Performance and emission studies on an agriculture engine on neat Jatropha oil

Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation, agriculture, and power sectors in India. They are also potential sources of decentralized energy generation for rural electrification. Concerns on the long-term availability of petroleum diesel and the stringent environmental norms have mandated the search for a renewable alternative to diesel fuel to address these problems. Vegetable oils have been considered good alternatives to diesel in the past couple of years. However, there are many issues related to the use of vegetable oils in diesel engine. Jatropha curcas has been promoted in India as a sustainable substitute to diesel fuel. This study aims to develop a dual fuel engine test rig for evaluating the potential suitability of Jatropha oil as diesel fuel and for determining the performance and emission characteristics of an engine with Jatropha oil. The experimental results suggest that engine performance using Jatropha oil is slightly inferior to that of diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of the engine was lower, while the brake-specific fuel consumption was higher with Jatropha oil compared with diesel fuel. The levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from Jatropha oil during the entire duration of the experiment were lower than those of diesel fuel. The reduction of NOx was found to be an important characteristic of Jatropha oil as NOx emission is the most harmful gaseous emission from engines; as such, its reduction is always the goal of engine researchers and makers. During the entire experiment, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the case of using Jatropha oil were higher than when diesel fuel was used. The higher density and viscosity of Jatropha oil causes lower thermal efficiency and higher brakespecific fuel consumption. The performance and emission characteristics found in this study are significant for the study of replacing diesel fuel from fossils with Jatropha oil in rural India, where the availability of diesel has always been a problem.     

Pretreatment methods to improve the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel for use in power tiller engines

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can replace diesel in compression ignition engines without changing the engine structure. Biodiesel is typically manufactured from vegetable oils and animal fats, which give the fuel its oxidation stability and cold-flow properties, respectively. However, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel can cause engine performance problems such as incomplete combustion and sludge formation due to insufficient fuel atomization. To address these problems, in this study, a pretreatment technology that lowers the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel made from blended animal fat and vegetable oil was developed. The results of application of the pretreated fuel to a single-cylinder power tiller engine indicated that it produced 88.3–99.8 % of the brake power produced by conventional diesel. In addition, although the pretreated biodiesel exhaust included increased amounts of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions, the proposed fuel also decreased the amounts of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared with conventional diesel emissions.

     

Investigation of heat transfer in an oil cooled piston with and without ceramic insulation on crown face

A numerical method is presented for calculating the temperature fields in a semi-adiabatic diesel engine piston having a cooling oil canal. The crown face of the piston is coated by a 2 mm thick oxide based ceramic insulating material. The non-ideal thermal contacts between the piston circumference and cylinder wall are also considered. A detailed analysis has been given for estimating the boundary conditions of the cylinder-piston assembly of an internal combustion engine. The isothermic distribution in the piston body and the heat flow rate through the different cooling media at four different engine loads have been depicted both for the cases with and without insulation coating. The results indicate a reduction (12–30%) in heat loss through the piston by use of an insulation coating at the piston crown face, assuming that both the heat transfer process from and the temperature of the combustion products remain unchanged.     

The impact of biofuels on engine oil performance

The dilution of biogenic fuels into lubricating engine oils often leads to a shortening of the recommended oil drains (between 30% and 60%) and an increase in wear. The large number of overlapping and influencing factors, of which dilution and polymerization of fuel components in the engine oil are emphasised, makes it difficult to find a uniform solution to prevent failures in the various applications. Insofar single solutions for the different types of biofuels are needed. The contribution of base oil chemistry and additives as well as triboactive materials is featured to deal with the adverse effects of biofuels. In the frame of the European Commission (EC)‐funded project ‘cleanengine’, tentative engine oils based on esters with a content of renewables and polyglycols are formulated to increase the lubricant's tolerance in engines fuelled with biofuel‐based blends, with the aim of ensuring required lubricating and wear protection performance while keeping oil drain intervals unchanged. The present paper focuses on four‐stroke diesel applications, fuelled by biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester — FAME) as well as by rapeseed oil and Jatropha oil (pure vegetable oils, triglycerides), together with relevant blends of those biofuels and conventional diesel fuel. This paper screens the functional profile (in particular rheological, toxicological, bio‐compatibility, tribological and biofuels affinity) of lube families with respect to biofuel contamination. Moreover, this is followed by the contributions of piston ring and liner materials as well as thin film coatings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance and emission characteristics of conventional engine running on jatropha oil

A number of studies have recently been conducted to determine a suitable alternative fuel for conventional engine. The use of renewable fuels such as bio-ethanol, biogas, and biodiesel is thus investigated for this purpose. Performance tests were conducted on an indirect injection compression ignition engine by using diesel, unheated jatropha oil (JO), and preheated JO as fuels. The effects of fuel injection pressure and fuel inlet temperature on engine performance and emission for the different fuels were analyzed. Test results showed that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine with heated JO oil is superior to that with unheated JO, increasing from 28.4% with neat unheated JO to a maximum of 30.8%. The brake specific fuel consumption was reduced from 0.301 kg/kWh to 0.266 kg/kWh. Smoke opacity was also reduced relative to the neat unheated JO operation.     

