供水管网生物膜特征及对消毒副产物生成势的影响

通过模拟实际供水管网运行状态,考察了在不同水龄下3种常用管材输水管道中余氯、总有机碳以及生物膜微生物种群结构和活性,并研究了加氯与管壁生物膜产生消毒副产物(DBPs)生成势之间的关系。结果表明,余氯在铸铁管中的衰减速度较快,不锈钢管次之,PE管最小;管网水中TOC的顺序为:PE管铸铁管不锈钢;生物膜中HPC值的大小为:铸铁管 PE管不锈钢管。生物膜细菌群落主要包括变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门,不同管材管壁生物膜样品的微生物群落组成在门水平上存在明显差异;不锈钢管材中THMs和HAAs生成势最少,PE次之,铸铁管最大。     

氯胺消毒控制三卤甲烷生成量的研究

通过模拟水厂消毒工艺,比较了氯气与氯胺两种消毒方式的消毒效果及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)生产量。结果表明,氯胺消毒能有效灭活水中的细菌和致病微生物,氯胺消毒较氯气产生THMs等致癌致突变的化合物明显降低;氯胺的稳定性好,在管网水中持续时间长,可以有效控制管网中的有害微生物的繁殖和生物膜的形成,杀菌持久性强,可以更好地满足管网余氯量的要求。     

配水管网中二氧化氯和氯联合消毒余氯衰减规律的研究

研究配水管网中二氧化氯和氯联合消毒余氯的衰减规律,分析铸铁管、钢管和PVC管中不同消毒剂投加量下二氧化氯和氯联合消毒的衰减规律。研究结果表明,不同管材中二氧化氯和氯联合消毒衰减速率不同,联合消毒衰减速率低于单独采用二氧化氯的衰减速率。     

常规水处理工艺多点加氯改造

在制水过程中消毒处理有着至关重要的作用,本文介绍通过对九溪水厂加氯消毒方式的改造,采用多点加氯的模式,较好的解决了水厂滤池亚硝化细菌的滋生、出厂水亚硝酸盐超标、出水余氯不稳定的现象,同时降低制水氯耗,减少加氯消毒副产物。     

初探出厂水补氯的效果

试验研究了以液氯作为单一消毒剂时,在原水氨氮浓度突升条件下,运用出厂水补充加氯保证出厂余氯及降低总氯耗的影响。试验结果表明,应用出厂水补充加氯时,不仅可以保证出厂水余氯合格、稳定,而且可以大大降低氯的投加量,降低氯耗,进而降低消毒副产物产生的浓度。     

三氯乙醛消毒副产物生成量控制的研究

研究了连云港市第三水厂和海州水厂加氯消毒过程中三氯乙醛的生成情况及其影响因素。结果表明,水中三氯乙醛浓度值同余氯值的相关性较差,根据水中余氯值无法直接判别三氯乙醛的生成情况,氯消毒后饮用水中三氯乙醛的含量主要取决于水中前驱物的浓度,与水中有机物含量相关性很高。在p H值中性条件下,三氯乙醛的产生量最高,随着温度的升高,三氯乙醛的生成量明显增大;随着投氯量的加大,三氯乙醛的生成量呈上升趋势,但增长率随着加氯量的增加显著减缓;随着氯气与水接触时间的延长,生成的三氯乙醛的量在增加。根据研究结果提出了连云港市第三水厂和海州水厂在加氯消毒工艺中控制三氯乙醛生成的措施。     

城市污水处理厂二级出水碳、氮消毒副产物生成特性研究

为了研究污水处理厂二级出水经消毒后副产物的生成特性,选取了A、B两座处理工艺不同的污水处理厂的二级出水作为研究对象,考察了分别经次氯酸钠和氯胺消毒后含碳、氮消毒副产物的生成潜能。结果表明,氯胺消毒与次氯酸钠消毒相比,能有效减少消毒副产物的产生;二级出水中溴化物的含量不同,会影响含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)、含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的产生类型和产生量;此外,二级出水的含氯量与含氮量比值(Cl/N值)和氨氮含量对消毒副产物的产生量影响较大,低氯/氮值和高氨氮含量下会产生较多的消毒副产物。     

供水管网中加氯消毒副产物的变化探析

监测了丰水期和枯水期供水管网中余氯和加氯消毒副产物的变化。结果表明,三氯甲烷和加氯消毒副产物的总体和分段变化趋势相似,经过管网输送后三氯甲烷相对出厂水有所增加;管材、使用时间、输送距离会不同程度影响管网中三氯乙醛的浓度;枯水期加氯消毒副产物在出厂水的基础上也会增加。所建立的关系模型显示,监测点加氯消毒副产物与出厂水加氯消毒副产物、管材和输送距离、监测点余氯之间存在良好的线性关系。     

