CRF与规则相结合的地理空间命名实体识别

提出条件随机场(CRF)与规则相结合的地理空间命名实体识别方法.该方法以丰富的知识作为触发条件,用CRF对满足条件的片段作地名及机构名识别.识别出来的命名实体又被解构,CRF及知识用来进一步判断该命名实体是否表示事件发生地的地理空间信息.实验结果表明,统计与规则方法的结合以及解构算法有效提升了地理空间命名实体识别的性能...     

基于CRF和半监督学习的维吾尔文命名实体识别

目前,维吾尔文命名实体识别研究主要集中在单类实体,且没有引入半监督学习方法,从而无法利用未标注语料的无监督语义和结构信息。该文以条件随机场为基本框架,提出了一种基于半监督学习的维吾尔文命名实体识别方法。通过引入词法特征、词典特征、以及基于词向量的无监督学习特征,对比不同特征对识别的影响,并对模型进行优化。实验表明,CRF模型融合多种特征时维吾尔文命名实体识别的F值达到87.43%,说明词法特征和无监督学习特征的有机结合,可以大大减少人工选取特征的工作量,同时也可提高维吾尔文命名实体识别的性能;CRF模型相比于神经网络模型,更适合用于实际应用中。     

结合CRF的边界组合生物医学命名实体识别

许多的生物医学命名实体识别(Bio-NER)工作都集中于提取扁平化的实体,而忽略了嵌套实体和不连续实体.此外,大多数生物医学命名实体都未遵循统一的命名法,具有许多典型的领域特征,但其使用效率较低.为此提出一种结合CRF的边界组合命名实体识别方法,有效地利用了生物医学实体特征.该方法包括边界检测、边界组合和实体筛选三个步骤.首先使用神经网络模型和基于特征的CRF模型识别实体开始和结束边界,然后经过边界组合产生候选实体,最后使用多输入的卷积神经网络模型对候选实体进行筛选并分类.实验表明,该方法能够有效地识别生物医学文献中的嵌套和不连续实体,在GENIA数据集上达到81.89％的F值.     

一个统计与规则相结合的中文命名实体识别系统

介绍了一个中文命名实体识别系统,该系统采用了统计与规则相结合的方法。整个识别过程主要分成两个步骤,首先使用隐马尔可夫模型进行词性标注,然后利用具有优先级别的匹配规则对第一步的结果进行修正和转换。同时,系统还对上下文相关的命名实体识别作了初步的尝试。在863组织的命名实体识别评测中,系统的准确率、召回率和F值分别达到了81.93%,78.20%,80.02%。     

融合实体特性识别越南语复杂命名实体的混合方法

命名实体识别是自然语言处理过程中的基础任务。本文针对越南语的复杂命名实体难识别及F值不够高的问题,提出了一种结合实体库的越南语命名实体识别混合方法。首先,本文根据越南语的语言和实体特点,选取有效的局部特征和全局特征,应用最大熵模型进行越南语命名实体识别;其次,根据本文制定的命名实体的规则进行越南语命名实体识别;然后,结合两者的识别结果,以规则为主,统计为辅原则;最后经过人工校对,把获取到的正确标记的实体加入到实体库,动态扩增实体库,为规则制定和特征选取提供丰富的语料和依据。实验表明,该方法能够有效地结合规则与统计的方法优点,互相弥补不足,明显提高了识别的正确率、召回率和F值。     

双层CRF与规则相结合的中文地名识别方法研究

采用一种基于双层CRF模型与规则相结合的方法提高中文地名的识别性能。第一层CRF模型使用单字特征识别地名,将其结果添加至词典。第二层CRF模型利用词性、左指界词、右指界词和处理后的词典特征对地名进行识别。最后利用规则对识别结果进行过滤修剪和补召。通过双层CRF模型获取文本的远距离特征,解决了同一词汇因位置不同而标记不一致的问题,结合依据地名语言学特点制定的规则提高召回率。实验表明,双层CRF与规则相结合的方法对中文地名的识别取得了较好的效果。对Bakeoff2007的MSRA语料进行开放测试,得到的准确率、召回率、F值分别为95.32%、90.34%、94.12%。     

