经皮激光椎间盘减压术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛疗效观察

目的观察应用经皮激光椎间盘减压术（Pereutaneous laser disc decompression，PLDD）治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的临床疗效。方法应用日本SLT公司产ND：YAG脉冲式激光治疗仪对2003年1月-2005年10月收治的17例椎间盘源性腰痛患者行PLDD治疗。结果17例平均年龄47．6岁，平均随访时间．13．6个月，采用疼痛视觉模拟评分系统（VsA）评估治疗效果，疼痛改善≥4分8例；≥3分7例，2例较术前无明显改善。结论PLDD是治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的有效方法。     

激光低温理疗治疗椎间盘源性腰痛

目的探讨激光低温理疗治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的临床疗效。方法2006年6月～2008年3月,应用低功率激光低温理疗治疗椎间盘源性腰痛35例,采用低功率激光,按脉冲时间1s,间隔时间1s的标准,功率3.5W,持续时间30min的标准治疗,术前和术后对患者进行治疗效果评价。结果15例行1次手术,14例行2次手术,6例行3次手术。最终疗效为32例有效（其中7例优,24例良,1例可）,2例无效,1例因效果不佳行开放手术治疗,有效率达91.4%（32/35）,优良率88.6%（31/35）。结论严格选择适应证,低功率激光低温理疗治疗椎间盘源性腰痛具有确切的疗效。     

经皮内镜椎间盘切除术治疗慢性椎间盘源性腰痛的初步研究

目的 评价经皮内镜腰椎间盘切除术(percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy,PELD)治疗经保守治疗无效的慢性椎间盘源性腰痛的初步临床效果. 方法 2007年6月-2008年5月,收治52例经保守治疗无效的慢性腰痛患者,经低压椎间盘造影诊断为椎间盘源性疼痛.其中男15例,女37例;年龄29～46岁,平均38.2岁.慢性腰痛病程6～110个月,平均32.1个月.经MRI检查显示共有108个T2像低信号的"黑椎间盘",按信号异常椎间盘节段分布:L2、3 3个,L3、417个,L4、548个,L5～S140个.经造影显示为阳性,并行透视或术中CT证实椎间盘后方纤维环撕裂的有79个椎间盘,行PELD治疗.于术前、术后1个月及末次随访时行疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),末次随访时按改良Macnab标准评价1临床疗效. 结果 每节段手术时间21～36 min,平均30.7 min;术后住院时间2～5 d,平均3.7 d.术后无感染、血管神经损伤等并发症发生;5例术后当天出现一过性神经麻痹,未行特殊处理,末次随访时症状消失.52例均获随访,随访时间3～15个月,平均7.3个月.腰痛VAS评分术前为(7.34±1.52)分,术后1个月及末次随访时分别为(3.62±0.92)分和(1.57±0.48)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).根据改良Macnab标准,优11例,良23例,可13例,差5例,优良率65.38%. 结论 初步研究提示PELD安全有效,可用于治疗经保守治疗无效的慢性椎间盘源性腰痛患者.     

椎间盘源性腰痛的诊断与治疗

目的探讨腰椎间盘源性疼痛的诊断方法及采用前路经腹膜外入路椎间盘切除人工椎间盘置换或椎间cage植骨融合的临床疗效。方法35例经保守治疗无效的椎间盘源性腰痛患者接受手术治疗。椎间盘源性腰痛的诊断标准为：（1）腰部及下肢疼痛的部位与神经根定位不符；（2）症状反复发作，病程在半年以上；（3）MRI病变椎间盘T2加权像低信号；（4）椎间盘造影阳性，相邻节段为阴性对照；（5）关节突关节封闭除外关节突关节退变引起的疼痛。患者年龄25-67岁，平均43．6岁。L4-5 14例，L5S1 16例，L4-5和L5S1双间隙5例。前路经腹膜外入路椎间盘切除后行人工椎间盘置换13例16个椎间盘，椎间cage融合22例24个椎间盘。术后3-7天下地活动。腰围固定3个月。结果所有患者随访6～26个月，平均18个月。术后腰痛及下肢痛症状明显缓解，均恢复正常生活或工作。VAS评分由术前平均72分，降至术后18分，随访6个月时6．5分。ODI评分由术前平均21．5分。降至随访6个月时3分。椎间隙高度从术前平均9．5mm增加至术后13．5mm。手术时间70-120min，出血量100-400ml。随访时未发现肠梗阻、逆行射精和假体位置移动。结论椎间盘源性腰痛由于临床和影像学表现不典型，常被误诊或漏诊，可结合腰椎MRI及椎间盘造影进行诊断。腰椎前路椎间盘切除人工椎间盘置换或椎间cage融合是治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的有效选择。     