超滤膜减少消毒剂量和消毒副产物的研究

为减少水处理过程中消毒剂量和控制三卤甲烷(trihalomethane,THMs)和三氯乙醛(chloral hydrate,CH)的生成量,使用超滤膜过滤某水厂砂滤池出水、炭滤池出水后进行Na Cl O消毒实验,分别测定氯消毒后搅拌5 min和2 h水样中的余氯消耗量、THMs和CH生成量。结果表明:搅拌5 min,砂滤池、炭滤池和超滤膜出水的平均余氯消耗量分别为0.15,0.16和0 mg/L。搅拌2 h,砂滤池、炭滤池和超滤膜出水的平均余氯消耗量分别为0.35,0.60和0.09 mg/L。砂滤池和炭滤池的THMs生成量为0.70~12.94μg/L,平均生成量为6.20μg/L;CH生成量为0.38~3.40μg/L,平均生成量为1.34μg/L。经过超滤膜过滤的出水THMs和CH生成量分别为(0.84~12.75)和(0~2.0)μg/L范围内,平均生成量分别为4.78和0.85μg/L。砂滤出水和炭滤出水经过超滤膜过滤,可减少消毒投加量,控制THMs和CH生成量。     

H2O2预氧化对混凝／气浮去除THMFP的影响研究

消毒副产物三卤甲烷类物质(THMs)是一种致癌物质,在加氯前去除三卤甲烷前体物(THMFP)是控制THMs生成的有效方法.在常规的混凝/气浮工艺前增加过氧化氢预氧化,不但降低了混凝剂的投量(最佳投量由170 mg/L降至140 mg/L),而且提高了处理效果,大大降低了后续加氯消毒工艺生成的THMs量,提高了饮用水的安全性.     

Mutagenic activity of fish and sediments in the Sheep River, Alberta

Using the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay the mutagenic activity of fish and benthic sediments from a section of the Sheep River. Alberta receiving a chlorinated sewage effluent were investigated. The benthic sediments gave no indication of increased mutagenic activity, however fish collected from the chlorinated sewage plume showed a significant increase in mutagenic activity. The results are discussed with respect to the effects of a chlorinated sewage effluent on the lotic ecosystem in this section of the river.     

The effects of a chlorinated discharge and a thermal outfall on the structure and composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in the sheep river, Alberta, Canada

Physico-chemical and biological samples were collected from 12 sampling stations over a 13-month period to assess the effects of a small town's chlorinated sewage discharge and a thermal discharge on the Sheep River's macroinvertebrate communities. During the study, the chlorinated effluent plume was restricted to the left third of the channel for approx. 0.5 km at which point the effluent was thoroughly mixed due to an abrupt change in channel direction. Within the concentrated 0.5 km chlorinated plume, total residual chlorine TRC concentrations periodically exceeded 5.0 mg l⁻¹. Stations were categorized into similar community assemblages on the basis of species abundance and composition using heirarchical cluster analysis. Stations immediately downstream of the thermal outfall and those within the chlorinated plume had distinctly different structure and were dominated by Oligochaeta. Multiple discriminant analysis indicated that temperature was the principle discriminating variable immediately below the thermal discharge while the chlorinated sewage (MCSE) variable was the most important discriminant function within the chlorinated effluent plume. Following complete mixing of the effluent plume within the stream channel (0.6 km downstream of outfall), macroinvertebrate structure and diversity improved, presumably due to nutrient enrichment and dilution of TRC below detectable levels.     

Chlorine decay in drinking-water transmission and distribution systems: pipe service age effect

Water quality can deteriorate in the transmission and distribution system beyond the treatment plant. Minimizing the potential for biological regrowth can be attained by chlorinating the finished water. While flowing through pipes, the chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand, which may vary with pipe parameters. The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of pipes on the effective chlorine wall decay constant. Three hundred and two pipe sections of different sizes and eight different pipe materials were collected and tested for their chlorine first-order wall decay constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important factor that must not be ignored in some pipes such as cast iron, steel, cement-lined ductile iron (CLDI), and cement-lined cast iron (CLCI) pipes especially when the bulk decay is not significant relative to the wall decay. For the range of the 55 years of pipe service age used in this study, effective wall decay constants ranged from a decrease by -92% to an increase by +431% from the corresponding values in the recently installed pipes. The effect of service age on the effective wall decay constants was most evident in cast iron pipes, whereas steel pipes were less affected. Effective chlorine wall decay for CLCI and CLDI pipes was less affected by service age as compared to steel and cast iron pipes. Chlorine wall decay constants for PVC, uPVC, and polyethylene pipes were affected negatively by pipe service age and such effect was relatively small.     

Chlorinated phenolics of bleached kraft mill origin : An olfactory evaluation

Biologically treated effluent samples from 9 Canadian bleached softwood kraft mills were analyzed for chlorinated phenolics content. Odour thresholds were determined for selected chlorinated phenolics and for a synthetic mixture of these compounds at concentrations typical of a biologically-treated bleached kraft mill effluent. Results indicate that chlorinated phenolics present in effluent discharged from bleached kraft mills are not expected to contribute an off-odour to recipient waters.     