A study on the usability of biodiesel fuel derived from rice bran oil as an alternative fuel for IDI diesel engine

The world is faced with a problem of air pollution due to the exhaust emissions from automobile. Recently, lots of researchers have been attracted to develope various alternative fuels and to use renewable fuels as a solution of these problems. There are many alternative fuels studied in place of diesel fuel made from petroleum. Biodiesel fuel (BDF) is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, used vegetable oils, or animal fats. In this study, the usability of BDF, one of the oxygenated fuels as an alternative fuel for diesel engines was investigated in an IDI diesel engine. Emissions were characterized with a neat BDF and with a blend of BDF and conventional diesel fuel. Since the BDF includes oxygen of about 11%, it could influence the combustion process strongly. Therefore, the use of BDF resulted in lower emissions of carbon monoxide and smoke emissions with some increase in emissions of oxides of nitrogen. It is concluded that BDF can be utilized effectively as a renewable fuel for IDI diesel engines.     

Effects of refined palm oil (RPO) fuel on wear of diesel engine components

In this particular research work, the effects of refined palm oil (RPO), as alternative fuel, on wear of diesel engine components are assessed. Fleet testing is carried for the qualifying candidates diesel fuel replacement, i.e. 100% RPO fuel or 50% RPO and 50% conventional diesel fuel mixture. The base line of the fleet testing is using pure conventional petroleum diesel fuel as an energy source in one of the tested vehicles in the fleet. Analysis of used engine lubrication oil, taken when the oil was changed on the vehicles, was compared to the analysis of used oil samples pulled from 100% diesel fuel engines. The finding suggested that the pure RPO and RPO blended fueled engines were wearing at a normal rate.     

Friction model of a marine diesel engine piston assembly

In modern marine diesel engines, power output and in-cylinder firing pressures are constantly increasing, leading to higher friction in engine components and especially in the piston assembly. A good understanding of the friction contributions of the various engine components is needed, if mechanical efficiency is to be improved. A friction model for the engine piston assembly has been developed and is presented in this paper. The model, based on lubrication theory, considers the detailed engine geometry and the complete lubricant action, and thus can be applied to a wide range of engines. In detail, the analysis takes into account the friction components of compression rings, oil control rings, piston skirt and gudgeon pin of the engine piston assembly. The model was applied to a four-stroke (medium speed) marine diesel engine and the effect of engine speed and load on friction was examined and compared with results from other semi-empirical models. The engine friction was predicted at constant rotational speed (generator operation) and variable rotational speed (propulsion operation).     

Feasibility and performance study of turpentine fueled DI diesel engine operated under HCCI combustion mode

In the present investigation a volatile fraction of Pinus resin called Turpentine has been experimented in a direct injection diesel engine under HCCI combustion mode. The engine chosen to experiment is a single cylinder DI diesel engine and modified in such a way to ignite Turpentine in a diesel engine under HCCI mode. As the Turpentine has a higher self ignition temperature the ignition of Turpentine in regular diesel engines with auto-ignition is not possible. Hence, suitable modification is made in the engine to ignite Turpentine in a diesel engine like diesel fuel. The modified engine has ECM controlled fuel spray and an air preheater in the suction side of the engine. The combined effort of adiabatic compression and supply of preheated air ignites turpentine by auto-ignition and its timing of ignition is precisely controlled by changing intake air temperature. This investigation revealed that the engine operated with turpentine performed well with little loss of brake thermal efficiency. And, emitted comparatively lower emissions such as NO_x and smoke and proved that the turpentine is a best suited fuel for HCCI operation.     

An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel and its blends with diesel

The performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using mixture of jatropha biodiesel and mineral diesel have been experimentally investigated. It is observed that brake specific fuel consumption increases with higher percentage of biodiesel in the blends. Brake thermal efficiency decreases with the increased percentage of biodiesel in the blends. The maximum efficiency is found to be 29.6% with pure diesel and 21.2% with pure biodiesel. Carbon mono-oxide and hydrocarbon emissions are improved with the addition of biodiesel to diesel. NO_x emission is found to be increased with pure biodiesel by 24% compared to mineral diesel.     

