农户生计资本、家庭要素流动与农地流转参与

农地流转是实现农业现代化的必然选择,从农户农地流转的内源与外源式约束出发,分析农户生计资本与要素流动决策对农地流转参与的影响,利用CFPS调查数据采用MVP模型实证检验了农户生计资本对农地流转的影响以及其他生计要素配置行为对农地流转决策的影响.研究发现:(1)自然资本、物质资本与金融资本能够促进农地转入,抑制农地转出;人力资本会促进农户转出土地,抑制农地转入;社会资本对农地转入与转出均有正向影响.(2)自然与物质资本会抑制劳动力转移,而人力、金融与社会资本均促进农户劳动力转移;自然与社会资本抑制农户购买机械服务,而人力、物质与金融资本会促进农户购买机械服务.(3)农户农地流转行为除了受到自身生计资本的约束外,还受到家庭其他生计要素配置行为的影响,农户劳动力转移会促进农户转出农地,抑制农地转入;农户购买机械化服务会抑制农地转出,促进农户转入.最后,从健全农地流转管理服务体系,提高农户生计资本,完善相关要素市场等方面提出政策启示,以提高农地流转市场发育程度.     

政府干预农地流转:农户收入及资源配置效率

本文基于江苏省苏北地区灌云县和金湖县的农户调研,采用内生性处理回归模型考察政府干预下土地流转对不同类型农户收入的影响,并从农户土地和劳动力资源配置效率的角度解释农户收入变化的根源。研究结果表明,政府干预下土地流转对不同类型农户收入的影响效应有很大差异,农户土地转入后收入增加了161.2%,转出户收入并未显著增加;从农户资源配置角度考察,发现农户转入土地后农业生产效率显著提高,转出土地后农业生产率降低;农户土地转出后非农工作时间和工作报酬并未显著增加,表明转出户并未提高非农劳动力资源配置效率。同时,本文比较政府主导和农户自发两种类型农地流转对农户收入和资源配置效率的影响差异。结果发现,相对于自发土地流转的农户,政府主导下农户转入更大面积土地,并显著提高了单位面积土地生产效率和家庭收入水平;而政府干预土地转出不利于农户土地和劳动力资源配置效率及收入水平的提高。基于以上分析,本文认为政府干预降低了土地流转交易费用,有利于转入户扩大土地面积,实现规模经济效益,进而增加转入户收入;然而,政府干预下转出户资源配置面临较大约束,配置效率和收入都未能实现最大化。因此,政府在完善农地流转服务政策的同时,应当尊重农户土地流转意愿,使得农户土地流转符合家庭资源配置收入最大化目标。同时,要通过非农就业培训、发展非农经济,吸纳更多劳动力转移到非农业领域,进一步促进农村土地流转和规模经营,优化农村土地和劳动力资源配置效率,持续增加农民收入。     

土地流转与农民收入变化研究

土地流转作为我国农村土地制度改革的重点受到了广泛的关注,但土地流转能否显著增加农民收入,达到改善农村内部收入差距的目的,现有研究并未得到一致结论。本文在文献回顾和总结的基础上,依据中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,运用倾向值匹配(PSM)方法和基于回归的夏普里值分解(Shapley Value)方法,从收入水平和收入差距两个维度实证分析土地流转对农民收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)参与土地流转能够显著提高农户家庭收入水平。土地流转使转入户家庭人均总收入和农业收入显著提高18.18%和72.46%,并且大规模转入的农户人均总收入的增加程度显著高于小规模转入农户,说明土地流转存在规模效应。土地流转对转出户的收入水平没有显著影响,可能的原因一方面由于土地流转市场发育不完善,没有显化租金;另一方面劳动力转移先于土地流转,使土地流转对农户家庭劳动力的释放作用不显著。(2)土地流转对农村内部收入差距的贡献度为4.19%,排名第五,表明土地流转不是造成农村内部收入差距拉大的主要原因。人力资本和村庄特征对农村内部收入差距影响较大。根据研究结论提出三点政策建议:第一,通过完善农地流转市场,稳定土地租金水平,使转出户获得合理的租金收入;第二,促进农地适度规模经营,提高转入户农业经营收入,缩小农户与非农经营户之间的收入差距;第三,提高农户就业竞争力,促进劳动力转移,增加转出户非农务工收入。     

