宽QRS波群心动过速的分类

宽QRS波群心动过速是指体表心电图QRS波群时限≥0.12s,心室率>100bpm的心动过速。它包含了病因、发生机制及治疗原则均不相同的心动过速。主要见于室上性心动过速伴室内差异性传导和室性心动过速(室速)。宽QRS波群心动过速最常见为室性心动过速,约占宽QRS波群心动过速的70%～80%。近年来,随着心内电生理检查和射频消融术在临床的广泛应用,人们对其机制的认识不断拓展,对其分类和鉴别诊断的认识更加深入。目前常用以下方法进行分类。一.根据宽QRS波群心动过速的发生机制分类1.室上性心动过速合并束支阻滞或室内差异性传导(1)房性快速性…     

食管心脏电生理检查诊断宽QRS心动过速一例分析

宽QRS心动过速指QRS时间≥120ms,心率〉100bpm的心动过速,临床分为两大类：室性心动过速;室上性心动过速伴有心室内差异传导、功能性束支及分支阻滞和预激综合征引起的心动过速。两者鉴别一直是体表心电图诊断的难点,尽管多年来有众多的鉴别诊断方案,如wellens方法、Brugada方案、Akhtar标准及avR四步诊断法等,但是还有部分宽QRS心动过速得不到正确诊断,必须通过食管心脏电生理或心内电生理检查,才能揭开庐山真面目,确切诊断宽QRS心动过速的性质,选择最佳治疗方案。现将通过食管电生理检查对宽QRS心动过速作出正确诊断的一例病例报告如下。     

QRS波第一峰时限诊断宽QRS波心动过速395例

宽QRS波心动过速指QRS时间≥0;12 s,频率＞100次/min的心动过速[1].室性和室上性心动过速心电图上都可表现为宽QRS波群,两者电生理机制、诊断、治疗不同,因此,对宽QRS波心动过速的鉴别诊断十分重要.依据体表12导联心电图鉴别宽QRS波心动过速是临床常用方法,已开展的有Brugada四步法、Vereckei四步法及aVR四步法.2010年国外学者又提出通过心电图Ⅱ导联测量QRS波第一峰时限(RWPT)[2](新方法)来鉴别宽QRS波心动过速.     

食管导联心电图诊断宽QRS波群心动过速

宽QRS波群心动过速是指QRS时间＞0.12s,心室率＞100次/min的心动过速。在宽QRS波群心动过速中,起源于心室不同部位的室性心动过速占70%～80%,其余为室上性心动过速伴心室内阻滞或伴旁路顺传等[1]。由于宽QRS波群心动过速时在常规心电图中不易显示P波,常造成诊断困难。但通过分析食管导联记录到的高尖P波与QRS波群的关系,可迅速对宽QRS波群心动过速进行准确诊断;利用食管电极起搏心脏还可终止部分宽QRS波群心动过速[2]。本文通过对12例宽QRS波群心动过速患者食管心电图分析,探讨食管心电图在宽QRS波群心动过速诊断中的应用价值。     

QRS波第一峰时限与aVR导联四步法诊断宽QRS波心动过速的分析

宽QRS波心动过速(WCT)指QRS时间≥0.12 s、频率＞100次/min的心动过速[1].室性和室上性心动过速心电图上都可表现为宽QRS波群,两者电生理机制、诊断、治疗不同,因此,对宽QRS波心动过速的鉴别诊断十分重要.依据体表12导联心电图鉴别宽QRS波心动过速是临床常用方法,已开展的有Brugada四步法、Vereckei五步法及aVR导联四步法.2010年Luis提出通过心电图Ⅱ导联测量QRS波第一峰时限(R-wave peak time,RWPT)[2](新方法)来鉴别宽QRS波心动.本研究应用新方法和aVR导联四步法对395份动态心电图记录的宽QRS波心动过速进行了回顾性分析,比较两种方法鉴别WCT的优劣,现将结果报告如下.     

宽QRS波群心动过速诊断中无人区心电轴的应用价值

宽QRS波群群心动过速的鉴别诊断一直是临床心电图学的一个热点。多数宽QRS波群心动过速是室性心动过速,但也可能是各种室上性心动过速伴     

诊断室速的Brugada 4步法

宽QRS波心动过速是指心电图QRS波时限超过120ms的心动过速，其70％为室性心动过速，另30％为室上性心动过速伴功能性束支阻滞或室内差异性传导。鉴别两者的方法及心电图标准很多，其中Brugada提出的4步鉴别诊断方法简单明了，临床应用逐渐增多。     

病史在宽QRS波心动过速鉴别中的意义

病史是鉴别宽QRS波心动过速的基石。只要病情允许,宽QRS波心动过速的诊断与鉴别诊断应从仔细询问病史开始。一.有助于鉴别宽QRS波心动过速的病史1.猝死生还猝死生还者的宽QRS波心动过速绝大多数是室速/室颤。2.血流动力学不稳定血流动力学不稳定的宽QRS波心动过速是室速的可能性大,但并非绝对如此[1]。3.心动过速发作与终止方式(1)突发突止:折返机制室速的发作可以呈突发突止的特点,但其与室上性心动过速发作,如窦房折返、房内折返性心动过速、房室结或房室折返性心动过速,不易鉴别。但部分室上速可能通过Valsalva动作等刺激迷走神经的方法终止,有助于鉴别[2]。(2)药物终止心动过速:腺苷/ATP能终止室上速(敏感性90%,特异性和阳性预测值分别为93%和     

三种流程法联用诊断宽QRS波心动过速3例

联合应用Brugada四步流程、Vereckei四步法、aVR单导联四步法等对3例宽QRS波心动过速心电图进行鉴别诊断,均诊断为室速。经针对性治疗,3例患者心电图均转复为窦性心律。提示临床中联合采用多种方法诊断,对宽QRS波心动过速心电图能快速准确诊断。     

形态心电图特征在宽QRS波心动过速鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨形态心电图特征在宽QRS波心动过速（WCT）鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对广西医科大学第一附属医院2005年1月-2008年6月住院并经心内电生理检查确诊WCT 96例患者的心电图,分别应用Brugada标准及形态心电图特征进行回顾分析。结果 Brugada标准诊断室性心动过速（VT）的敏感性高（92.4%）,但特异性较低（53.3%）;而形态心电图特征可应用于WCT的鉴别诊断,30例WCT心电图QRS波形态符合典型束支传导阻滞图形,诊断为室上性心动过速（SVT）伴室内差异性传导或束支传导阻滞;66例WCT心电图QRS波形态不符合典型的束支传导阻滞表现,诊断为VT。结论形态心电图特征在WCT鉴别诊断中的应用价值更高、更简便。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.