龙井43春季茶叶生化成分对气象因子的敏感性分析

利用支持向量机分析了气象条件对龙井43茶树春季生产的茶叶中茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡因、总儿茶素含量的影响。结果表明:支持向量机能很好地分析气象因子与茶叶生化成分的关系;茶叶生化成分和气象因子的相关性大小与茶叶生化成分和该气象因子的敏感性排序不存在一一对应关系;气象因子对龙井43春茶生化成分的影响可划分为敏感区间和不敏感区间,在敏感区间,生化成分随气象因子显著变化;在不敏感区间,生化成分不随气象因子变化。     

红茶绿茶加工中氨基酸变化及与品质关系

<正> 氨基酸不但是构成茶叶色香味的重要物质,而且对红茶、绿茶不同品质的风味形成关系甚大,故有“茶叶品质因子”之称。为了进一步探讨氨基酸对红茶、绿茶品质的影响,本文特依据氨基酸在红绿茶加工中的变化来论证它对茶叶品质形成所起的重要作用。     

黄化茶树新梢色素和主要生化成分含量变化特征及其相关性分析

以茶树黄化品种‘中黄3号’(‘ZH3’)和常绿品系‘苔茶15’(‘TC15’)为材料,检测其4、5、7、8月新梢(一芽二叶)色素和主要生化成分含量,探讨不同月份黄化茶树新梢色素和主要生化成分累积的特征以及它们之间的关系。结果表明:(1)新梢叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量在两种茶树中均随生育期先降低后上升,叶绿素b含量变化趋势不同,但均以8月份最高,‘ZH3’叶绿素b含量在4、5月份分别比‘TC15’低41.9%、54.9%,在7、8月份分别比‘TC15’高47.5%、22.1%;新梢类胡萝卜素含量在‘ZH3’中呈递减趋势,而在‘TC15’中表现为先下降后上升再下降;花青素含量在两种茶树中均先上升后下降,在4、5、8月份‘ZH3’略高于‘TC15’,在7月份‘ZH3’比‘TC15’低26.4%。(2)两种茶树新梢的花青素含量在总色素中占比均先增加后降低,总叶绿素含量占比则表现先降后升的变化趋势;类胡萝卜素含量占比在‘ZH3’中呈递减趋势,而在‘TC15’中先递减后小幅上升。(3)两种茶树新梢的游离氨基酸含量均先降低后上升并以4月份最高,茶多酚含量则均先升后降并以7月份最高,‘ZH3’水浸出物和咖啡碱含量在月份间变化不显著。(4)‘ZH3’新梢的游离氨基酸、水浸出物和咖啡碱含量与各色素含量相关均不显著,而其茶多酚含量与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量均呈显著正相关关系,与类胡萝卜素含量呈显著负相关关系;‘TC15’新梢的水浸出物和茶多酚含量与花青素含量、游离氨基酸含量与总叶绿素含量、咖啡碱含量与叶绿素a以及总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著正相关关系。研究发现,黄化茶树品种‘中黄3号’新梢颜色越黄,类胡萝卜素、游离氨基酸含量越高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、茶多酚含量越低,叶绿素a/b值较高,花青素含量适中,茶树新梢色素含量与其主要生化成分含量关系密切。     

云南茶树地方品种农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

为发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的茶树品种资源,对51份云南茶树地方品种进行农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析。结果表明,云南茶树地方品种农艺和品质性状存在丰富的遗传变异,农艺性状变异系数平均为25.84%,多样性指数平均为1.94;生化成分变异系数平均为16.53%,多样性指数平均为1.88;茶叶感官审评红茶品质总分达87.5分～94.2分,绿茶品质总分达78.8分～91.5分,茶树品种红、绿茶适制性的多样性指数平均为0.92和0.94;聚类分析将供试材料分为3类：第Ⅰ类品种主要适合制作红茶,第Ⅱ类品种主要适合制作绿茶,第Ⅲ类为生化成分特异性品种。并从中筛选出18份优异品种资源,为今后的生产和育种提供利用。     