生计资本异质对农户农地流转行为的影响——以武汉城市郊区的516户农民为例

以武汉市城郊江夏区和蔡甸区的516户农民家庭为实证,运用logistic和分位数回归模型探索家庭生计资本对农户土地流转行为的影响及阈值。结果表明:(1)人力资本和金融资本与农户农地转出行为呈显著正向相关,家庭农地资源禀赋、机耕能力、社会资源禀赋及经营能力的信任程度等与农地转出行为负向相关。相反,自然资源禀赋及农业机械投入对农户土地转入行为的正向影响显著,而家庭融资能力则对农户转入行为呈显著的负向影响。(2)分位数回归结果显示,对农户土地流转行为存在影响阈值的仅有韧性指数。当农户家庭韧性指数≤2时,随韧性指数增强农户农地转出倾向愈强;家庭韧性指数≥3时,农户农地转出倾向随指数增强而弱化。该研究从农户微观个体视角探索生计资本异质对农地流转行为的影响,为针对农户家庭需求制定差别化的农地流转政策、有效推进农业适度规模经营提供建议参考。     

农地流转、农户兼业程度与生产效率的关系

以中部地区142个村1 370户农户的调查结果为基础,运用统计分析法、DEA分析法研究农地流转前后转入户和转出户的农业生产效率变化,进一步采用Tobit回归分析方法探究不同农户兼业程度对两类农户的农业生产效率的影响,为保障国家粮食安全、制定相关政策提供理论依据。研究发现:(1)从综合生产效率来看,中部地区参与农地流转的农户生产效率均较低,仅有0.204,农地流转使转入户提高了1.1%,转出户降低了15.7%;从技术效率和规模效率来看,流转后转出户的技术效率低于转入户1.8%、规模效率与转入户扩大为10.4%,说明农地流转促使土地由转出户向生产技术更高、经营规模更集中的转入户家庭转移。(2)在其他条件不变的情况下,兼业分化会显著提高转入户的生产效率,显著降低转出土地农户的生产效率,且兼业程度越强兼业分化的正方向影响作用越弱。(3)在其他变量中,受教育程度、农业补贴政策的落实和农业技能培训对农业生产效率均有正向影响。研究结论:在农地流转中,建议政府应考虑流转农户的差异化以及兼业程度的影响,针对转入户和转出户分别制定相应的土地政策,一要对兼业程度较高的转出户实行农民身份退出机制,在城乡居民福利和公共服务均等化水平逐渐提高的基础下,稳步推进农民市民化进程,促使土地要素向高生产效率的农户转移。二要从农地的承包经营权中分离出经营权,对土地经营权予以登记,让真正种地的农民得到农业补贴政策的实惠;适度降低转入户的兼业化水平,促进农民职业化,鼓励规模化经营。     

家庭保障、劳动力结构与农户土地流转——基于江苏省142户农户的实证研究

促进农村土地流转,提高土地资源利用效率是今后我国农业应付国际市场竞争的重要手段。首先简要回顾了国内外有关农户土地流转行为的动因研究状况,并分析了各影响因素的作用机理,然后利用2007年在江苏省高邮市、兴化市两地4个村随机抽取的142个农户家庭调查数据,从实证的角度考察了当今农户在土地流转市场上的行为。采用probit和tobit模型,较好地描述了农户的土地流转行为及其相应的土地面积。发现家庭保障水平越高的农户转出其土地的可能性越大、转出地面积也越多。农业劳动力越多的农户则转入土地的可能性越大,与之相反非农劳动力较多的农户则转出的土地较多。农户家庭保障水平低下和非农就业机会的限制可能是我国农地流转市场发展缓慢的重要因素。     

家庭保障、劳动力结构与农户土地法流转——基于江苏省142户农户的实证研究

促进农村土地流转,提高土地资源利用效率是今后我国农业应付国际市场竞争的重要手段.首先简要回顾了国内外有关农户土地流转行为的动因研究状况,并分析了各影响因素的作用机理,然后利用2007年在江苏省高邮市、兴化市两地4个村随机抽取的142个农户家庭调查数据,从实证的角度考察了当今农户在土地流转市场上的行为.采用probjt和tobit模型,较好地描述了农户的土地流转行为及其相应的土地面积.发现家庭保障水平越高的农户转出其土地的可能性越大、转出地面积也越多.农业劳动力越多的农户则转入土地的可能性越大,与之相反非农劳动力较多的农户则转出的土地较多.农户家庭保障水平低下和非农就业机会的限制可能是我国农地流转市场发展缓慢的重要因素.     