Study of performance and emission characteristics of IC engines by using diesel–water emulsion

Due to the shortage of petroleum products and its increasing cost, efforts are on to develop alternate fuels, especially diesel oil, for partial or full replacement. Also, internal combustion engines generate undesirable emissions during combustion process. The emissions exhausted in to the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes several problems. The emissions of concern are: unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_X). Advanced diesel fuel formulations offer significant emission reductions to new and older in-use engines every time the fuel tank is filled. The addition of water to diesel fuel lowers particulate emissions by serving as diluents to the key combustion intermediates that lead to particulate formation. The incorporation of water also reduces NO_X emissions by lowering the peak combustion temperatures through high heat of vaporization. When using water blend diesel, the engine fuel system recognizes the liquid as diesel fuel because the water droplet is encapsulated within a diesel fuel. In this experiment, we have used single cylinder four-stroke engine and the water-blend diesel emulsion is used and the diesel emission test, emulsion emission test, and various gases has been analyzed; smoke meter test is also conducted for various rate of loads. The test results from the engine fuelled with water-blend diesel showed reduction in emissions as compared to that of engine fuelled with conventional diesel. The better emissions in the CI engine using water-blend diesel is due to the incorporation of water which reduces NO_X emissions by lowering the peak combustion temperatures. Water-blend fuel enhances fuel atomization by micro-explosion. The addition of water to diesel fuel lowers particulate emissions by serving as diluents to the key combustion intermediates that lead to particulate formation     

Effects of B100 Biodiesel on Injector and Pump Piston

In this study, the effects of biodiesel use in a diesel engine on an injector and fuel injection pump piston were experimentally analyzed. To this end, two engines with the same technical specifications were used; petroleum diesel was used in one of the engines and 100% (B100) biodiesel was used in the other engine. After the engines were run for 200 h, their injectors and pump pistons were examined and compared by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis measurements. SEM and EDX analyses showed significant structural changes on the surfaces of the injector nozzle and pump piston in the event that B100 is used.     

柴油醇的燃料性质和排放特性

为解决柴油醇在应用中存在的相分离、十六烷值低下等问题,提出一种由中碳醇 低分子醚 高分子聚合物 有机硝酸酯构成的复合添加剂.结果表明:添加1%～2%容积百分比的复合添加剂后,柴油醇的溶解度明显提高;并且发动机的冷启动试验也表明加入复合添加剂后,柴油醇的着火性能己同于柴油的水平.由发动机台架试验还研究了柴油和不同乙醇掺合率的柴油醇给与发动机的燃料经济性、排气烟度和THC、CO、NOx气体排放的影响.结果表明:柴油醇以重量计的比油耗较柴油的相应地增加,但以能量计的有效热效率却较柴油的略有提高;各种乙醇掺合率下的排气烟度都大幅地降低;NOx排放浓度则随负荷增加而逐渐增大,但在高负荷工况时,随乙醇掺合率的增加,NOx排放浓度呈下降趋势.     

Investigation of combustion and emission characteristics of n-hexane and n-hexadecane additives in diesel fuel

One of the most important basic requirements of diesel-powered vehicles that they have lower pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In diesel engines, combustion and engine performance are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the used fuel. Engine design studies are not enough to increase engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions alone. By adding fuel additives in diesel fuel, the physical and chemical properties of the fuel can be improved. Fuel additives affect engine performance, combustion and emissions positively by exerting catalyst effect during combustion. In this study, n-hexane and n-hexadecane were added in diesel fuel (D0) by volume of 4, 12 % and 20 %. With respect to D0 fuel, in DHD20 and DHX20 fuels engine torque increased by 1.60 % and 1.32 %, respectively, while the brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.12 % and 1.98 %, respectively. Maximum cylinder pressures and heat release rate values of the ingredient added fuels increased. It was seen that NO_x emissions increased while HC, CO and soot emissions decreased with increasing contribution ratio.

     

The effect of biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel fuels on emissions in 11,000 CC heavy-duty diesel engine

It seems very difficult to comply with upcoming stringent emission standards in vehicles To develop low emission engines, better quality of automotive fuels must be achieved Since sulfur contents in diesel fuels are transformed to sulfate—laden particulate matters as a catalyst is applied, it is necessary to provide low sulfur fuels before any Pt-based oxidation catalysts are applied In general, flash point, distillation 90% and cetane index are improved but viscosity can be worse in the process of desulfunzation of diesel fuel Excessive reduction of sulfur may cause to degrade viscosity of fuels and engine performance in fuel injection systems This research focused on the performance of an 11,000 cc diesel engine and emission characteristics by the introduction of ULSD, bio-diesel and a diesel oxidation catalyst, where the bio—diesel was used to improve viscosity of fuels in fuel injection systems as fuel additives or alternative fuels     

