脑血管疾病患者留置胃管两次拔除方式探讨

目的改良胃管拔出方法,减少脑血管疾病患者肺部感染发生率。方法将39例神经内科长期鼻饲患者按随机数字表法分为对照组(20例)和观察组(19例),对照组采用传统方法拔管,观察组采用改良方法拔管,即拔出10cm间隔1h后完全拔出。统计拔出并重置胃管后1~3d两组肺部感染发生率。结果观察组肺部感染发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论改良式胃管拔出方法可减少因胃管拔管导致的肺部感染。     

Protection of trachea by maintaining appropriate balloon pressure and simutaneous oral pharyngeal suctioning during removal of endotracheal catheter

目的 减少气管导管拔除时引起的应激反应及囊上滞留物的回落,预防拔管带来的并发症.方法 将120例全麻气管插管患者按手术日期单双日分为常规组(60例)和改良组(60例).常规组采用常规的拔管方法,先吸净口咽及气道内分泌物后抽出气管导管气囊里的气体,吸痰管置于气管导管内持续负压吸引拔管;改良组采取保留适度气囊压力,将气囊上方分泌物随拔管提到口咽部持续吸引清除,拔管中保持气管内压力.比较两组拔管时清除的分泌物量、拔管前后呼吸循环指标的变化和呼吸道不良反应的发生率.结果 常规组气囊上方痰液清除量为(1.73±0.79)mL,改良组为(10.09±1.81) mL;常规组拔管前后R、HR、SBP和SaO2数值变化显著;患者窒息感的发生率显著高于改良组(P＜0.05).结论 保留适度气囊及气管内压的气管导管拔除方法能有效地清除气囊上方的分泌物,减少拔管时不良反应,预防呼吸循环系统并发症发生.     

气管导管拔除时适度气囊压力同步口咽部吸引对气道的保护作用

目的减少气管导管拔除时引起的应激反应及囊上滞留物的回落,预防拔管带来的并发症。方法将120例全麻气管插管患者按手术日期单双日分为常规组(60例)和改良组(60例)。常规组采用常规的拔管方法,先吸净口咽及气道内分泌物后抽出气管导管气囊里的气体,吸痰管置于气管导管内持续负压吸引拔管;改良组采取保留适度气囊压力,将气囊上方分泌物随拔管提到口咽部持续吸引清除,拔管中保持气管内压力。比较两组拔管时清除的分泌物量、拔管前后呼吸循环指标的变化和呼吸道不良反应的发生率。结果常规组气囊上方痰液清除量为(1.73±0.79)mL,改良组为(10.09±1.81)mL;常规组拔管前后R、HR、SBP和SaO2数值变化显著;患者窒息感的发生率显著高于改良组(P<0.05)。结论保留适度气囊及气管内压的气管导管拔除方法能有效地清除气囊上方的分泌物,减少拔管时不良反应,预防呼吸循环系统并发症发生。     

改良气管滴药法在喉癌术后患者气道湿化中的应用

目的 比较改良式间断气管内滴药与传统气管内间断滴药湿化法对患者的影响.方法 按住院号奇偶数将62例喉癌术后患者分为对照组(30例)和观察组(32例).对照组以0.9％氯化钠注射液200mL—醋酸地塞米松10mg为湿化液,采用传统的人工手法向套管内滴注；观察组以灭菌注射用水200 mL+醋酸地塞米松10 mg为湿化液,利用精密输液器持续向套管内滴注.结果 观察组湿化满意率显著高于对照组,并发症发生率显著低于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 改良式气管内滴药法效果优于传统间断气管内滴药法,可降低喉癌术后并发症.     

拔除双腔气管导管后催醒在高血压患者麻醉中的应用

目的:比较拔除双腔气管导管后催醒和清醒后拔除双腔气管导管对高血压患者呼吸、循环功能的影响。方法:选择40例胸内手术ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级并存高血压患者,随机分成为清醒后拔除双腔气管导管组(A组)和拔除双腔气管导管后催醒组(B组),记录两组麻醉前、拔管前2min、拔管即刻、拔管后5min、10min各时点的SBP、DBP、HR及拔管并发症。结果:A组HR、SBP、DBP于拔管前2min即开始明显升高(P0.05),尤以拔管时明显(P0.01);B组拔管前后各时点的HR、SBP、DBP与麻醉前相比均无显著变化(P0.05),吸痰拔管时与A组比较有显著差异(P0.01)。B组患者催醒后RR、Vt均明显升高。结论:拔除双腔气管导管后催醒对并存高血压患者的呼吸、循环功能影响较小,是一种值得探讨的拔管方式。     

