横风速度对单线高架桥上高速列车气动特性影响

为了节省宝贵的土地资源,高架桥结构在现代高速铁路建设中被大量采用,在高架桥上行驶的高速列车随着合成风向角的变化,其气动特性呈规律性变化,以此采用计算流体力学方法来研究横风速度变化对高速列车气动特性的影响.通过合理划分网格、选取合适的湍流模型、设置正确的边界条件来提高数值计算精度,模拟结果表明：随着横风速度的增加,头、尾车阻力明显增加,头车上的侧翻力矩也明显增加;没有横向风时由于单线高架桥的对称结构,高速列车基本不受侧向力作用.     

大跨度双层桁架主梁三分力系数识别

采用风洞试验与计算流体力学（CFD）相结合的方法,对某公铁两用斜拉桥双层桁架主梁在?10°~10°风攻角下的三分力系数进行研究. 利用风洞试验技术测试成桥及施工阶段不同风攻角下主梁的气动力,并识别相应的三分力系数;基于标准k-ε双方程湍流模型建立三维数值计算模型,识别不同风攻角下三分力系数结果,并将其与风洞试验结果对比;结合2种方法研究雷诺数、桥面附属物和公路及铁路交通状况等因素对主梁气动特性的影响. 结果表明低风攻角下雷诺数对主梁气动特性影响较小,可忽略不计,并提出了高风攻角下识别双层桁架三分力系数最低雷诺数的建议值;桥面附属物对主梁阻力系数影响显著,下层桥面附属物有效降低了主梁升力系数;公路车辆对主梁气动系数影响较小,迎风侧列车对主梁阻力系数、升力系数影响显著,背风侧列车对主梁力矩系数影响显著.     

The effect of leading-edge sweep angle asymmetry on lateral aerodynamics

Based on the results of force measurement experiment in a low speed wind tunnel, the effect of asymmetrical leading-edge sweep angle on aerodynamic load was investigated with the commonswift’s wing model. The wing model was divided into three segments, i.e., arm wing, hand wingin and hand wingout, and the roll moment produced by the variation of asymmetrical change of wing segment’s leading-edge sweep angle was analyzed.     

Formation mechanism of aerodynamic drag of high-speed train and some reduction measures

Aerodynamic drag is proportional to the square of speed. With the increase of the speed of train, aerodynamic drag plays an important role for high-speed train. Thus, the reduction of aerodynamic drag and energy consumption of high-speed train is one of the essential issues for the development of the desirable train system. Aerodynamic drag on the traveling train is divided into pressure drag and friction one. Pressure drag of train is the force caused by the pressure distribution on the train along the reverse running direction. Friction drag of train is the sum of shear stress, which is the reverse direction of train running direction. In order to reduce the aerodynamic drag, adopting streamline shape of train is the most effective measure. The velocity of the train is related to its length and shape. The outer wind shields can reduce train’s air drag by about 15%. At the same time, the train with bottom cover can reduce the air drag by about 50%, compared with the train without bottom plate or skirt structure. Foundation item: Project(2001AA505000) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development of China     

高速列车受电弓空气动力学对弓网受流的影响

为了研究高速列车弓网受流特性,考虑受电弓平均稳态与非稳态气动力影响,基于受电弓的非稳态空气动力学模型,采用均匀来流假设,运用计算流体力学(CFD)方法得到受电弓各部件的气动升阻力.将非稳态气动力时间平均,得到平均稳态气动力,并将具有一定脉动的受电弓非稳态气动力及平均稳态气动力分别加载至弓网动力学模型中,对比了2种气动力加载情形下弓网动力学. 仿真结果表明:在受电弓三质量块模型下,受电弓平均稳态与非稳态空气动力学对弓网受流的影响差别不大.进一步从受电弓非稳态气动力激励的振幅与频率两方面研究了其对弓网受流的影响,当外部激励振幅较大或频率与弓网系统频率接近时,弓网受流特性会受到显著影响.研究结果为将来考虑非均匀来流、横风等复杂气动条件下的弓网受流特性研究提供了基础.     