农村土地流转的收入分配效应

基于我国东中部6省1 604户农户的调研数据,本文采用分位数回归模型,从转入与转出视角实证分析、比较了农地流转的收入效应和收入分配效应。估计结果显示:总体上,农地转入的增收效应显著,但农地转出无此效应。分区域考察,农地流转拉大了东部与中部地区农户间的收入差距。其中,东部地区农地转入和转出均有显著增收效应,且后者远大于前者;中部地区农地转入的增收效应明显,但农地转出却有显著的"减收"效应。从不同收入阶层来看,农地转入促进了贫困户及低收入户至部分高收入户增收,其中收入水平越高的农户获益愈大;相较之下,农地转出仅使部分低收入户增收,有一定缩小收入差距功能。更进一步,东部地区农地转入可使除中高收入组农户以外的其他农户增收,农地转出则可使除贫困户和部分低收入组农户以外的其他农户增收,此两种流转类型均会扩大农户收入差距。中部地区农地转入可使所有农户增收,但同时加剧了收入不平等;与之不同,农地转出能使低收入组农户增收,也可使部分高收入组农户"减收",因而比较利于减少贫富差距。据此,决策当局应当着力消除各种非市场因素限制,构建功能良好的土地租赁市场,发挥价格机制、竞争机制、供求机制以及法律保障机制在农地配置中的主导作用,推动农地流转方式更加市场化、规范化;同时,完善土地流转中租金和期限的确定机制,减少交易成本,提高收入分配的均衡性,保护农户(尤其是贫困户)在农地流转中的短期和中长期利益;此外,多渠道扩大农民非农就业机会,并提高其非农就业能力。     

关天经济区农户农地流转行为研究

农地流转是现阶段实现农地规模经营的必经之路。本文基于关天经济区622份调查问卷,建立了农地流转的农户模型,利用Heckman两阶段模型研究了交易成本认知和农户禀赋对农户参与农地流转(转出)、农地流转率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)关天经济区农户参与农地流转的积极性不高,样本农户参与农地流转的仅为23%,农地流转率均值为11%;(2)流转价格了解程度、农地流转组织形式、农地流转合约期限和对外交通便利情况影响农户是否参与农地流转决策,而农地流转率仅受流转价格了解程度和农地流转契约形式影响;(3)劳动力和土地禀赋正向影响农户转出土地,农地流转率随农业生产能力增强而降低;(4)文化程度与农户是否参与农地流转、农地流转率呈现显著的负相关关系,与天水的农户相比,关中地区的农户更倾向于参与农地流转。因此,要促进农户参与农地流转、提升农地流转率,首先要加强农地流转政策的宣传力度,提高农户整体认知水平,增强农户农地流转政策的理解程度和接受能力;其次,深化农村土地产权改革,加快农地确权颁证,提升农户产权的稳定性和可预期性;再次,建立健全农地流转市场,完善市场在农地流转过程中的信号生成机制和传递功能,降低农地流转过程中的交易成本;第四,采取相应的激励政策提高农户土地、劳动力的利用程度,提升农户农业生产能力,避免农户在农地流转市场中的逆向选择行为;最后,建立有效的农地"经营权退出机制",将束缚在农业生产上的低效劳动力和土地释放出来,实现资源的最优化配置。     

