捕集器热再生特性

柴油机微粒捕集器的循环再生过程中,微粒中的不可燃灰烬物质会累积在进口孔道的过滤壁面上.考虑沉积灰烬层对微粒捕集器热再生过程的影响,耦合过滤体孔道内气相质量、动量和能量守恒以及碳烟颗粒的质量守恒与壁面能量守恒方程建立了微粒捕集器热再生模型,采用数值模拟的方法研究不同灰烬沉积状态下过滤体孔道内碳烟颗粒再生与壁面温度沿轴向的分布规律.结果表明:微粒捕集器内沉积的灰烬层增加了碳烟颗粒再生时过滤体的热传导阻力,使得再生时过滤壁面的温度升高,且随着灰烬沉积量的增加,壁面峰值温度增加幅度增大;同时进气孔道前端温度的升高会加快后端孔道内碳烟的氧化速率,进一步增加再生时后端壁面的峰值温度.因此,为避免灰烬层对微粒捕集器工作状态的影响,必须根据过滤体内灰烬的沉积量严格控制微粒捕集器再生时碳烟颗粒的承载量.     

木质素热解制备焦炭的试验研究

利用管式炉热解装置在不同温度下对工业废弃的木质素进行热解制备焦炭的试验研究,对热解焦炭的产率和各项指标进行了分析。结果表明:当热解温度从300℃升高至700℃时,焦炭产率从72.94%下降至39.79%;焦炭中固定碳含量不断升高,热值从29.19 MJ/kg逐步升高至31.62 MJ/kg;当热解温度从300℃升高至600℃时,焦炭的比表面积从0.47 m2/g迅速升至13.63 m2/g,碘吸附值由185.51 mg/g增大到320.64 mg/g,而随着热解温度继续升至700℃时,焦炭的比表面积和碘吸附值迅速降低。因此,热解温度有利于焦炭品质和吸附性能的提高,但过高的热解温度会对焦炭的吸附性能起到一定的抑制作用。     

太阳能集热管内熔盐流动传热特性数值模拟

建立太阳能集热管物理模型,采用RNG κ-ε模型,基于CFD方法在不同热流边界条件下熔盐入口温度300℃,速度0.6~3.6 m/s,平均热流密度180 k W/m2参数范围内,对外径20 mm,壁厚2 mm的集热管内熔盐传热特性进行数值模拟研究。分析了集热管管壁温度分布规律和熔盐传热性能,对比了不同热流边界下管壁周向温度不均匀分布特性。研究结果表明:不同热流条件下集热管管壁温度分布规律差异较大,管内熔盐温度也存在较大差异;集热管内Nu随Re增大而升高,周向热流分布对Nu影响较大;非均匀热流边界下集热管壁温周向分布不均匀,周向热流越不均匀,壁面温差越大。     

关于规范钻井液处理剂及钻井液体系的认识

自上世纪70年代以来,我国钻井液技术逐步趋于成熟,与国外的差距日渐缩小。特别是近年来,围绕高温、高压地层以及强水敏地层、页岩气水平井的需要,在超高温钻井液、超高密度钻井液、页岩气水平井钻井液、油基钻井液等方面又有了新进展。但在钻井液处理剂和钻井液体系规范方面还存在问题,如在命名方面,钻井液处理剂任意编代号,随便起名字,钻井液体系缺乏主题和依据,有时仅仅加入了很小量的某种处理剂,就称"某钻井液体系";标准方面,因制定中缺乏实验和应用依据,多数行业标准系由企业标准转化而来,标准中缺少表征产品本质特征的项目及指标,通用性不强;加之高纯度、高质量产品推广受到价格限制,不同程度上制约了钻井液技术的发展。从钻井液处理剂和钻井液两方面提出规范思路。基于实验和分析认为,处理剂规范应从分类、命名、指标设置和实验方法等方面出发,以保证命名的科学性和标准的准确性与适用性。在钻井液体系方面,基于处理剂、标准、质量控制和钻井液性能间的关系,提出钻井液体系的命名原则,明确了钻井液技术规范、钻井液体系或工艺规范应包括的内容。     

Effects of Polymers and CMC Concentration on Rheological and Fluid Loss Parameters of Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Abstract