射频消融纤维环成形术在治疗椎间盘源性腰痛中的作用

[目的]探讨射频消融、纤维环成形在经皮椎间盘部分切除术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛中的作用.[方法]将本院2010年2月～2011年2月收治的60例椎间盘源性腰痛患者随机分为A组(30例)采用Disc - FX通道系统辅助下经皮椎间盘部分切除术加射频消融、纤维环成形术治疗和B组(30例)采用该系统辅助下的经皮椎间盘部分切除术治疗.男32例,女28例;年龄35 ～ 59岁,平均47.9岁.分析两组患者年龄、病程、手术前后腰痛VAS评分及ODI评分、手术时间.[结果]术后随访9 ～21个月,平均15.9个月.两组在年龄、病程、术前腰痛VAS评分及ODI评分、手术时间差异均无统计学意义;两组术后1、6个月及末次随访时腰痛VAS评分及ODI评分与术前相比降低,差异有统计学意义;与B组相比A组术后腰痛VAS评分及ODI评分降低更明显,差异有统计学意义.[结论]射频消融、纤维环成形在经皮椎间盘部分切除术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛中具有一定作用.     

椎间盘源性痛——射频消融术和椎间孔镜下椎间盘摘除术的疗效对比

目的比较射频消融术和椎间孔镜下椎间盘摘除术治疗椎间盘源性痛的临床疗效。方法回顾2010年8月～2012年5月收治的腰椎椎间盘源性痛患者16例,其中男9例,女7例,平均年龄37.5岁(26～49岁)。均采用C形臂X线机引导下椎间盘穿刺。10例采用射频消融术治疗,6例采用椎间孔镜下椎间盘摘除术的方法。观察手术时间、疼痛改善情况以及术后疼痛复发情况。疼痛改善采用视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)评分法评估。结果射频消融术的手术时间平均为34 min,VAS评分由术前的7.5分降至术后的0.8分,有3例术后半年内再次出现疼痛。椎间孔镜下椎间盘摘除术的手术时间平均为78.8 min,VAS评分由术前的7.7分降至术后的1.2分,术后有1例出现椎间盘突出复发。结论射频消融术和椎间孔镜下椎间盘摘除术均可有效缓解椎间盘源性腰痛,前者的损伤小,但有一定的复发率,后者手术时间长,复发率较低。     

等离子消融技术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的中期疗效

目的：探讨应用等离子消融技术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛患者的中期临床疗效。方法：2002年9月～2007年12月采用等离子消融技术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛患者，其中获得3年以上随访者62例，男20例，女42例；年龄22～55岁，平均37．4岁。治疗1个间隙33例，2个间隙24例，3个间隙5例。随访观察治疗效果，采用视觉疼痛等级评分（VAS）观察疼痛的变化；采用改良Stauffer—Coventry评定系统评价术后的日常活动及满意率。结果：所有病例消融治疗均顺利完成。1例发生椎间盘炎，无其他严重并发症发生。随访38～65个月，平均47个月，术前VAS评分平均6．8分，术后1周时平均3．7分，术后6个月时为3．4分，术后12个月时为3．4分，末次随访时4．1分：术后1周时满意率为87％，术后6个月时为84％，术后12个月时为86％，末次随访时为68％，其中单间隙组为81％，多间隙组为42％。结论：在诊断明确的前提下，等离子消融技术治疗椎间盘源性腰痛，尤其是单间隙病变者，可以获得比较满意的中期临床疗效，是一种微创、简单、安全的治疗方法。     