绿茶乙醇浸提技术研究

以工业生产上的水提技术为参照,以成品绿茶为材料,探讨乙醇浸提条件下,乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间、料液比、浸提次数等因子对醇提过程中茶汤品质成分动态浸出规律的影响。结果表明,采用50%乙醇、温度80℃、料液比1/25、连续2次、每次浸提20 min的浸提技术参数,茶叶各品质成分的浸出率最高,总浸出物、氨基酸、茶多酚、蛋白质、碳水化合物的浸出量分别是常规水提的1.39、1.09、1.44、1.52、1.23倍。从茶叶品质成分浸出率的角度考虑,在此技术参数下,用乙醇浸提绿茶优于水提。     

滨海沙地植物厚藤叶片生理特征的季节变化

滨海沙地条件恶劣,季节气候环境差异较大,植物生存困难。厚藤是南方滨海沙地广泛分布的重要固沙植物。为探究厚藤对不同季节环境变化的适应机制,研究其叶片生理性状的季节变化,该文以广西滨海沙地自然生长的厚藤为实验材料,分别测定了不同季节厚藤叶片的叶绿素含量、渗透物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素荧光参数等生理指标,并进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明:(1)叶绿素含量随季节变化的趋势一致,春季均显著大于其他三个季节,但叶绿素a/b在各季节间无显著变化。(2)叶绿素荧光参数的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o具有相同的变化趋势,整体表现为夏冬季显著高于春秋季。(3)脯氨酸含量随季节逐渐增大,冬季时含量最高; 可溶性糖含量冬季显著高于其他三个季节; 丙二醛(MDA)含量各季节间差异不显著。(4)春季的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于其他季节,夏秋冬季节间无显著差异; 过氧化物酶(POD)活性在各季节间差异不显著。(5)相关性分析和主成分分析显示,各生理指标与气候因子间存在一定的关联。温度和日照数显著影响可溶性糖含量; 叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性能够较好地反映厚藤对季节气候变化的响应。综上可知,厚藤可通过调节叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量使叶绿素a/b保持稳定,同时提高渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性以适应季节变化,其中光合作用和抗氧化酶系统是影响其季节性适应能力的关键。     

我国各名茶和茶类中游离氨基酸含量与组成

<正> 茶树中的氨基酸不但是体内合成与代谢产物的先质,而且也是构成茶叶色香味重要生化成份。目前从茶叶中发现并鉴定的25种氨基酸中,就有18种对茶叶品质有较大影响。如谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨基、丙氨酸、赖氨酸等氨基酸能增进茶叶的鲜爽味。此外,一些氨基酸在茶叶加工中还可脱羧氧化生成相应的醛类,构成茶叶香气。经分析测定,氨基酸与茶叶品质的相关系数达0.7—0.8,呈显著水平,故有“茶叶等级因子”     

乌龙茶鲜叶游离氨基酸组成轮廓的模式识别研究

为探明乌龙茶品种鲜叶游离氨基酸的组成轮廓特征，以绿茶品种春季幼嫩鲜叶(一芽二或三叶)和成熟鲜叶(中小开面二至四叶)为对照，对采自乌龙茶品种春、秋两季的幼嫩和成熟鲜叶进行高效液相色谱检测分析和统计模式识别。结果表明,茶树品种、芽叶嫩度和采摘季节对供试鲜叶游离氨基酸组成轮廓均有影响。全部供试茶样可按茶树品种特性划分成乌龙茶与绿茶品种2大类群，且芽叶嫩度对乌龙茶鲜叶游离氨基酸组成轮廓的影响仅次于茶树品种特性引起的茶样组群差异。绿茶与乌龙茶品种春季幼嫩鲜叶、绿茶与乌龙茶品种春季成熟鲜叶、春季乌龙茶品种幼嫩与成熟鲜叶、秋季乌龙茶品种幼嫩与成熟鲜叶、春季和秋季乌龙茶品种幼嫩鲜叶及春季和秋季乌龙茶品种成熟鲜叶间存在客观的类群区分。不同鲜叶来源对供试茶样的游离氨基酸总量及大部分游离氨基酸组分均有显著或极显著影响。较高的甘氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸含量和较低的γ-氨基丁酸含量是乌龙茶品种有别于绿茶品种春季鲜叶的主要差异性成分；相同采摘季节的乌龙茶品种幼嫩鲜叶相较成熟鲜叶拥有更高的精氨酸含量，而不同芽叶嫩度的春季和秋季乌龙茶鲜叶存在不同的差异特征组分。因此，茶树品种遗传特性是影响茶树鲜叶游离氨基酸组成轮廓的主导...     

