A pillared-layer metal-organic framework for efficient separation of C3H8/C2H6/CH4 in natural gas

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potentials as adsorbents for natural gas purification. However, the trade-off between selectivity and adsorption capacity remains a challenge. Herein, we report a pillared-layer metal-organic framework Ni(HBTC)(bipy) for efficiently separating the C₃H₈/C₂H₆/CH₄ mixture. The experimental results show that the adsorption capacity of C₃H₈ and C₂H₆ on Ni(HBTC)(bipy) are as high as 6.18 and 5.85 mmol·g^-1, while only 0.93 mmol·g^-1 for CH₄ at 298 K and 100 kPa. Especially, the adsorption capacity of C₃H₈ at 5 kPa can reach an unprecedented 4.52 mmol·g^-1 and for C₂H₆ it is 1.48 mmol·g^-1 at 10 kPa. The ideal adsorbed solution theory predicted C₃H₈/CH₄ selectivity is as high as 1857.0, superior to most of the reported materials. Breakthrough experiment results indicated that material could completely separate the C₃H₈/C₂H₆/CH₄ mixture. Therefore, Ni(HBTC)(bipy) is a promising material for separation of natural gas.     

一维直孔道MOFs对CH4/N2和CO2/CH4的分离

非常规天然气未来可以作为常规天然气的有效补充,其中低浓度煤层气和生物质燃气分别需要脱除大量的N₂ 和CO₂以达到富集和纯化CH₄的目的。本研究针对CH₄/N₂这一对较难分离的气体组合,选取了具有一维菱形孔道的MOFs材料Cu(INA)₂作为吸附剂,将合成的样品做了XRD和TG表征,测试了纯气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂的吸附曲线,利用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)分子模拟和理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)计算了气体的吸附热和该材料对于CH₄/N₂和CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性系数;3 MPa压力下制备的颗粒样品填装吸附分离装置,进行了混合气体CH₄/N₂ (50%/50%)和CO₂/CH₄ (50%/50%)的穿透试验,分离的结果显示,Cu(INA)₂不仅高选择性地吸附CH₄/N₂混合物中的CH₄(S_CH4/N2=10),而且对CH₄/N₂的分离效果优于CO₂/CH₄。     

CH4/C2H6/C3H8在MOF-505@5GO上吸附相平衡和选择性

应用溶剂热法合成了不同氧化石墨烯（GO）负载量的MOF-505@GO复合材料,分别采用全自动表面积吸附仪、P-XRD、SEM和Raman对材料进行了性能表征,测定了CH₄、C₂H₆和C₃H₈在MOF-505@GO上的吸附等温线,并进行Langmuir-Freundlich方程拟合,依据IAST理论模型计算了C₂H₆/CH₄和C₃H₈/CH₄二元混合气在MOF-505@5GO上的吸附选择性。研究结果表明,随着GO负载量增大,MOF-505@GO复合材料的孔容及BET比表面积先增大后减小,当GO负载量为5%（质量）时,复合材料MOF-505@5GO的孔容及BET比表面积达到最大,当GO负载量进一步增大至8%（质量）和10%（质量）时,复合材料的孔容及BET比表面积逐渐降低。在0.1 MPa和298 K条件下,MOF-505@5GO对CH₄、C₂H₆和C₃H₈的吸附容量分别为0.88、4.81和5.17 mmol·g^-1,相比MOF-505分别提高了14.9%、30.7%和13.1%。MOF-505@5GO对C₂H₆/CH₄和C₃H₈/CH₄的吸附选择性分别为40.1和3056.1,其对C₂H₆/CH₄和C₃H₈/CH₄具有极高的吸附选择性。     

