降雨时程分布对山洪灾害预警影响初步研究

由降雨时间分布的不均匀性带来的流域产流峰值的变化较大,在同一个流域,成灾流量及其它条件相同,但降雨过程不同,所需要的临界降雨量是不同的。因此,山洪灾害预警实践中,通常会因为实际的降雨过程与拟定山洪灾害预警指标所依据的雨型不一致而导致预警不准确。以云南省云县爱华镇田心村下轻木林和涌宝镇涌宝村岔河两个典型小流域为研究对象,构建雨量时程分布不均匀程度计算模型,以介于[-1,1]的无量纲不均匀系数表示降雨的时程分布特性,分析降雨时程分布不均匀系数与临界雨量的相关关系。结果表明:不均匀系数介于-0.8~0.8之间的14种雨量分布模式所引起的临界雨量变化在6.3%~29.6%之间,降雨时程分布越不均匀,临界雨量越小,其中主雨峰偏后的更为明显,说明流域降雨时程分布对山洪灾害预警影响显著。因此在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨过程对预警指标适当修正。     

基于降雨时空变化的山洪预警临界雨量

为提高山洪灾害预警精度,以彭坊小流域为例,基于概率分布等控制条件生成随机雨型,探究不同前期影响雨量下随机雨型对山洪预警临界雨量的影响,进一步分析降雨空间分布对山洪预警临界雨量的影响。结果表明：在雨峰位置偏后、雨峰峰值较大的雨型集下,临界雨量波动较大,有较高的不确定性;雨型对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量对临界雨量的影响,在前期土壤较干燥时,雨峰位置系数较小,临界雨量值相对较大,雨型峰值倍比较大时,临界雨量值相对较小,更容易致灾;在降雨空间分布上,当降雨集中在下游时,临界雨量值最小,越容易达到警戒流量,但降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量的影响,且这种影响会随前期影响雨量的增加而不断减小。     

降雨量空间分布对山洪临界雨量的影响

山洪临界雨量是山洪灾害预报预警的重要基础,受降雨、土壤含水量以及下垫面的影响,其中降雨量空间分布是重要的影响因素之一。以湖北省崇阳县高堤河流域为例,采用HEC-HMS分布式水文模型计算设计洪水,试算法计算临界雨量,提出了降雨量空间分布系数,分析了降雨量空间分布系数与临界雨量的关系,探讨了降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响。结果表明:当降雨从上游到下游逐渐减少时,达到相同成灾流量对应的临界雨量最大,暴雨中心在下游时临界雨量最小,说明降雨量空间分布对临界雨量影响显著。由分析可知,在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨空间分布对预警指标适当修正,对山洪进行动态雨量预警。     

暴雨山洪设计临界雨量不确定性研究——以湖南省涔水南支流域为例

介绍了山洪预警临界雨量计算的基本思路与分析方法,基于《湖南省暴雨洪水查算手册》等资料,以湖南省涔水南支流域为例,充分考虑流域土壤含水量和暴雨雨型因素,运用水文模拟方法,对该流域3个预警地点暴雨引发山洪的设计临界雨量进行了分析计算,探讨设计了临界雨量与流域土壤含水量和暴雨雨型之间的响应关系。研究表明,流域土壤含水量和暴雨雨型对山洪设计临界雨量估算影响巨大,不同设计状态导致临界雨量阈值变化范围很大,不确定性非常明显,增大了山洪识别及预警发布决策的难度。获取流域适时降雨信息,滚动计算临界雨量,尽量避免和减少因流域土壤含水量和暴雨雨型导致的不确定性,是增强山洪预警可操作性、提高山洪预警准确性的重要方向。     

基于雨型种群的山洪灾害临界雨量阈值空间研究

针对山洪灾害临界雨量单一值预警预报精度偏低问题,将雨型不确定性纳入考虑范围之内,依据基因变异原理,提出了种群雨型生成方法,并将HEC-HMS模型引入到临界雨量计算模型,计算了新县流域6 h临界雨量阈值空间,绘制了R-G-H临界雨量预警图,从概念-物理机制-分析判断-发布预警对山洪预警工作进行了系统梳理。结果表明:研究区G_(P,6)雨型种群对应临界雨量阈值空间为84～161 mm,最大变幅为91.7%;随着主变异基因位置g_r的后移,临界雨量呈现出逐渐减小趋势;G_5雨型集不易控制,致灾情景多变,临界雨量最大变幅为24.5%;在P_a=0.2W_m、P_a=0.5W_m、P_a=0.8W_m时,研究区6 h临界雨量阈值空间分别为100～161 mm、96～145 mm、84～121 mm。通过对成灾情景的识别,选择合理阈值发布预警信息,可有效提高山洪灾害预警精度。     