Fluid loss during drilling operations has a very significant effect on both reservoir formation damage and monetary terms. There are many additives to control this unwanted phenomenon. Nevertheless, most of these substances are artificial chemicals. Thus, they are not only expensive, but also hazardous to the environment. In this article, a more natural method was applied to overcome the higher filtration problems by employing carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) and polymers (XT), DSHV, and MAC PR. Drilling fluids were prepared due to American Petroleum Institute (API) standards. The fluid weights were adjusted as 9 ppg. API filtration tests were applied to fluid samples including the chemicals. Tests were also conducted with non-treated bentonites + barite fluids without chemicals for comparative purposes. All of the rheological parameters including plastic and apparent viscosity and yield points were determined. Comparative graphs of shear stress vs. shear rates were plotted. The optimum CMC and polymer amounts were selected by graphical analysis of the results of rheological tests made by using shear meter and filtration tests. An optimization of the fluid loss control due to addition of the chemicals was made. The behavior of water-based fluids with CMC and polymers was examined. The accurate and sensitive industrial application of this study would reduce drilling fluid loss expenditures effectively.     

Thermal flow of fluid with magnetic particles in the presence of magnetic field

A magnetic fluid is a stable colloidal solution composed of magnetic particles, surfactant, and a carrier fluid. Magnetic fluids have numerous applications. In this study, we used the computational fluid dynamics model to simulate the behavior of a magnetic fluid in a 2-D square under different conditions such as different positions and intensities of the magnetic source. The preliminary model was established and used in conjunction with experimental data obtained from a present study, in order to determine the influence of particle size and mass fraction on fluid behavior. Our results show that particles with a smaller size have better ability to dissipate heat, and a larger mass fraction would provide a stronger driving force which leads to the velocity and temperature profile. We anticipate that our model would be useful to develop newer applications of magnetic fluids and magnetic flow.     

生物质改性钻井液处理剂研究进展

介绍了淀粉、纤维素、木质素、栲胶和植物胶等生物质改性钻井液处理剂的改性方法,对国内生物质改性钻井液处理剂研究与应用情况进行了概述,生物质改性产物因来原料源丰富、价格低廉、绿色环保等,成为重要的钻井液处理剂．随着研究的不断深入,其用量将越来越大。但从周内研究进展来看,其研究深度和广度还不够,部分研究成果尚未实现工业化,生物质改性钻井液处理剂在石油勘探开发中的潜力尚待挖掘。     

Individual effects of four types of rotation modulation on Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a ferromagnetic fluid with couple stress

The effect of trigonometric sine, square, triangular, and sawtooth wave types of rotation modulation on Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a ferromagnetic fluid with couple stress is investigated in this paper using linear and nonlinear analyses. The expression for the critical Rayleigh number and the correction Rayleigh number is deduced from the three-mode linearized Lorenz model using the Venezian approach. The effect of rotation modulation on heat transport is studied using the generalized fifth-order Lorenz model. The study reveals that the Taylor number stabilizes the no-modulation system and decreases the heat transport, and this situation remains so in the presence of rotation modulation. It is found that the effect of all four types of modulation is to stabilize the system and diminish heat transport. It is also observed that the sawtooth wave type of modulation has the least diminishing effect on heat transport and the square wave type of modulation diminishes the most.     

Combined effect of variable fluid properties on nonisothermal flow of an inelastic fluid with viscous heating

This study investigates the effect of variable thermal conductivity and variable viscosity on the flow characteristics and flow rates of an inelastic fluid, including viscous heating terms in the analysis. The exponential dependence of viscosity on temperature is modeled through Arrhenius law and shear rate dependence is modeled through Carreau rheological equation while it is assumed that the thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature. Flow governing motion and energy balance equations are coupled and the solution is found iteratively facilitating a pseudospectral method based on the Chebyshev polynomial expansions. Effect of variable thermal conductivity and viscosity as well as the effect of power law index, material time constant, Brinkman and Peclet numbers on the velocity and temperature profiles are presented. Influence of the above parameters on the flow rate is also calculated.     

