国人股骨远端形态测量在全膝关节置换与假体设计中的意义

背景：详细了解国人的膝关节形态,从而实现国人个性化、性别差异化全膝关节置换,并设计研究符合国人特征的膝关节假体,已越来越受到业界关注。 目的：通过CT断层扫描及三维重建测量正常成年国人股骨远端的解剖形态并比较其性别差异。 方法：对70名正常成年国人双侧膝关节行CT扫描,男、女各35名,年龄21-60岁,通过三维重建或使用Picasa 3.0图像处理软件对其进行拼贴及重叠曝光等处理。在经过处理的图像上分别测量股骨远端前髁角、后髁角、滑车沟角的大小,股骨远端横径与外侧髁高度及两者之间的比值。 结果与结论：①国人股骨远端后髁角女性大于男性(P < 0.05);国人股骨远端前髁角男性大于女性(P < 0.05);国人滑车沟角性别间无明显差异。②国人男性的股骨远端横径、股骨远端外侧髁高度及股骨面率(横径/外上髁高度)均大于女性(P < 0.05)。结果可见国人股骨远端的形态与西方人种不同,存在性别差异。在全膝关节置换中假体的选择及其放置、股骨远端假体在设计时应体现出这些差异,使之与国人的膝关节形态相匹配。     

三维螺旋CT重建股骨远端旋转力线的测量

目的通过三维螺旋CT重建正常成人膝关节,测量股骨远端旋转力线,为全膝关节置换术股骨假体旋转力线的定位提供理论依据.方法80侧正常成人膝关节,男性、女性各40侧,年龄18～72岁.行三维螺旋CT扫描,在GE Advantage workstation工作站上进行0.625mm层厚重建,测量股骨外科上髁轴线与股骨后髁轴线之间的夹角(股骨后髁角,PCA)及前后轴线的垂线与股骨后髁轴线的夹角(APA).比较男、女性股骨旋转力线的差异.结果PCA男性3.21°±1.35°(1.15°～5.92°),女性3.60°±1.40°(0.84°～5.76°);APA男性3.17°±1.62°(0.87°～5.73°),女性3.66°±1.58°(1.34°～6.05°).PCA与APA的差异无统计学意义,但性别间PCA及APA差异均有统计学意义,同时PCA和APA均有较大的个体差异.结论男女性及不同个体之间股骨后髁角值存在一定差别,统一参照股骨后髁轴截骨将导致假体安放不准确,应采用多种定位方法确定股骨侧截骨,术前三维螺旋CT扫描重建股骨远端.测量后髁角,有利于术中重建准确的旋转力线.     

股骨髁间窝宽度CT测量的方法及意义

目的测量股骨髁间窝的宽度，为人工全膝关节置换术前假体的选择提供有效的方法。方法50例正常人，应用螺旋CT模拟全膝关节置换术中股骨切骨，对后髁切骨前后的髁间窝的宽度测量后进行比较。结果切骨前股骨髁间窝宽度为20．10±1．56mm，切骨后股骨髁间窝宽度为18．09±1．17mm。切骨前后股骨髁间窝的宽度有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论应用CT测量股骨髁间窝的宽度准确性较高，误差小，使术前假体的选择方便、准确。以股骨后髁切骨后髁间窝的宽度为截骨标准比较精确，可以在术中最大限度的保留正常骨质。     

不同类型膝关节后稳定型假体髁间截骨量的对比

背景：后稳定型膝关节假体股骨侧需要额外的髁间截骨来容纳胫骨柱和股骨窝结构,髁间窝两侧与股骨体相连处应力集中是骨折好发部位。不同品牌假体不同型号间截骨量的差异并没有具体数据,不便于临床医生在选择假体时参考。 目的：比较临床上常用的后稳定型膝关节假体(进口、国产的6个品牌)髁间截骨数据的不同,为临床假体选择和应用提供依据。 方法：选择目前国内常用的(进口、国产的6个品牌)后稳定型人工膝关节假体,包括Zimmer NexGen LPS、Stryker Scrorpio NRG Knee-Flexed、Depuy PFC Sigma、Smith&nephew Genesis-2 PS、United-U1及威高GKPS。根据截骨模板确定截骨面包括股骨髁前截面、后截部、股骨髁远端截面、后斜截面;对应股骨假体径线包括髁内外径宽、髁前后径宽、股骨髁间窝截骨宽度及深度,对上述数据进行对比测量。 结果与结论：6种膝关节股骨髁假体的前后径/内外径、髁间窝截骨量及形态均存在差异,国外品牌股骨远端前后截骨面间径线较短,对后髁的截骨程度较大。随着应用假体尺寸的增大,所用品牌髁间截骨宽度所致骨量丢失比例均呈下降趋势,无论是小尺寸假体还是大尺寸假体,Stryker Scrorpio NRG Knee-Flexed假体髁间截骨宽度均较小。 6个品牌的膝关节假体截骨尺寸有所不同,以上结果并不足以评价不同假体之间的优劣,但就保留髁间骨储量而言,髁间截骨量少的设计较具优势。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