Regrowth of coliforms and fecal coliforms in chlorinated wastewater effluent

Observations made both in the field in chlorinated effluent, and in laboratory experiments show that coliforms and fecal coliforms are capable of regrowth in chlorinated wastewater. Under field conditions regrowth of coliforms in chlorinated effluent held in a storage reservoir for about 3 days appeared inversely correlated to: (1) The residual chlorine in the storage reservoir and (2) The number of coliforms surviving chlorination. In the laboratory experiments regrowth occurred after initial doses as high as 11 ppm total chlorine even when there was no chemical inactivation of the chlorine. Fecal coliforms did not generally show regrowth to the same extent as coliforms. Regrowth occurred even when coliforms were not detectible in 10-ml of samples after chlorination.Since coliforms and fecal coliforms are capable of regrowth in chlorinated sewage effluent and admixtures of it, the sanitary significance of the number of coliforms after storage or in receiving bodies of water is difficult to interpret. Thus standards might be based on the number of coliforms, or fecal coliforms detected in effluents immediately after chlorination. However, this would not be justified if in addition to coliforms, pathogenic bacteria can regrow in chlorinated effluents.     

The effect of advanced treatment on chlorine decay in metallic pipes

Experiments were run to measure what effect advanced treatment might have on the kinetics of chlorine and chloramine decay in metallic pipes that comprise many drinking water distribution systems. A recirculating loop of 6-in diameter unlined ductile iron pipe was used to simulate turbulent flow conditions in a pipe with significant corrosion and tubercle buildup. Conventionally treated test water was subjected to either ozonation, carbon adsorption (GAC), reverse osmosis (RO) or no further treatment before being chlorinated and introduced into the pipeline simulator. Results showed that overall chlorine decay in the simulator was consistently dominated by wall reactions whose first-order rate constants were an order of magnitude higher than those for the bulk water. With free chlorine, the wall rate constants for ozonated and GAC-treated water were about twice those of conventional or RO-treated water. This behavior is believed due to the effect that changes in the organic content of water have on its ability to complex iron and the effect that changes in water conductivity have on pipe wall corrosion. Tests run with chloraminated water showed no statistically significant effect of treatment type and had wall rate constants that were only 40 to 70% as high as those using free chlorine.     

Assessment of organic chlorinated compound removal from aqueous matrices by adsorption on activated carbon

Adsorption on activated carbon is currently the most frequently used technology to remove organic chlorinated pollutants from wastewaters. The present study examines the ability of five commercially available types of activated carbon to remove organic chlorinated compounds from the effluent of a chemical plant. The various types were tested on the basis of Freundlich adsorption isotherms for 14 pure organic chlorinated compounds, of molecular weight ranging from that of dichloromethane (MW=84.93 gmol(-1)) to hexachlorobenzene (MW=284.78 gmol(-1)). The best was selected and used in a laboratory fixed-bed column to assess its removal efficiency with respect to the tested organic chlorinated compounds. Removal efficiency was always higher than 90%. These results provide information necessary to optimize scale-up from the pilot plant to the real one.     

污水处理厂长距离大口径尾水外排管设计

介绍了常州市江边污水处理厂大口径尾水外排管的设计。尾水外排管线总长2 450 m,管径DN3000。尾水通过长江边的排江泵站提升至高位井后利用管道深水排放入长江。分别阐述了管径与管材的选择,工作井、接收井结构围护方案及施工工艺。     

硫酸根和碱度变化对管网铁释放的影响

针对水源切换后给水管网中出现的水质超标现象,开展了硫酸根浓度和碱度变化对管垢铁释放的影响研究。利用实验室管段模拟反应器,对比分析了不同硫酸根浓度和碱度对管垢铁释放的影响差异。结果表明,硫酸根浓度增加造成管网水质恶化的响应速度与硫酸根浓度呈正相关,硫酸根浓度越高则响应速度越快。在管垢铁释放的影响因素中,和碱度相比,硫酸根浓度是首要影响因素。在低浓度硫酸根对管垢铁释放无明显影响的情况下,碱度变化对管垢铁释放也基本无影响;而在高浓度硫酸根造成管垢溶解破坏发生铁释放的情况下,随着碱度的降低,铁的释放量明显增加。     

Nanofiltration removal of chlorinated organic compounds from alkaline bleaching effluents in a pulp and paper plant

Three commercial nanofiltration membranes were used for the removal of chlorinated organic compounds from the first alkaline extraction effluent originated from a kraft mill, using eucalyptus wood as raw material. The assays were carried out at the following operating conditions: pressure = 20 bar, TEMPERATURE = 20°C and circulation VELOCITY = 2 m/s. The results show the nanofiltration feasibility. For the three membranes the rejection factors of chlorinated organic compounds are greater than 95% and two of them present permeate fluxes of approx. 42 kg/hm². Several reference solutes with a wide range of molecular weights and functional groups were also permeated. Their results compared with those of mill effluent allow us to conclude that the effluent tannic compounds are not in a fouling form and that the majority of the organochlorinated matter has a molecular weight greater than 500 Da.