钻井液用两性离子P(AM-AMPS-DAC)共聚物反相乳液的制备与性能评价

作为钻井液处理剂,反相乳液聚合物与粉状聚合物相比,能够减少聚合物在烘干、粉碎过程中由于降解、交联等反应造成的不利影响,产品可以直接加入钻井液并快速分散,在达到同样效果的前提下,可减少用量,降低钻井液处理费用,且更容易实现绿色环保生产。以丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为原料,采用氧化还原引发剂体系,通过反相乳液聚合,制备了两性离子P(AM-AMPS-DAC)反相乳液聚合物。研究了复合乳化剂的HLB、乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、油水体积比、AMPS和DAC用量对共聚物的水溶液表观黏度及所处理钻井液的流变性和滤失量的影响,测定了聚合物的红外光谱和TG曲线。结果表明,当油水体积比为1.0,单体质量分数为30%,复合乳化剂质量分数为5%~6%,复合乳化剂HLB值为7.1,引发剂用量为0.2%,n(AM)∶n(AMPS)∶n(DAC)=0.59∶0.35∶0.06时,能够制得热稳定性好的反相乳液聚合物,且在淡水、盐水、饱和盐水和复合盐水基浆中具有较好的增黏、降滤失能力,抗温、抗盐能力强,同时具有较强的润滑和防塌能力。     

压裂液冻胶在储层微裂缝中的滤失评价

压裂液冻胶作为高黏非反应性液体,一直广泛用于低渗透气藏水力压裂作业的造缝和携砂,对于孔隙型储层具有较好的降滤失性能。通过评价实验,考察了压裂液冻胶在低渗透气藏微裂缝储层中的降滤失性能。实验内容为:考察注液压差、压裂液黏度和微裂缝宽度对压裂液冻胶滤失速率的影响;在恒定微裂缝宽度和注液压差的条件下,通过考察压裂液冻胶滤失速率随时间的变化来评价压裂液冻胶在微裂缝中的造壁性能。实验结果表明:对于微裂缝发育的储层,压裂液冻胶有一定的降滤失性能;滤失速率变化与注液压差、微裂缝宽度成正比关系,与压裂液黏度成反比关系;随着实验时间的延长,压裂液滤失速率变化不大,压裂液冻胶在微裂缝壁面的造壁性能基本失效。建议:对于微裂缝宽度大于0.1mm的储层实施水力压裂作业时,在采用压裂液冻胶辅助降滤的同时,可使用粉砂、纤维等固相降滤剂实施综合降滤;在实施水力压裂作业前,建议通过小型测试压裂来判定地层微裂缝的发育特征。     

Thermal radiation and diffusion effects in MHD Williamson and Casson fluid flows past a slendering stretching surface

The article is presented to analyze the magnetohydrodynamic Casson and Williamson fluids flow over a stretched surface of variable thickness by including the conditions of thermal radiation, velocity slip, temperature, and concentration slip. The equations governing the flow characteristics are transformed to ordinary differential equations by applying similarity transformations. The solution of the simplified equations is obtained by the numerical bvp5c Matlab package. The behavior for Williamson and Casson fluid cases is explored and discussed with the impact of sundry parameters on the flowing fluid, thermal, and diffusion fields. The profiles under the impact of parameters are depicted through graphs. Also, we evaluated the performance of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers along with the friction of the wall and are displayed through tables. We found that the temperature and mass transfer distribution is low in Williamson fluid when compared to Casson fluid flow. The computed results indicate that the flow, thermal and concentration boundary layer characteristics of Williamson and Casson fluids are not unique.     

Effects of suction and free convection currents on the oscillatory flow past an infinite vertical porous plate with constant heat flux

Two-dimensional flow analysis of an incompressible, viscous fluid past an infinite porous vertical plate, in the presence of constant heat flux, has been presented. the effects of suction, free convection currents and free-stream oscillations have been considered and approximate solutions to the coupled non-linear equations have been derived in case of small amplitude oscillations. the solutions are derived for the mean velocity, the mean plate temperature, the mean skin-friction, the transient velocity, the transient temperature, the amplitude and phase of the skin-friction, and the first and second harmonics of the plate temperature. Velocity and temperature fields have been shown graphically whereas the numerical values of the other physical quantities are given in tabular form. During the course of discussion, the effects of γ (suction parameter), G(the Grashof number), E (Eckert number), P (Prandtl number and ω (frequency) have been discussed.