股骨远端解剖数据测量及其与膝关节假体径线的匹配性探讨

目的　将股骨远端解剖结构相关数据与国内常用的膝关节假体参数进行对比,评估假体吻合度,为设计符合解剖结构的假体提供参考。 方法　①选100例无明显骨质缺损的华南地区成人股骨标本 (左51,右49), 拍数字化照片;②校正放大率后测量：机械轴长度、机械轴/解剖轴夹角、髁横径、髁间截骨面横径、外髁前后径、内髁前后径;③测量Zimmer NexGen LPS、Stryker Scrorpio NRG Knee-Flexed、United-U1、威高 GKPS假体的髁内外径宽、假体前髁高度及后髁高度。 结果　(1)股骨远端横径为(7.60±0.60) cm,股骨远端外侧髁高度为(5.90±0.76) cm,内侧髁高度为(5.73±0.74) cm,其间无明显相关性;(2) 4品牌假体的截骨长度均可适应股骨远端骨结构,但前髁截骨高度与4种品牌假体前髁高度对比,在设定容差范围内的涵盖率为24%~55%,股骨后髁高度与假体的后髁高度对比,涵盖率仅14%~21%。 结论　股骨远端解剖形态数据分布较为弥散,在关节置换过程中需个体化处理。假体径线与华南地区国人股骨远端形态存在一定差异。     

中国汉族人与美国高加索白人膝关节几何形态的比较

背景:有研究显示中国人膝关节胫骨近端前后径和横径均小于美国高加索人,所以在膝关节形态学方面存在一定差异,因此常发生进口假体系统应用于国人后出现匹配度不高的现象。目的:测量中国人和美国人股骨远端、胫骨近端的几何形态学参数,比较其差异。方法:选择北京清华长庚医院骨科拟行前交叉韧带重建的中国汉族患者50例,以及美国匹兹堡大学运动医学中心拟行前交叉韧带重建的高加索白人后裔患者40例,对90例受试者膝关节进行CT扫描,使用AW Volume Share 5软件进行三维重建,利用Geomagic软件对胫骨近端和股骨远端的各项参数进行测量。结果与结论:①股骨近端测量参数中,中国人的外侧胫骨平台内外径小于美国人(P=0.027),外侧胫骨平台后倾角大于美国人(P<0.05);两组间胫骨平台内外径、内侧胫骨平台外径、内侧胫骨平台前后径、外侧胫骨平台前后径与内侧胫骨平台后倾角比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);②股骨远端测量参数中,中国人的股骨远端横径、外侧髁内外径、内侧髁前后径、外侧髁前后径及髁间窝高度均小于美国人(P<0.05),股骨外翻角大于美国人(P<0.05);两组间内侧髁内外径、髁间窝宽度及滑车沟宽度比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);③结果表明,中国人与美国人在膝关节形态学的多个参数存在差异,有必要针对中国人设计更为个体化的膝关节假体。     

汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及其临床意义

目的 探讨中国汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及在全膝关节置换术中的临床价值。方法 2012年10月—2013年7月,对北京、河北、新疆及重庆的288名健康汉族志愿者行双下肢全长CT扫描,共获得575个正常膝关节图像数据纳入研究进行分析。其中男148名,女140名;年龄17—65岁;左膝288个,右膝287个。通过垂直于股骨机械轴线的断层图像,进行轴线之间的测量,包括髁间前后轴线与外科上髁轴线夹角（ASA）,髁间前后轴线与临床上髁轴线夹角（ACA）,髁间前后轴线与后髁连线夹角（APA）;按性别和侧别分组进行统计学分析。结果 ASA平均87．19°±1．92°,男性87．03°±1．95°,女性87．35°±1．87°,左膝87．33°±1．88°,右膝87．05°±1．95°;ACA平均90．93°±2．03°,男性90．68°±2．01°,女性91．19°±2．03°,左膝91．05°±1．93°,右膝90．81°±2．13°;APA平均83．99°±2．16°,男性83．86°±2．20°,女性84．12°±2．12°,左膝84．05°±2．09°,右膝83．92°±2．23°。其中ACA在男女性别中的差异具有统计学意义（t=3．000,P=0．003）,女性比男性平均大0．51°,其余参数在性别及侧别中差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论 通过对较大样本的中国汉族人群正常膝关节影像学的CT测量,得到相对准确的汉族人群股骨远端轴线间的对位关系,可以指导术中股骨远端截骨操作,确定适当的股骨外旋。     