Wind tunnel test on aerodynamic effect of wind barriers on train-bridge system

To investigate the aerodynamic effect of wind barriers on a high-speed train-bridge system,a sectional model test was conducted in a closed-circuit-type wind tunnel.Several different cases,including with and without barriers,with different barrier heights and porosity rates,and with different train arrangements on the bridge were taken into consideration;in addition,the aerodynamic coefficients of the train-bridge system were measured.It is found that the side force and rolling moment coefficients of the vehicle are efficiently reduced by a single-side wind barrier,but for the bridge deck these values are increased.The height and porosity rate of the barrier are two important factors that influence the windbreak effect.Train arrangement on the bridge will considerably influence the aerodynamic properties of the train-bridge system.The side force and rolling moment coefficients of the vehicle at the windward side are larger than at the leeward side.     

升力型风力机与升阻型风力机气动性能分析

为深入研究升阻型风力机与升力型风力机的气动性能,基于CFD软件,采用k—wSST湍流模型,利用双滑移网格技术对2者的启动风速和切入风速进行流场计算,研究在低风速下2种风力机的气动性能。结果显示：升阻型风力机具有较大的启动力矩、较小的切人风速以及较小的启动风速;升阻型风力机在低风速下比升力型风力机更容易启动,且在失速之前升阻型风力机的输出功率较大,但在失速之后升阻型风力机输出功率低于升力型风力机。     

基于FLUENT的移动车辆下的车桥气动特性研究

为了研究车桥系统中车辆和桥梁之间的气动影响以及车桥系统的气动特性,基于流体软件FLUENT分别建立了车辆、桥梁、车桥系统的三维分析模型,计算了侧风下移动车辆和桥梁的气动力参数.结果表明：车桥之间有明显的相互气动影响,车辆的存在使得桥梁气动力参数增大,车桥之间的气动干扰显著影响了车辆气动力参数;与静止车辆相比,移动车辆的气动力参数普遍偏大;车速与风速对车辆的气动力参数影响显著,对桥梁影响较小.     

民用飞机前缘增升装置气动特性试验研究

在民用飞机增升装置低速半模风洞试验的基础上,针对内缝翼和短舱导流片进行了前缘增升装置气动特性试验研究,分析了内缝翼长度对增升装置升力系数的影响,比较了短舱导流片在起飞和着陆状态下的气动特性.试验结果表明,增升装置线性段升力系数不受内缝翼长度的影响,失速区升力系数和CL max随内缝翼长度增加而增大;模型安装短舱导流片后,最大可用升力系数、CL max和失速迎角明显增加,升阻比和俯仰力矩特性在失速区也得到了改善,且线性段气动性能没有发生大的改变.     

极端运行阵风下后掠型风力机叶片的气动特性研究

基于多体系统动力学和升力线气动模型,考虑柔性后掠叶片动态失速和气动弹性耦合问题,建立了风力机气弹耦合模型,研究极端运行阵风及阵风作用时间对某5 MW后掠风力机叶片气动性能的影响。结果表明：极端运行阵风对叶根挥舞力矩、功率、攻角、升力系数和轴向推力等气动特性具有较大影响。研究工作对风力机的结构优化设计和疲劳寿命设计具有重要作用。     

横风对高速动车组直线运行动力学性能的影响

通过建立高速动车组动力学仿真模型,分析了高速动车组在所受气动升力、侧力和倾覆力矩作用下的运行安全性.以某350 km/h动车组为原型,采用动拖动的编组方式,建立了列车动力学模型.动车转向架采用转臂式轴箱定位结构,二系悬挂由空气弹簧与横向减振器、抗蛇行减振器组成.研究常速横风及阵风对动车组各车的影响.仿真结果表明:横向风对脱轨系数、轮重减载率及轮轨横向力均有很大的影响,尤其是轮重减载率,在所计算的工况下,几乎所有的轮重减载率均超出了标准要求,因此在横向阵风的作用下,动车必须限速运行,否则会有脱轨的危险;另外,阵风对动车组的影响要大于常值侧风,并且横风对头车的影响比其他车辆要大很多.     