谷子四大名米品种群农艺及品质性状评价与亲缘关系分析

对谷子四大名米（沁州黄、桃花米、龙山小米及金米）原始地方品种及其同名品种共计179份开展为期两年的农艺性状调查并对其进行基于SNP标记的亲缘关系分析,从中选择51份进行营养品质测定。结果表明：从农艺性状来看,四类名米品种在数量性状上具有明显差异,而质量性状在不同类品种间差异不大。相关性分析表明,穗重与穗粒重、草重与穗重呈极显著正相关。主成分分析表明前3个主成分解释了累积变异的89.414%,基于主成分分析结果计算了综合得分F值,菠菜根-30的综合得分最高（F=7.42）,阴天旱-27的综合得分最低（F=-9.17）。亲缘关系结果表明,各同名品种间存在多样的进化关系,不同名品种间可能存在基因交流。基于农艺性状对179份材料进行聚类分析,发现材料划归4个类群,同名品种内聚集相对集中,农艺性状相似度较大。从营养品质上看,四类名米间营养品质差异较小,除粗纤维外其余营养品质指标差异均不显著。相关性分析发现粗蛋白与粗脂肪呈现显著的正相关;淀粉与蛋白质、脂肪之间呈现显著的负相关。主成分分析表明前6个主要成分解释了累积变异的88.414%,能够基本涵盖10个营养品质的信息,基于主成分分析,结合不同品种...     

绿茶氨基酸对滋味的影响

本文对绿茶１７种氨基酸与滋味进行了简单相关、多元逐步回归和主成分分析。结果表明：简单相关分析难以表述氨基酸对滋味的影响;应用多远逐步回归分析建立的氨基酸与绿茶滋味数学模型,在本试验条件下,模型拟合非常有效。多元回归分析选取的因子与主成分分析的四个主成分基本一致。并就绿茶滋味的化学评价进行了讨论。     

42份武夷名丛茶树资源生化成分多样性分析

对武夷山茶区42份武夷名丛茶树资源的主要生化成分进行了评价鉴定和遗传多样性分析。结果发现,武夷山茶树资源的生化成分存在丰富的多样性和变异,平均遗传多样性指数达到2.06%,平均变异系数达到22.01%。通过多变量的主成分分析,前3个主成分代表了茶树生化成分多样性的89.02%的信息。基于生化成分,把42份武夷名丛聚类划分为3个类群。3个类群除了咖啡碱含量差异不显著外,其他各生化成分均存在显著差异。第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群大部分为适制乌龙茶的资源,第Ⅲ类群大部分为适制绿茶的资源。并从中筛选出一批生化成分特异的资源。     

Differentiation of Japanese green tea cultivars as revealed by RFLP analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase DNA

Japanese green tea cultivars and 463 local tea plants including mountainous tea, yama-cha, were analyzed to determine the process of differentiation of Japanese tea plants using phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as a DNA marker. The main DNA fragments detected by RFLP analysis, which were named A, B and D, were inherited as multiple allelic genes at one locus. Japanese tea cultivars were divided into five groups according to RFLPs: AA, AB, AD, BD and DD. The AA group included many cultivars selected from local tea plants. The BD group consisted of cv Yabukita or descendants from Yabukita produced by artificial crossing. There was no BB group of cultivars. Allelic frequencies of A, B and D were 0.66, 0.08 and 0.22, respectively, and these values were same in tea plants collected from all regions of Japan. Since the frequencies in yama-cha and local tea plants were also the same, it is thought that these teas have the same origin. These results indicate a process of differentiation from the ancestral material presumably introduced from China to the local tea plants and, finally, cultivars which were produced by selecting from local tea plants and crossing.     