劳动力转移、性别差异与农地流转及合约选择

通过构建“劳动力转移-性别差异-农地流转及合约选择”分析框架,分析劳动力转移性别差异背后的行为经济学含义,进而探讨不同性别的劳动力转移对农户农地流转供给决策与合约选择的差异化影响机制。理论研究表明,女性在家庭中起粘结家庭成员的作用,女性劳动力非农就业更能体现家庭的“离农”,因而女性劳动力的非农就业行为对农户农地流转供给决策具有更明显的促进作用;男性是农户家庭在村庄中排他能力的标志,具有不可忽视的农地流转风险规避功能,因而男性劳动力的外出就业距离对农户农地流转的合约选择起决定性作用。利用全国9省(区)4772个农户样本数据进行实证分析,计量结果表明:①女性劳动力非农就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地面积占承包地面积比例增加1.06%;②男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地时签订关系型合约的可能性增加1.11%;③男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,意愿合约形式为无合同的可能性增加0.63%,意愿合约形式为口头合同的可能性增加0.29%,意愿合约形式为书面合同的可能性减少0.91%。这意味着,为了劳动力流转市场与农地流转市场更流畅地互动,应为农村女性劳动力营造一个更加合适、有利和公平的非农就业环境,这可成为未来农村劳动力就业扶持政策的重要方向。另一方面,促进正式契约与关系型合约的有机衔接,有利于农地流转合约的正式化与规范化,从而为农地流转市场的健康发育提供有力保障。     

Livelihood adaptations to climate variability: insights from farming households in Ghana

Climate variability poses a significant threat to many sectors of Sub-Saharan Africa’s economy. Agriculture is one of the most climate sensitive sectors because of its dependence on rain-fed cultivation. This paper identifies the main adaptation strategies used by farming households in the Sudan savannah and forest-savannah transitional agro-ecological zones of Ghana, in order to reduce the adverse impacts of climate variability on their livelihood activities. It combines questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews and a range of participatory methods. Results show that households employ a range of on- and off-farm adaptation strategies including changing the timing of planting, planting early maturing varieties, diversification of crops, support from family and friends, and changing their diets to manage climate variability. Results reveal that most households use adaptation strategies linked to livelihood diversification to adapt to the increased climate variability seen in recent decades. Most households now engage in multiple non-arable farming livelihood activities in an attempt to avoid destitution because of crop failure linked to climate variability (particularly drought). The findings suggest that policy makers need to formulate more targeted climate adaptation policies and programmes that are linked to enhancing livelihood diversification, as well as establishing communication routes for farming communities to better share their knowledge on successful local climate adaptation strategies.     

非农就业、农业生产服务外包与农户农地流转行为

农户向非农就业转移被认为是农地流转的主要驱动力，然而在非农就业非常普遍的情况下，农地流转率仍然徘徊不前。农业生产服务外包的发展通过改变非农就业农户从事农业的机会成本进而影响非农就业对农地流转的驱动效应。基于湖北省农户家庭2018年微观调查数据，运用二元离散模型和中介效应模型实证检验农户非农就业对农地流转的影响及农业生产服务外包在其中的中介作用。研究发现：（1）非农就业有助于增加农业生产服务外包进而促进农地转出、抑制农地转入；（2）农业生产服务外包抑制农地转出、促进农地转入；（3）若忽略农业生产服务外包的影响，非农就业对农地流转市场供给的正向效应与需求的负向效应均被高估，这为现实中农户非农就业程度高与农地流转率低的矛盾提供了重要解释。农业生产服务外包在优化农村劳动力资源配置的同时，也对农地流转市场的供需结构进行了重新塑造。     

粮食补贴政策与农户非农就业行为研究

粮食补贴政策旨在提高农民种粮积极性,促进粮食增产和农民增收,随着国家粮食补贴资金投入力度的逐年加大,农民种粮积极性不断提高,家庭劳动时间分配很可能因此而产生调整。本文首先通过构建嵌入粮食补贴政策的农户劳动分配决策行为模型,理论分析粮食补贴政策对农户非农就业行为的影响,然后基于粮食主产区安徽省农户的实地调查数据,采用Tobit模型分析方法,实证分析粮食补贴政策对农户非农劳动时间供给的影响。研究结果显示:粮食补贴政策对农户非农劳动时间供给具有显著的负面影响,一定程度上有助于调动农民从事农业和粮食生产的积极性;然而,在农业内部工资率低于非农均衡工资率的情况下,这种由粮食补贴政策诱发的农户劳动就业行为变化对家庭经济收入的负面影响将超过当前的转移支付水平;若粮食补贴政策旨在稳定或增加农民收入,那么当前的补贴政策需要进行根本性调整。     

Adapting to declining fish resources: the differentiation of livelihood systems and fishing strategies in Singkarak Lake’s fishing community,West Sumatra