基于雨型分析的小流域山洪灾害临界雨量计算

山洪灾害对人们的生命财产安全造成极大的危害。雨型是影响水文过程的重要因素,雨型的不确定性将影响临界雨量计算的准确性,给山洪灾害的预警预报带来很大的挑战。基于此,采用Copula函数,以雨型特征参数总雨量和峰值雨强为控制条件,提出了概率雨型设计方法,并通过HEC-HMS水文模型模拟降雨—径流过程,采用试算法计算多情景模式的临界雨量阈值空间。陕西罗敷堡小流域实例计算结果表明:概率雨型设计方法合理且简单实用;HEC-HMS模型对小流域山洪灾害具有较好的模拟效果;前期影响雨量和雨型对临界雨量均有影响,不同条件下二者影响程度不同。     

考虑雨强时间分配的山洪灾害临界雨量的计算

临界雨量的确定是山洪灾害预警系统的关键。由于没有考虑或没有正确考虑降雨强度的时间分配,因此现有方法计算出的临界雨量普遍偏大,致使山洪灾害预警时漏报率很高。本文提出了一种考虑降雨强度时间分配的临界雨量计算方法,以裴河为例,分别计算了降雨强度均匀、线性递增和线性递减3种时间分配模式下的临界雨量,结果表明最适用的降雨强度时间分配模式为线性递增。裴河流域8场洪水的应用结果显示,利用该方法得到的临界雨量,山洪灾害预警的成功率和漏报率均为50%,而利用原假定雨强均匀分配方法得到的临界雨量,山洪灾害预警的成功率和漏报率分别为12%和88%,表明该方法可以显著提高山洪灾害预警的成功率,降低漏报率。     

基于临界雨量的山洪灾害预警技术试验研究

为研究适用的山洪灾害预报预警技术,选定湖南临湘市为试验区,应用统计分析法拟定试验区各预警分区的临界雨量值,并采用当前国内外最新的定量降雨预报技术,引入WRF数值预报模式开展了定量降雨预报。在综合考虑试验区临界雨量、实测雨量和预报雨量基础上,提出了针对山洪灾害的三级预警技术应用方案（“内部告警”、“准备转移”及“立即转移”）。2014年汛期（5~9月）对该方案进行了实时试验。试验结果表明,该时段并未出现符合山洪预警条件的现象,与实际灾害灾情报告一致。针对试验区的临界雨量拟定及山洪预警技术应用方案适用可行,可为类似山洪灾害防治地区提供借鉴。     

基于API水文模型的动态临界雨量山洪预警方法及应用研究

累计雨量、雨强及降雨空间分布是决定山洪灾害基本特征和影响范围的主要因素。本文在详细分析了山洪预警方法基本理论和API水文模型计算过程的基础上,揭示了在不同时间尺度作用下临界雨量与各影响因素的作用关系;然后对大凌河流域山洪预警的动态临界雨量利用该方法进行计算分析,并将计算结果与其他计算方法进行了对比分析。研究表明:基于API水文模型的动态临界雨量计算法表现出较高的可靠性和精确性,对于预测分析、山洪预警具有良好的适用性,可为其他相似流域山洪预警提供一定决策依据和理论支持。     

考虑降雨空间异质性的动态临界雨量预警指标推求

降雨空间分布的不均匀性对中小河流洪水预警的临界雨量有较大影响,而降雨的空间分布难以准确量化,成为制约洪水预警精度的重要难题。结合泰森多边形和等流时面,提出一种既能反映降雨空间分布不均匀程度,又能反映降雨中心位置的降雨空间异质性指数SHIP,进一步基于支持向量机的分类原理,将SHIP用于中小河流洪水动态临界雨量预警指标的推求。以汉江旬河上游为例,分析了降雨空间异质性对临界雨量及预警精度的影响。结果表明,降雨中心越靠近下游,临界雨量越小,若不考虑降雨空间分布的差异性,则可能会出现漏报的风险。由于间接考虑了流域的调蓄作用,引入SHIP推求的临界雨量指标可以显著提高洪水预警的精度。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.