滑车线与股骨远端假体旋转轴线关系及其稳定性的影像学研究

目的 探讨滑车线在全膝关节置换手术中作为股骨远端假体旋转对线标志物的可靠性,为临床提供指导。方法 从2013年10月—2014年5月在同济大学附属第十人民医院行膝关节CT检查的患者中,选取符合纳入标准的膝关节影像学资料,共75例75侧进行回顾性分析。其中男36名,女39名;年龄23～60岁,平均(44.7±11.5)岁。在CT图像上定位外科经股骨上髁轴、前后轴、后髁轴、滑车线,以外科经股骨上髁轴为参照,测量前后轴、后髁轴、滑车线相对于该轴线的旋转角度,分别表示为APSA、PCA、ATSA,比较APSA、PCA、ATSA在不同性别间的差异,并比较三条轴线相对于外科经股骨上髁轴旋转角度的稳定性。结果 75例75侧膝关节中,APSA为86.38°±2.40°,男性86.73°±2.51°、女性86.06°±2.26°;PCA为3.89°±1.67°,男性3.62°±1.72°、女性4.13°±1.45°;ATSA为8.17°±2.01°,男性8.42°±1.89°,女性7.94°±2.08°。不同性别间ATSA、PCA、APSA比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。F检验提示,分别与前后轴、后髁轴相比较,滑车线相对于外科经股骨上髁轴的角度的稳定性差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论 通过对正常膝关节的影像学测量分析,滑车线作为全膝置换术中股骨远端假体旋转对位参考线的稳定性较好,可以为临床手术提供参考。     

腘肌腱和腓侧副韧带股骨止点的测量及其临床意义

目的　为临床膝关节后外侧角重建术股骨侧骨隧道的定位提供解剖学资料。 方法　选取男女各30例膝关节标本,对膝关节后外侧角仔细解剖分离,测量腓侧副韧带和腘肌腱股骨附丽部中心与股骨外上髁位置关系、两者中心点的距离以及附丽部的面积。 结果　腓侧副韧带附着面积为(47.25±　14.69)mm2,其中男性为(50.22±9.72)mm2,大于女性的(44.29±12.33)mm2;腘肌腱附着面积为(56.18±13.88)　mm2,其中男性为(60.57±12.44)mm2,大于女性的(51.79±13.68)mm2。腓侧副韧带附丽部中心在股骨外上髁近端(1.29±2.73)mm,后方(3.53±2.12)mm,腘肌腱附丽部中心在股骨外上髁远端(8.47±3.34)mm,后方　(3.86±2.09)mm。腓侧副韧带和腘肌腱两者股骨附丽部中心的距离平均为(10.12±3.06)mm,男性为(11.32±　3.69)mm,女性为(8.92±3.25)mm。 结论　两者附丽部的面积和中心距离存在性别差异（P<0.05）,本实验的解剖数据可以为临床重建术中定位骨隧道提供参数值。     

基于MRI图像的股骨远端关节面几何形态测量

目的　探讨定量描述股骨远端关节面几何形态的方法,为进一步开发股骨远端关节软骨表面固定器及软骨修复提供关节面形态数据支持。 方法　选取2010年1月至2014年6月在我院行膝关节核磁共振扫描检查并且报告无异常的MRI图像130例,采用Mimics等软件对MRI图像进行处理,分别在矢状位和冠状位图像上测量出股骨内外侧髁远端及后髁关节面的半径和弧度,根据这些几何参数来确定股骨远端关节面近似的几何形态。 结果　在矢状位及冠状位图像上,内、外侧髁关节面均可用若干个半径不等的圆弧拟合,股骨内、外侧滑车关节面可用两个半径不等的球体拟合。 结论　通过测量若干个简单的几何参数可以定量描述复杂的股骨远端关节面三维几何形态,获得的数据可能用于股骨远端关节软骨表面固定器的设计及软骨修复。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.