C2H6/C3H8影响CH4爆炸极限参数及动力学特性研究

为研究C₂H₆/C₃H₈对甲烷爆炸极限参数及动力学特性的影响,采用标准的可燃气体爆炸极限测定装置测定了不同配比的C₂H₆/C₃H₈混合气体对甲烷爆炸极限的影响规律,同时得出了氮气惰化条件下甲烷爆炸临界参数的变化规律。此外,利用Chemkin软件模拟了C₂H₆/C₃H₈混合气体对甲烷爆炸过程中中间产物浓度的影响情况,并进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,C₂H₆/C₃H₈的存在降低了甲烷的爆炸上下限,增大了甲烷的爆炸危险度;在氮气惰化过程中甲烷的爆炸上限下降,爆炸下限上升,最终爆炸上下限重合,重合点处甲烷浓度和氮气临界浓度均随C₂H₆/C₃H₈的添加而逐渐减小;此外,C₂H₆/C₃H₈混合气体使甲烷爆炸过程中CO和·H的生成量逐渐增大,而CO₂、·O和·OH的生成量则有下降趋势,通过对爆炸过程中甲烷体积的敏感性分析,发现C₂H₆/C₃H₈的存在在某种程度上促进了甲烷爆炸。对比不同配比的C₂H₆/C₃H₈混合气体,发现C₃H₈含量越高,其对甲烷爆炸过程中相关参数的影响越大,这可为工矿企业的安全生产提供一定的理论依据。     

Intensification of low-grade methane enrichment in nitrogen mixture by CH4/CO2 displacement

To solve the problem of CO₂ uncompleted desorption in the process of CO₂ displacement enhancing the adsorption separation of CH₄/N₂, a small amount of product gas CH₄ was used as purge gas to improve the CO₂ desorption. CH₄/CO₂ mixture gas obtained from desorption step was recycled as the displacement gas to enhance the enrichment of low-grade methane in nitrogen mixture. In this work, the research conducted the experiments for CH₄/N₂ separation using CH₄/CO₂ displacement intensification adsorption and the laboratory-made coconut shell activated carbon as sorbent. The mathematical models were built in gPROMS and the accuracy of models was verified by comparison of simulations and CH₄/N₂/CO₂ breakthrough experiments. The performance of enrichment of low-grade methane with displacement intensification using different displacer was compared. The result showed that the process with CH₄/CO₂ displacement had higher purity product than CO₂ displacement. The CH₄/ CO₂ mixed gas replacement enhanced vacuum pressure swing adsorption cycle experiment was carried out, which can jointly enrich 14% CH₄/ N₂ and 53% CH₄/CO₂ to 98.8%, and at the same time obtain a recovery rate of 77.8%.     

CH4/CO2混合气置换强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩

针对CO₂置换吸附分离CH₄/N₂过程中CO₂再生困难的问题，采用少量产品气CH₄真空吹扫以提高CO₂的解吸效果，并以解吸得到的CH₄/CO₂混合气为置换步骤的置换气，通过置换来强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩过程。以自制椰壳活性炭为吸附剂，对CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化吸附回收含氮低品质甲烷工艺过程进行了实验与模拟研究。在gPROMS软件中建立并求解固定床吸附分离模型方程，预测了CH₄、N₂ 和CO₂在自制椰壳活性炭上的竞争吸附穿透曲线，通过预测结果和实验的对比，验证了数学模型方程的准确性。对比了不同置换气强化吸附分离低品质甲烷的效果，结果表明CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化相对于CO₂置换强化可获得更高纯度产品。进行了CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化真空变压吸附循环实验，可以将14%的CH₄/N₂和53%的CH₄/CO₂联合富集到98.8%，同时获得77.8%的回收率。     