Influence of ribs on train aerodynamic performances

The influence of ribs on the train aerodynamic performance was computed using detached eddy simulation(DES), and the transient iteration was solved by the dual-time step lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS) method. The results show that the ribs installed on the roof have a great effect on the train aerodynamic performance. Compared with trains without ribs, the lift force coefficient of the train with convex ribs changes from negative to positive, while the side force coefficient increases by 110%and 88%, respectively. Due to the combined effect of the lift force and side force, the overturning moment of the train with convex ribs and cutting ribs increases by 140% and 106%, respectively. There is larger negative pressure on the roof of the train without ribs than that with ribs. The ribs on the train would disturb the flow structure and contribute to the air separation, so the separation starts from the roof, while there is no air separation on the roof of the train without ribs. The ribs can also slow down the flow speed above the roof and make the air easily sucked back to the train surface. The vortices at the leeward side of the train without ribs are small and messy compared with those of the train with convex or cutting ribs.     

高铁运行经过地下站台的气动风场研究

为了研究高速列车运行经过地下车站时的气动效应,为地下高铁站设计提供参考,以某地下高铁站为背景,采用数值模拟的计算方法,建立了站前隧道-地下车站-列车的数值模型。运用滑移网格的计算方法,对列车运行经过地下车站的情况进行模拟。列车运行时速选定200、250、300和350 km/h,站台上布置25个测点进行监测,研究列车运行时速和站台位置两种因素对站台上气动风场的影响。结果表示:(1)站台上的气动效应随列车运行时速越高变化越大;(2)列车经过地下站台后还会产生不可忽视的尾波;(3)站台上气动风场波动值最高的位置是站台入口处。     

声屏障高度影响列车气动特性的数值研究

基于计算流体力学方法,对双线高架桥声屏障高度影响高速列车空气动力特性进行数值研究,将声屏障分为6种不同高度,且分析时基于以下工况：不考虑横向风情况,列车运行时速为200 km.通过对列车所受气动力分析发现,中间车的气动六分力系数以及头、尾车阻力系数对声屏障高度变化均不敏感;声屏障高度只是对头、尾车的升力系数产生影响,且表现出一定的规律性;头车上的负升力随声屏障高度增加而缓慢增加,而对于尾车,随着声屏障高度增加,其正升力先增加,而后逐渐减小.     

Field measurement on wind characteristic and buffeting response of the Runyang Suspension Bridge during typhoon Matsa

Field measurement on wind characteristic and buffeting response of existing bridge is of great value to the development of bridge wind engineering, and the structural health monitoring system (SHMS) employed in many long-span bridges provide a research basis for the field measurement. In order to provide reliable basis for wind resistant evaluation of Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB), two anemometers and 85 accelerometers were installed in the SHMS of RSB. In August 2005, Typhoon Matsa crossed over Jiangsu, the SHMS timely recorded the typhoon and structural vibration responses. In this paper by using the time-frequency technique and statistical theory, the recorded data were analyzed to obtain the strong wind characteristics, the buffeting response characteristics of the cable and deck, and the variation of buffeting response RMS versus wind speed. Results obtained in this study can be employed to validate the credibility of current buffeting response analysis theory techniques, and provide reference values for wind resistant evaluation of other long-span bridges. Supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (“863” Project) (Grant No. 2006AA04Z416), the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50538020) and the Outstanding Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50725828)     

组合模型对受电弓横风气动特性的影响

针对受电弓-接触网和受电弓-接触网-列车2种组合模型,基于三维可压缩流动的纳维-斯托克斯(N-S)动量方程,采用剪切压力传输(SST k-ω)湍流模式和有限体积法,对2种组合模型中的受电弓在不同横风条件下的气动特性进行了数值模拟和对比分析,并讨论横风风速对受电弓气动载荷的影响,采用量纲分析方法,建立受电弓气动力、力矩系数与横风风速、风向角之间的关系表达式.结果表明：与不考虑列车车体的情况相比,车体的存在改变了受电弓绕流场特性,且对受电弓的气动阻力、升力和俯仰力矩的变化规律产生显著影响,对侧向力、倾覆力矩和侧偏力矩的影响相对较小.研究结果可为横风条件下高速列车受电弓的运行安全性及优化设计提供一定的依据.     