不同颜色遮阳网遮光对丘陵茶园夏秋茶和春茶产量及主要生化成分的影响

为研究不同颜色遮阳网遮光对夏秋茶与春茶产量和品质的影响,在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站以“碧香早”茶树为试验材料,选用不遮光和中度遮光（遮光率(50?4)%）的黑色、绿色、银灰色遮阳网开展遮光试验。结果表明：不同季节使用黑色遮阳网能显著增加氨基酸和咖啡碱含量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比,与对照茶园比较,夏季、秋季、春季茶叶氨基酸含量分别增加了14.22%、17.07%、6.23%,茶多酚含量分别降低了4.40%、6.43%、27.66%,咖啡碱含量分别增加了9.48%、8.10%、7.28%。夏秋季银灰色遮阳网效果最差,绿色遮阳网效果介于黑色和对照之间,春季三种颜色遮阳网效果均优于对照;茶树遮光后品质明显优于对照,夏秋茶经遮光可达到制高档茶的要求,春茶遮光可达到制名优茶的要求。     

我国茶树主要骨干亲本及其衍生品种(系)的SSR分析

铁观音、黄棪和福鼎大白茶分别是我国乌龙茶和红绿茶育种中的骨干亲本,由他们衍生出了一系列的优良品种,研究他们的遗传多样性及构建指纹图谱将有助于今后茶树育种工作中骨干亲本的合理利用和品种权的保护。本研究利用40对SSR引物对我国乌龙茶骨干亲本铁观音、黄棪及其衍生品种(系)和红绿茶骨干亲本福鼎大白茶及衍生品种进行了研究。结果表明,34份供试品种(系)的基因多样性指数（H）为0.54,平均遗传距离0.58,表明我国茶树主要骨干亲本及其衍生品种(系)具有较高的遗传多样性水平和较大的遗传变异,且90%的遗传多样性来自品种之间的遗传差异。聚类结果表明两套品种(系)各自聚为一类,遗传结构分析也显示两套品种(系)之间存在明显的差异。利用其中5对引物组合构建了供试材料的数码指纹图谱。     

Genetic diversity of UPASI tea clones (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) on the basis of total catechins and their fractions

Tea leaf catechins and the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechin fractions were analysed to identify the genetic diversity of 26 UPASI released tea clones. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on regression factor separated tea clones into five groups according to their jats (Jats are region based rays for e.g., Assam, China and Cambod origin) as well as their quality constituents (such as total polyphenols, total catechins, amino acids in the green leaves and liquor characteristics of black tea), particularly the catechins. Group 1 represented medium quality (quality of the final produce) clones, such as UPASI-10, UPASI-12 and UPASI-15 and drought tolerant clones like UPASI-1, UPASI-2, UPASI-9 and UPASI-10. Group 2 contained purely "China" cultivars while group 3 possessed high quality tea cultivars. "Assam" (group 5) teas had the lowest ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechin fractions (1:4) than the "Chinery" (group 2) teas (1:5). This biochemical differentiation indicated that there is a vast genetic diversity in UPASI released tea clones in terms of catechin fractions, even though the majority of them were selected from one tea estate located in the Nilgiris.     

Probing behavior of the tea green leafhopper on different tea plant cultivars

The probing behaviors of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Gothe), on 9 tea cultivars were studied using video-text Direct Current-Electrical Penetration Graph, i.e., DC-EPG. The following 7 types of waveforms produced by the leafhopper stylet probing were determined: A, stylet pathway formation; S, salivation when stylets pierce into and stay in phloems; C, active ingestion before stylets reach phloems; E and F, passive ingestion in phloems; R, the insect resting with its stylet inserted into the leaf tissue and NP without probing. The 9 tested tea cultivars were categorized into 3 groups by the cluster analysis according to the number of probes per insect, waveform durations, or duration per probe of various waveforms on different tea cultivars. Waveforms S, E and F correlated to the main feeding activity of the leafhopper and may provide valuable information on predicting the resis-tance level of the tea plants to the leafhopper. The resistance level of the 9 tea cultivars to the leafhopper was ranked based on the durations of waveforms S, E and F, as well as the duration per probe including various waveforms. The ranking order of the resis-tance was: Longjingchangye > Hangdan > Zhenghedabaicha > Qianmei 601 > Hongyafoshuo > Zhongcha 102 > Zhongcha 302 > Longjing 43 > Anjibaicha, which corresponded to the resistance level determined by the population density (infestation) of the leaf-hopper on the 9 tea cultivars in the tea fields. Our study suggests that this simple and convenient DC-EPG technique might have great potential as a reliable tool to predict the resistance of tea cultivars to the tea leafhopper.     