椎间盘造影阴性在椎间盘源性腰痛诊断中的分析评价

[目的]通过对一组有典型椎间盘源性下腰痛症状和影像学表现但椎间盘造影阴性的患者进行前瞻性分析,观察椎间盘造影阴性是否能完全排除椎间盘源性下腰痛的诊断.[方法] 2008年6月～2011年2月连续诊治的具有典型椎间盘源性疼痛症状和影像学表现(Dallas V型)但椎间盘造影阴性的一组患者共59例,其中男16例,女43例;年龄36～ 51岁,平均43.8岁;病史6个月～4年,平均1.8年.将59例患者随机分为两组,实验组(29例)于造影剂注射完后于椎间隙再给予注射利多卡因10 mg和地塞米松2.5 mg的混悬液,对照组(30例)则不注射药物并结束造影.两组患者于椎间盘造影术术前、术中、术后行VAS及ODI评分并观察结果.[结果]实验组术后2周内可见VAS评分下降,与对照组相比有统计学意义(P＜0.01),术后第3周随访时两组间VAS评分无明显差别(P＞0.05).实验组中18例VAS评分下降的患者在术后第1、4、8周时进行VAS评分及ODI评分时均较术前明显改善(P＜0.01),在第12周随访时总体上VAS评分及ODI评分与术前比较无明显差别(P＞0.05),对照组患者VAS评分及ODI评分与术前比较均无明显差别(P＞0.05).[结论]本研究结果表明椎间盘造影阴性,但同时合并典型的症状和影像学表现时,并不能完全排除椎间盘源性疼痛的诊断.     

椎间盘造影压力与椎间盘源性腰痛手术疗效的关系

目的 探讨椎间蕊造影压力与腰椎间盘源件疼痛手术疗效的关系.方法 2004年4月至2006年6月,65例慢性腰痛患者经压力控制性椎间盘造影确诊为椎间盘源性腰痛.其中22例经保守治疗无效者接受前路腰椎椎间融合术,年龄25～67岁,平均43.6岁.L4-5例,L5S112例,L4-5和L5S1双间隙2例.记录椎间盘造影诱发疼痛时的压力,将患者分为椎间盘造影压力≤300 kPa(低压组)10例,300～500 kPa(高压组)12例.椎间cage融合术22例24个椎间盘.术后3～7 d下地活动.腰围固定3个月.根据术前、术后VAS评分和ODI评分比较高压组和低压组手术疗效.结果 所有患者随访6～26个月,平均18个月.手术时间70～120 min,平均90 min;出血量100～400 ml,平均220 ml.低压组与高压组术前VAS评分和ODI评分、椎间隙高度、手术时间、出血量差异无统计学意义.术后腰及下肢痛症状明显缓解,均恢复正常生活或工作.椎间隙高度从术前平均9.5 mm增加至13.5 mm.术后6个月低压组VAS、ODI改善率分别为82.4%、90.1%,高压组为71.7%、80.6%.随访时未发现肠梗阻、逆行射精和假体位置移动.结论 压力控制性椎间盘造影能够提高椎间盘源性腰痛的诊断准确性,低压力椎间盘造影阳性者手术疗效更好.     

经皮内窥镜激光椎间盘摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的近期疗效

[目的]探讨经皮内窥镜激光椎间盘摘除术对腰椎间盘突出症的近期治疗效果.[方法]2008年7月～2009年1月,36名腰椎间盘突出症患者在本院接受利用结合侧方发射激光和Ellman高频射频装备的经皮内窥镜椎间盘摘除术,疗效判断采用了术前及术后腰痛及腿痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)的变化情况,术后1年时MacNab功能评分.[结果]全部手术均顺利完成,手术时间为30～70 min,平均42 min,无术中并发症发生,手术成功率为97%,手术复发率为3%.所有患者最终随访时间均为1年,腰痛VAS评分术前6.19分,术后1年2.25分;腿痛VAS评分术前8.25分,术后1年1.75分;术后腰痛和腿痛的VAS评分较术前均明显降低(P<0.01).按照MacNab评分标准,术后1年随访时,优28例,良6例,优良率94%.[结论]经皮内窥镜激光椎间盘摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症创伤小、安全,而且近期疗效好.     

Opioid responsiveness

Cancer pain generally responds in a predictable way to analgesic drugs and drug therapy is the mainstay of treatment. A small proportion of patients, of the order of 20%, have pain that does not respond well to conventional analgesic management. Because opioid analgesics are the most important part of this pharmacological approach, a terminology has developed which centres around whether or not pain will respond to opioid analgesics. The terms opioid-responsive-pain and opioid-non-responsive pain, or opioid-resistant-pain, have been used to differentiate between patients whose pain falls into these two broad groups. This terminology is not satisfactory because it implies an all or none phenomenon, that is that pain either does or does not respond to opioid analgesics. Rarely is there such a clear distinction in practice. This is because the end point when titrating dose against pain with strong opioid analgesics is not simply pain relief or lack of relief: adverse effects may limit dose titration. It is preferable to describe patients with pain which is relatively less sensitive to opioids and/or patients where there is an inbalance between analgesia and unwanted effects as having “opioid-poorly-responsive pain”. A pragmatic definition of opioid-poorly-responsive pain is pain that is inadequately relieved by opioid analgesics given in a dose that causes intolerable side effects despite routine measures to control them. Included in this definition is so called paradoxical pain which is not a distinct entity. Neuropathic pain is the most common form of opioid-poorly-responsive pain. The underlying pathophysiology remains unclear but abnormal metabolism of morphine is not the cause of a poor response to this drug. Patients with opioid-poorly-responsive-pain should be considered for treatment with the same opioid by an alternative (spinal) route or with an alternative opioid agonist administered by the same route (whether oral or parenteral), in conjunction with adjuvant analgesics such as tricyclic antidepressants. The most commonly used alternative oral opioids are phenazocine and methadone; transdermal fentanyl is an additional option.     