Cooling mechanism of embankment with block stone interlayer in Qinghai-Tibet railway

In order to study the cooling mechanism of embankment with block stone interlayer under open and closed conditions,an experimental railway section was built and data within one freeze-thaw cycle were collected. The results explain well the cooling mechanism of embankment with block stone interlayer. Under the open condition in cold seasons,the enforced convection effect occurs within block stone interlayer when the wind speed is large;however,the weak air convection occurs within the block stone interlayer near the bottom of the embankment when the wind speed is slow. Under the open condition in warm seasons,heat conduc-tion occurs within block stone interlayer due to the change in wind speed and di-rection. Under the closed condition,however,the enforced convection within block stone interlayer is so weak that heat conduction is dominant in the whole year be-cause wind is blocked. Therefore,the cooling effect of embankment with a block stone interlayer to the soil beneath it is produced by enforced convection and weak free air convection;both its process and the cooling intensity are controlled by the local wind speed and direction. Because of the difference in the cooling effects,the soil temperature beneath the embankment has a temperature difference of 2℃―4℃ between the open and closed conditions.     

斜拉索风雨激振-实验与数值模拟混合子结构方法研究

人工模拟降雨条件下,斜拉索风雨激振的非定常气动力难以测试,本文提出结构风致振动的实验与数值模拟的混合子结构方法,将结构和流场分为两个子结构,将实验获得的结构振动作为动边界施加在流场子结构,仅对动边界的绕流场进行CFD数值模拟。首先通过圆柱涡激振动验证混合子结构方法的可行性及精度;然后采用混合子结构方法,计算斜拉索风雨激振的气动力并施加到斜拉索上,得到斜拉索振动响应并与实验结果比较。结果表明混合子结构方法能够准确地获得斜拉索风雨激振的气动力时程。     

车辆外风挡结构对高速列车横风气动性能影响

采用三维、定常、不可压缩雷诺时均(navier-stokes, N-S)方程和重组化群(renormalization group, RNG) κ-ε双方程湍流模型,模拟3车编组高速列车气动性能。通过改变侧滑角研究不同风挡结构对列车气动性能影响。所选数值算法经过风洞试验验证,结果与试验数据变化规律一致,幅值相差不超过10%。不同风挡下列车表面压力系数沿车长分布规律一致,且幅值接近,风挡处车体表面压力系数差异显著,出现翻倍情况。随侧滑角增大,靠近风挡处列车表面压力系数分布发生明显变化。随侧滑角增大,不同风挡形式下的压力系数差异越显著,最大可达176%。随侧滑角增大,风挡的影响越显著;列车侧向力系数、升力系数和倾覆力矩系数的最大差异分别为17.71%、6.35%和7.52%;全封闭式风挡的列车抗倾覆能力相对最优,半风挡和平滑风挡对减小风环境下列车阻力有明显效果。     

风力机叶片二元翼段静气动弹性机理

针对风力机叶片翼型静气动弹性的发散速度、载荷重新分布等问题,在线弹性范围内,基于气动弹性力学理论,推导出适用于风力机叶片二元翼段静气动弹性的基本方程.以攻角为输入量,压力为输出量,翼型的弹性扭角为系统的反馈量,建立了风力机叶片弹性翼型的气动弹性反馈模型.在危险风速工况下,对3种典型翼型的风力机叶片二元翼段进行了计算分析,得到了扭转刚度、刚心与气动中心距离对风力机叶片二元翼段的发散速度、附加扭角和升力分布的影响.研究了不同翼型对风力机叶片二元翼段附加扭角和升力分布的影响,结果表明,当扭转刚度较小时,附加扭角的增加在一定程度上提高了翼型的气动性能;当扭转刚度较大时,附加扭角增加较小,对翼型的气动性能影响较小.