基于ALBERT-BGRU-CRF的中文命名实体识别方法

命名实体识别是知识图谱构建、搜索引擎、推荐系统等上层自然语言处理任务的重要基础,中文命名实体识别是对一段文本序列中的专有名词或特定命名实体进行标注分类。针对现有中文命名实体识别方法无法有效提取长距离语义信息及解决一词多义的问题,提出一种基于ALBERT-双向门控循环单元（BGRU）-条件随机场（CRF）模型的中文命名实体识别方法。使用ALBERT预训练语言模型对输入文本进行词嵌入获取动态词向量,有效解决了一词多义的问题。采用BGRU提取上下文语义特征进一步理解语义,获取长距离词之间的语义特征。将拼接后的向量输入至CRF层并利用维特比算法解码,降低错误标签输出概率。最终得到实体标注信息,实现中文命名实体识别。实验结果表明,ALBERT-BGRU-CRF模型在MSRA语料库上的中文命名实体识别准确率和召回率分别达到95.16%和94.58%,同时相比于片段神经网络模型和CNN-BiLSTM-CRF模型的F1值提升了4.43和3.78个百分点。     

CRF与规则相结合的医学病历实体识别

针对电子病历结构化中命名实体识别困难的问题,提出了一种基于CRF与规则相结合的医学病历实体识别算法.该算法采用CRF进行病历实体的初始识别,然后基于规则进行病历实体识别结果优化,其中规则包括基于决策树生成的规则和临床知识规则.实验证明,该算法对病历实体进行识别时准确率及召回率分别最高达到91.03％和87.26％,满足临床中系统应用需求,同时实验表明该算法具有很好的鲁棒性和稳定性.     

基于有向图模型的旅游领域命名实体识别

旅游领域命名实体识别是旅游知识图谱构建过程中的关键步骤,与通用领域的实体相比,旅游文本的实体具有长度长、一词多义、嵌套严重的特点,导致命名实体识别准确率低。提出一种融合词典信息的有向图神经网络（L-CGNN）模型,用于旅游领域中的命名实体识别。将预训练词向量通过卷积神经网络提取丰富的字特征,利用词典构造句子的有向图,以生成邻接矩阵并融合字词信息,通过将包含局部特征的词向量和邻接矩阵输入图神经网络（GNN）中,提取全局语义信息,并引入条件随机场（CRF）得到最优的标签序列。实验结果表明,相比Lattice LSTM、ID-CNN+CRF、CRF等模型,L-CGNN模型在旅游和简历数据集上具有较高的识别准确率,其F1值分别达到86.86%和95.02%。     

基于字词融合与对抗训练的行业人物实体识别

行业人物命名实体识别旨在从行业人物语料中抽取出有效的实体信息,是深度挖掘行业人物信息资源的基础性和关键性任务。由于主流的命名实体识别模型未充分利用词信息特征,导致在对具有特色的行业人物实体进行识别时语义、实体边界识别不准确。提出一种基于字词融合与对抗训练的行业人物实体识别模型。利用RoBERTa-wwm-ext预训练模型提取句子的字特征,并融合词典构造出句子的词特征。在字词融合的向量表示上添加扰动生成对抗样本,将融合向量表示与对抗样本作为训练数据输入双向长短期记忆神经网络(BiLSTM)学习上下文信息,并通过条件随机场(CRF)推理最优的序列标注结果。根据行业人物文本特点设计命名实体标注方案,构建数据集进行实验验证。实验结果表明,该模型在测试集上的精确率、召回率、F1值分别达到92.94%、94.35%、93.64%,相较于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型分别提升3.68、1.24、2.39个百分点。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.