In Southeast Asia, inland fish resources are crucial for small-scale fishing households. Their decline, due to overfishing and a set of socio-ecological factors, jeopardises aquatic ecosystems and the livelihoods of fishing communities. Singkarak Lake (West Sumatra) exemplifies this sustainability challenge. The paper proposes a multi-disciplinary analysis of the situation. First, it identifies and documents the primary livelihood systems and the strategic adaptations involved in fishing communities. Based upon a sample of 200 households and the implementation of multivariate analyses, a typology is developed. Three household types are identified. Type I comprises better-off farming fishers that have high fishing capitals and income but the lowest returns on fishing and land assets. Type II includes poor fishing farmers with higher farming income; they show the highest return on land assets. Type III is composed of poorer, younger fishers with the highest return on fishing assets and fishing costs. They have little land, low farming income, and diversified livelihood sources. Second, the technical efficiency (TE) of fishing households is studied using a data envelopment analysis. The results show that the average TE is low, but marked differences exist between the types. Type I households have the lowest TE in fishing, confirming an extensification and overcapitalisation strategy. Type II households show a high technical fishing efficiency. They have developed on-farm diversification with a combined, balanced livelihood system. Type III households are the most efficient fishers. They developed an intensification strategy together with off-farm diversification. Different livelihood strategies and economic portfolio have been developed as the response to the limited resources, uncertainty, fluctuating environment and other source of vulnerability. The fishers built up their livelihood based on their assets’ ownership, access to other resource out of fishing and their socio-economic status. In this context, understanding livelihood diversity among small-scale fishers, different socio-economic, their efficiency, constraints and opportunities emerge as important factor in policy formulation to enhance support to small-scale fishing communities and improved management of both the resources and local development. Finally, the paper suggests a focus on people and community-related solutions and proposes a threefold approach of resource conservation, livelihood improvements and restructured governance.     

Understanding livelihood strategy-poverty links: empirical evidence from central highlands of Ethiopia

The aim of this paper is to disclose livelihood strategy-poverty links and gain a better understanding by developing typologies of rural households. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, we group households into different typologies and explore interactions. We identified six main agronomic strategies, four dominant livelihood diversification strategies, and income quartiles (proxies for poverty) using cluster and principal component factor analysis. We found that nearly 82% of the surveyed farmers in the study area belong to the bottom income quartiles while about 18% are on the upper quartiles. Households in the bottom income quartiles engaged in casual off-farm work and cereal-dominated livelihood strategies that tend to pursue subsistence farming by growing cereals and oil crops. Contrarily, farmers in the upper income quartiles adapted intensive agronomic strategies by integrating root crops, legumes, and vegetables with livestock. This was largely attributed to access to key livelihood assets such as land, livestock, education, and institutional support in which the upper quartiles were more endowed. Improving availability of the key assets for the bottom income quartiles might be a way out of poverty and ensuring sustainable development. It is crucial to recognize local-level heterogeneities of rural households when targeting development interventions.     

农地转出:缓解还是加剧了农户的多维贫困?

基于六盘山集中连片区的1 112户农户调研数据,在综合考虑样本选择偏差和异质性的基础上,通过构建内生转换模型分析了农户农地转出行为对多维贫困指数的影响。结果表明：农户农地转出行为能够显著地降低多维贫困指数。通过进一步的反事实假设研究,发现农地转出户如果不转出农地,多维贫困指数将提高22.16%;未转出户如果有机会转出农地,多维贫困指数将下降30.22%。尽管农地转出行为能够降低农户的多维贫困指数,但受制于以地为生思想意识的制约,集中连片区农户并不能做出合理的决策。     

Driving factors and the implications of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China

Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,households,and land endowments.The findings reveal large differences between males and females,and between non-farm employment and part-time farming engagement Land scarcity is still an important driving factor in non-farming participation of rural laborers in the study area;and in the current case of land productivity and the total amount of land,there are still surplus rural labor forces in the study area.Diversification of livelihood reduces the pressure on land,thus facilitating ecosystem conservation.So,the paper concludes with the argument that establishing coordination mechanisms among non-farm employment of rural laborers,agricultural production,and restoration of ecosystems are essential for mitigating the conflicts of ecological security,agricultural production,and rural development in mis area.