Rhetoric and reality on acute pain services in the UK: a national postal questionnaire survey

Background. The study aimed to explore the extent to which NHSacute pain services (APSs) have been established in accordancewith national guidance, and to assess the degree to which cliniciansin acute pain management believe that these services are fulfillingtheir role. Methods. A postal questionnaire survey addressed to the headof the acute pain service was sent to 403 National Health Servicehospitals each carrying out more than 1000 operative proceduresa year. Results. Completed questionnaires were received from 81% (325)of the hospitals, of which 83% (270) had an established acutepain service. Most of these (86%) described their service asMonday–Friday with a reduced service at other times; only5% described their service as covering 24 hours, 7 days a week.In the majority of hospitals (68%), the on-call anaesthetistwas the sole provider of out of hours services. Services werecategorized by respondents as thriving (30%), struggling tomanage (52%) or non-existent (17%). There was widespread agreement(     

Paediatric chronic pain

Many children and adolescents experience chronic pain at some point in their childhood. While the majority may be successfully supported by their local services, some may develop persistent pain-related functional disability that should prompt referral to a multidisciplinary paediatric pain service for assessment. These teams work with the family to provide a framework for promoting rehabilitation and restoration of function based on the biopsychosocial model. Mental health difficulties including psychological trauma are often a significant factor. Individualized therapeutic work is core to the pain management pathway. Medications and therapeutic injections are used less frequently in children compared to adult practice but may have a role in facilitating rehabilitation as part of a multidisciplinary approach.     

Medicines optimization in acute and chronic pain

Pain is a complex condition and warrants a multidisciplinary approach based on a bio-psycho-social model. Whilst often successful in acute pain, pharmacological treatment is rarely successful on its own in the management of chronic pain due to the high number of patients needed to treat to achieve a clinically meaningful improvement in function, quality of life and pain scores. There are also significant side effects in the short and long term. Recent re-analysis of clinic trial data focused on individual responder rates, showed that there is a cohort of patients who achieve 50% pain relief with subsequent improvement in physical function. To avoid intolerable side effects from medication used for chronic pain, titration needs to be slow and aimed towards the agreed risk–benefit between patients and treating physician with a clear plan for weaning and cessation if these goals are not achieved. Pain-orientated physiotherapy, either on its own or as part of a pain management programme, should be offered and medication reduced or weaned after restoration of function has been achieved.     

Management of acute pain

Acute pain is a common feature in the presentation of surgical and traumatic pathology and in postoperative patients. In pathological presentations acute pain may have a protective role serving as a warning sign, with muscle spasm helping to limit movement and prevent further injury. Acute postoperative pain can hinder recovery due to limited mobility and may lead to a range of complications, increasing patient morbidity and mortality. Timely and effective management of acute pain is therefore imperative. An acute pain service (APS) is able to assist in the management of complex patients and those with specific invasive analgesic interventions. However, the immediate prescribing is the responsibility of the admitting surgical doctor and therefore this article aims to give an overview of the considerations needed to ensure safe and effective management of acute pain.     

The post-operative painful knee—Clinical and societal causation

Persistent post-surgical pain (PPSP) remains a problem after knee replacement. “Pain” is not likely to be monolithic or a single entity. It can broadly be divided into mechanical pain that is not continuous and is influenced by movement and non-mechanical pain, which is continuous and is marginally affected by activity. If the cause of mechanical pain can be identified, corrective surgery may help.Non-mechanical pain can be subdivided into three groups as follows: sepsis, neuropathic, and perceived pain. The first two groups can be treated to some extent, but the perceived pain group that is very heterogeneous, remains a significant problem.