用气管导管为导芯更换气管切开套管

目的 探讨采用气管导管为导芯更换气管切开套管的效果.方法 将68例气管切开术后需更换套管的患者按入院时间分为改进组和常规组各34例.常规组按照常规方法更换气管切开套管;改进组利_用气管导管为导芯.将气管导管插入原气管切开套管腔内10～15 cm,一手固定气管导管,另一手沿气管导管迅速拔出原气管切开套管,将新的气管切开套管顺气管导管送入气管腔内,拔出气管导管,新气管切开套管气囊充气、固定.结果 改进组一次更换气管切开套管成功率、更换气管切开套管时间、脉搏血氧饱和度降低和局部出血发生率与常规组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05).结论 用气管导管为导芯更换气管切开套管可显著提高一次换管成功率,缩短换管时间,减少脉搏血氧饱和度降低和局部出血.     

喉罩过渡对双腔气管导管拔管期应激反应的影响

目的研究喉罩过渡法对支气管内麻醉中双腔气管导管拔管期应激反应的影响。方法选择全身麻醉并行双腔气管导管插管手术患者90例,随机分为A、B、C组,每组30例。A组在手术结束后直接拔除双腔气管导管,B组术后深麻醉下更换单腔气管导管,C组在术后深麻醉下更换喉罩。分别记录手术结束时(T0)、拔除气管导管(喉罩)前1 min(T1)、拔除后1 min(T2)、5 min(T3)的MAP、HR、心率收缩压乘积(RPP)。观察三组呛咳、躁动等不良反应发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时A、B组MAP、RPP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.01或P0.05)。与A组比较,T1~T3时B、C组MAP、RPP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P0.05)。C组严重呛咳、躁动例数均明显低于A、B组(P0.05)。结论在双腔气管插管麻醉苏醒期使用喉罩过渡法可以减少苏醒期血流动力学波动,降低拔管期应激反应。     

气囊导尿管用于机械通气患儿气管导管壁分泌物清除的可行性研究

目的探讨气囊导尿管清理法对机械通气患儿气管导管内残留分泌物的清除作用。方法按住院日期将100例患儿分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组行常规吸痰;清理组在吸痰后采用一次性气囊导尿管清理气管导管内壁,每日3次。比较两组气管导管、下呼道分泌物细菌检出率、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率及患儿生命体征变化。结果观察组细菌培养阳性率及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);两组心率、呼吸、血压、血氧饱和度比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论气囊导尿管清理法能够有效阻断气管导管内细菌粘附,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎发生,且操作安全。     

Supreme喉罩在神经外科手术中的应用效果

目的 观察Supreme喉罩在神经外科手术中的应用效果.方法 36例择期神经外科手术患者,随机均分为喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(Ⅰ组).麻醉诱导后,分别插入喉罩或气管导管行机械通气,记录插入和拔出喉罩(气管导管)前后MAP、HR、围术期动脉血pH、PaCO2、气道峰压(Ppeak)、舒芬太尼和七氟醚总用量及清醒和拔管时间.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,S组插入及拔除喉罩后MAP、HR更平稳;两组围术期动脉血pH、PaCO2、Ppeak差异无统计学意义;与Ⅰ组比较,S组舒芬太尼、七氟醚用量降低(P＜0.05),清醒时间、拔管时间缩短(P＜0.05).结论 神经外科手术中应用Supreme喉罩可减轻麻醉诱导及苏醒期血流动力学反应,减少麻醉药物用量,缩短清醒和拔管时间.     

利多卡因乳膏用于缓解扁桃体切除患儿苏醒期躁动

目的探讨气管导管及创面联合应用利多卡因乳膏预防扁桃体切除患儿麻醉苏醒期躁动的有效性。方法将108例择期行扁桃体切除的患儿采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各54例。对照组常规用复方利多卡因乳膏涂抹润滑气管导管后插管,观察组在此基础上于术毕在手术创面涂抹复方利多卡因乳膏。记录两组插管前、术毕时、拔管时、苏醒时以及离手术室时的心率及平均动脉压,苏醒期躁动发生情况,拔管后咽喉痛发生情况及家属满意度。结果两组不同时间心率、平均动脉压比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);对照组苏醒期躁动发生率、评分以及咽喉痛评分显著高于观察组,家属满意率显著低于观察组(均P0.01)。结论气管导管及手术创面联合应用利多卡因乳膏,可降低麻醉苏醒期躁动,减轻咽喉痛,维持较平稳的心率和血压。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.