Probing behavior of the tea green leafhopper on different tea plant cultivars

The probing behaviors of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Gothe), on 9 tea cultivars were studied using video-text Direct Current-Electrical Penetration Graph, i.e., DC-EPG. The following 7 types of waveforms produced by the leafhopper stylet probing were determined: A, stylet pathway formation; S, salivation when stylets pierce into and stay in phloems; C, active ingestion before stylets reach phloems; E and F, passive ingestion in phloems; R, the insect resting with its stylet inserted into the leaf tissue and NP without probing. The 9 tested tea cultivars were categorized into 3 groups by the cluster analysis according to the number of probes per insect, waveform durations, or duration per probe of various waveforms on different tea cultivars. Waveforms S, E and F correlated to the main feeding activity of the leafhopper and may provide valuable information on predicting the resis-tance level of the tea plants to the leafhopper. The resistance level of the 9 tea cultivars to the leafhopper was ranked based on the durations of waveforms S, E and F, as well as the duration per probe including various waveforms. The ranking order of the resis-tance was: Longjingchangye > Hangdan > Zhenghedabaicha > Qianmei 601 > Hongyafoshuo > Zhongcha 102 > Zhongcha 302 > Longjing 43 > Anjibaicha, which corresponded to the resistance level determined by the population density (infestation) of the leaf-hopper on the 9 tea cultivars in the tea fields. Our study suggests that this simple and convenient DC-EPG technique might have great potential as a reliable tool to predict the resistance of tea cultivars to the tea leafhopper.     

不同土壤农化性状下铁观音茶叶品质比较

本试验以铁观音茶树品种为研究对象,选取福建省安溪县祥华乡、芦田镇及平和县九峰镇3个铁观音茶园为试点,比较不同土壤农化性状下铁观音鲜叶内生化成分含量的差异。结果表明,在三个供试地中,芦田种植的铁观音内含物丰富,生化品质优于祥华、九峰;九峰种植的铁观音,鲜叶加工而成的毛茶感官品质较苦涩。对茶园土壤农化性状分析显示,铁观音品质受土壤农化性状影响较明显。     

Metabolomics-driven nutraceutical evaluation of diverse green tea cultivars

Background

Green tea has various health promotion effects. Although there are numerous tea cultivars, little is known about the differences in their nutraceutical properties. Metabolic profiling techniques can provide information on the relationship between the metabolome and factors such as phenotype or quality. Here, we performed metabolomic analyses to explore the relationship between the metabolome and health-promoting attributes (bioactivity) of diverse Japanese green tea cultivars.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We investigated the ability of leaf extracts from 43 Japanese green tea cultivars to inhibit thrombin-induced phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This thrombin-induced phosphorylation is a potential hallmark of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Among the tested cultivars, Cha Chuukanbohon Nou-6 (Nou-6) and Sunrouge (SR) strongly inhibited MRLC phosphorylation. To evaluate the bioactivity of green tea cultivars using a metabolomics approach, the metabolite profiles of all tea extracts were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Multivariate statistical analyses, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), revealed differences among green tea cultivars with respect to their ability to inhibit MRLC phosphorylation. In the SR cultivar, polyphenols were associated with its unique metabolic profile and its bioactivity. In addition, using partial least-squares (PLS) regression analysis, we succeeded in constructing a reliable bioactivity-prediction model to predict the inhibitory effect of tea cultivars based on their metabolome. This model was based on certain identified metabolites that were associated with bioactivity. When added to an extract from the non-bioactive cultivar Yabukita, several metabolites enriched in SR were able to transform the extract into a bioactive extract.

Conclusions/Significance

Our findings suggest that metabolic profiling is a useful approach for nutraceutical evaluation of the health promotion effects of diverse tea cultivars. This may propose a novel strategy for functional food design.     

茶小绿叶蝉在不同茶树品种上的生长发育,生殖及空间分布

研究表明茶小绿叶蝉(Empoasca flavescens Fabricius)在云南大叶茶无性系良种云抗十号、云抗十四号、长叶白毫、矮丰上的生长发育历期、成活率、田间自然种群虫口数量、卵数量、卵分布等方面,皆有明显差异;说明这些品种对茶小绿叶蝉的抗性有差异,上述品种中矮丰对茶小绿叶蝉的抗性最强,云抗十号的抗性较差。在生产实践中对不同品种间存在的抗性差异应加以充分合理的利用。茶小绿叶蝉的空间分布型为随机分布型;在空间分布型方面,各品种间无明显差异。