葡萄糖基多孔碳材料对CO2/CH4的分离性能

以淀粉糖（主要成分为葡萄糖）为碳前体,制备了一系列多孔碳材料（C-GLCs-800）,对其进行孔隙结构分析,并应用FT-IR、SEM、TGA对其进行了表征,测定了材料在288、298和308 K下的CO₂和CH₄吸附等温线,根据IAST理论预测了材料对CO₂/CH₄二元体系的吸附选择性。实验结果显示,活化条件对材料的孔隙结构有明显影响,随着KOH/C质量比的增加,所制备的C-GLCs-800比表面积和总孔容先增加后降低。其中C-GLC-800-4的BET比表面积高达3153 m²·g^-1,总孔容为2.056 cm³·g^-1。C-GLC-800-2的窄微孔（V_d<1 nm,孔容0.3538 cm³·g^-1）含量最高,为30.63%。C-GLC-800-2在298 K和10⁵ Pa下对CO₂吸附量高达3.96 mmol·g^-1,明显高于许多传统吸附材料和MOFs材料在相同条件下对CO₂的吸附容量。应用Clausiuse-Clapeyron方程计算了CO₂和CH₄在材料上的吸附热,应用IAST理论计算了CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性,结果显示C-GLC-800-2对CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性为8.35。     

基于沸石ZSM-5的CH4/N2/CO2二元体系吸附平衡

采用Rubotherm磁悬浮天平测量CH₄、N₂和CO₂在沸石ZSM-5上的单组分吸附平衡等温线,温度273～353 K,压力0～500 kPa。采用Sips模型、Toth模型和MSL模型对单组分吸附平衡实验数据进行拟合,拟合结果良好,非线性回归得到相应的模型参数。测量双组分CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄和CH₄/N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附平衡等温线,实验温度为293 K,实验压力为0～500 kPa。采用基于Sips模型的理想吸附溶液理论和双组分MSL模型预测双组分气体在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附平衡等温线,并与实验结果进行比较,预测结果良好。比较CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄以及CH₄/N₂体系在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附选择性系数,探究沸石ZSM-5吸附分离烟道气（CO₂/N₂体系）、垃圾填埋气（CO₂/CH₄体系）或煤层气（CH₄/N₂体系）的可行性,为将来进行工艺设计提供基础数据。     

Numerical Analysis on the Characteristics of Soot Particles in C2H4/CO2/O2/N2 Combustion

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of soot particles in C₂H₄/CO₂/O₂/N₂ combustion at equivalence ratio of 3.0-5.0. As the oxidant is switched from conventional air to CO₂/O₂/N₂ mixture, the key species C₂H₂, C₃H₃ responsible for formation of first aromatic ring, the typical aromatics and 4-ring aromatics total production rate all decrease greatly. In addition, with CO₂ mole fraction from 0.2 to 0.5 in the mixture, the soot particle number density, volume fraction, surface area density, which are three most important parameters to soot particle property, are suppressed obviously. Furthermore, the increasing content of CO₂ in the oxidizer influences mostly H, OH radical concentrations by two reactions: CO+OH=CO₂ H and H+O₂=O+OH, and the production rate of H, OH from the two reactions declined, which revealed that CO₂ in mixture has an inhibiting effect on soot particle generation.     

Selective adsorption of carbon dioxide, methane and ethane by porous clays heterostructures

The separation of binary mixture representatives of natural and landfill gases by selective adsorption using adsorbent porous clay heterostructures has been investigated. Using Wyoming clay as a starting material, the solids are prepared by the gallery-templated approach from the polymerization of two silica sources, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and phenyltriethoxysilane (PhOS), at several molar ratios. In this way, the surface chemistry and the porosity characteristics of the samples are modified. The adsorbents presented specific surface areas up to 634 m² g⁻¹, micropore-size distributions with maxima near to 0.6 nm, thermal stability up to 400 °C and also hydrophobic characteristics. The selectivity for the separation of various binary mixtures such as CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/C₂H₆ and C₂H₆/CH₄, estimated by a methodology based on the determination of the Gibbs free energy, is discussed.     