Combustion characteristics of an agricultural diesel engine using biodiesel fuel

Biodiesel has great potential as an alternative fuel for diesel engines that would reduce air pollution. It is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from fresh or used vegetable oils, or from animal fats. In this study, a biodiesel fuel derived from rice bran oil was tested as an alternative fuel for agricultural diesel engines. The emissions were characterized for both neat and blended biodiesel fuels, and for conventional diesel fuel. Since this biodiesel fuel contained 11% oxygen, it strongly influenced the combustion process. The use of biodiesel fuel resulted in lower carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions, without any increase in nitrous oxide emissions. The study demonstrated that biodiesel fuel could be effectively used as a renewable and environmentally innocuous fuel for agricultural diesel engines.     

A study of the tribological behaviour of piston ring/cylinder liner interaction in diesel engines using acoustic emission

The novel use of non-intrusive acoustic emission (AE) measurements to provide information pertaining to the interaction between piston rings and cylinder liners in a range of diesel engines is investigated in this paper. In doing so, this technique is shown to offer a new method of investigation into this important interface in engine operation.AE generated during normal engine operation is known to consist of contributions from a number of different sources such as injector and valve activity. A recent finding has been the identification of AE signals associated with the ring/liner interface which presents the opportunity for in-service monitoring. This work discusses the possible AE source mechanisms, such as asperity contact, lubricant flow and/or blowby, through reference to a number of tests on motored and in-service small HSDI diesel engines and large, 2-stroke, marine diesel engines. The influence of various factors such as engine speed, load and lubrication is considered.     

纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在柴油发动机中的应用效果研究

通过柴油发动机台架实验和行车实验,分析了不同工况下自制纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在柴油发动机中的应用效果。结果表明,在FC2000柴油发动机台架上应用时,纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在不同转速和不同负载下均能在一定程度上降低发动机油耗率,减少发动机尾气中NOx含量和颗粒物含量,并且当发动机转速为1 700r/min,负载为70N.m时,节油率最高为9.95%,颗粒物减排率最高为49.3%,而当发动机处于低速、高速、低载和高载等工况时,NOx减排率较高,最高达到36%;在柴油机大客车上应用时,纳米WS2车用机油添加剂使其耗油量下降约14.4%,并能在一定程度上降低发动机的运行噪声,使发动机的有害气体(NOx)排放减少34.8%～51%。综合表明纳米WS2车用机油添加剂具有良好的节能减排效果。     

Engine friction lubricant sensitivities: A comparison of modern diesel and gasoline engines

Engine friction models have been developed that take account of the variations in lubricants with temperature, shear rate, and pressure. These models have been used to study the lubricant sensitivities of modern diesel and gasoline engines. Total engine friction losses for a Perkins Phaser four‐cylinder, 4.0 l, turbocharged, inter‐cooled diesel engine, operating at 1300 rpm, with an SAE 15W‐40 lubricant, were estimated at approximately 2 kW, with the piston assembly contributing 46%, the bearings 49%, and the valve train 5%. Total engine friction losses for a Mercedes Benz M111 2.0 l gasoline engine (used in CEC sludge and fuel economy engine tests) operating at 2500 rpm, and medium load, for an SAE 15W‐40 lubricant, were estimated at 1.5 kW, with the piston assembly contributing 42%, the bearings 39%, and the valve train 19%.     

Investigation of the effects of steam injection on the emissions and performance of a diesel engine using waste chicken oil methyl ester

The use of biodiesel-blended fuels in diesel engines improves the engine performance parameters and the partial recovery of incomplete combustion products, while also increasing the level of NOx emissions. In this study; biodiesel obtained through the transesterification of waste chicken frying oil was mixed with diesel fuel (90% diesel + 10% biodiesel-B10), and was then used as fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. To reduce the increased NOx emissions caused by the use of B10 fuel, the steam injection method (which is one of the NOx reduction methods) was applied. Steam was injected into the intake manifold at different ratios (5%-S5, 10%-S10 and 15%-S15) and at the time of the induction stroke with the aid of an electronically controlled system. Based on the study results, it was observed that steam injection into the engine using B10 fuel improved both the engine performance and the exhaust emission parameters. It was determined that the S15 steam injection ratio resulted in the best engine performance and emissions parameters. In comparison to STD fuel; the highest increase observed at the S15 steam injection ratio in the effective engine power was 2.2%, while the highest decrease in the specific fuel consumption was 3.4%, the highest increase in the effective efficiency was 3.5%, and the highest decrease in NOx emissions was 13.7%.