High-performance SSZ-13 membranes prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds for carbon dioxide and nitrogen separations from methane

SSZ-13 membranes with high separation performances were prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds by once hydrothermal synthesis. Separation performances of SSZ-13 membranes in CO_2/CH_4 and N_2/CH_4 mixtures were enhanced after synthesis modification. Single-gas permeances of CO_2, N_2 and CH_4 and ideal selectivities were recorded through SSZ-13 membranes. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and humidity on separation performance of the membranes were discussed. Three membranes prepared after synthesis modifications had an average CO_2 permeance of 1.16 × 10~(-6) mol·(m~2· s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 3554 GPU) with an average CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 213 in a 50 vol%/50 vol% CO_2/CH_4 mixture. It suggests that membrane synthesis has a good reproducible. The membrane also displayed a N_2 permeance of 1.07 × 10~(-7) mol·(m~2·s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 320 GPU) with a N_2/CH_4 selectivity of 13 for a 50 vol%/50 vol% N_2/CH_4 mixture. SSZ-13 membrane displayed stable and good separation performance in the wet CO_2/CH_4 mixture for a long test period over 100 h at 348 K. The current SSZ-13 membranes show great potentials for the simultaneous removals of CO_2 and N_2 in natural gas purification as a facile process suitable for industrial application.     

淀粉基多孔碳材料的制备及其吸附CO2/CH4性能

以淀粉为原料,使用水热法将其碳化后用活化剂KOH对其活化,制备了淀粉基多孔碳材料,并对其进行结构表征和CO₂/CH₄的吸附性能测试,计算吸附热以及材料对CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性,讨论了碳材料结构对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明：在制备过程中,随着活化剂KOH用量比例的增大,所制得的材料其比表面积和孔容增大,其孔径分布也就越宽。所制得的碳材料其比表面积可达2972 m²·g^-1。这些淀粉基多孔碳材料对水蒸气的吸附等温线呈现出Ⅳ类等温线。所制备材料对CO₂吸附容量主要取决于其孔径小于0.8 nm的累积孔容（Vd < 0.8 nm）。材料的超微孔的孔容越大,其对CO₂吸附容量也越大。所制备的C-KOH-1材料在101325 Pa和298 K条件下,对CO₂的吸附量达到4.2 mmol·g^-1,其对CO₂的吸附热明显高于其对CH₄吸附热,其对CO₂/CH₄吸附选择性为3.7～4.26,同时本文通过对材料的水蒸气吸附等温线进行测试,结果表明所得材料主要表现为中等憎水性,这对材料在实际工况的应用奠定了基础。     

Screening and design of COF-based mixed-matrix membrane for CH4/N2 separation

Membrane separation is a high-efficiency, energy-saving, and environment-friendly separation technology. Covalent organic framework (COF)-based mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) have broad application prospects in gas separation and are expected to provide new solutions for coal-bed methane purification. Herein, a high-throughput screening method is used to calculate and evaluate COF-based MMMs for CH₄/N₂ separation. General design rules are proposed from thermodynamic and kinetic points of view using the computation-ready, experimental COFs. From our database containing 471,671 generated COFs, 5 COF membrane materials were screened with excellent membrane selectivities, which were then used as the filler of MMMs for separation performance evaluation. Among them, BAR-NAP-Benzene_CF₃ combined with polydimethylsiloxane and styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene show high CH₄ permeability of 4.43×10^-13 mol·m·s^-1·Pa^-1·m^-2 and high CH₄/N₂ selectivity of 9.54, respectively. The obtained results may provide reasonable information for the design of COF-based membranes for the efficient separation of CH₄/N₂.     

二氧化碳在CH4+CO2+N2/C2H6三元系中的结霜温度计算

含CO₂的天然气体系在历经低温工艺时,由于CO₂的三相点温度(216.55 K)较高,容易凝华结霜产生固体CO₂,因而有必要对CO₂在天然气中的结霜温度进行计算。根据气固相平衡原理,分别采用道尔顿分压定律、PR状态方程对CO₂在CH₄-CO₂-N₂和CH₄-CO₂-C₂H₆三元系中的结霜温度进行了计算。此外,还采用HYSYS软件对CO₂的结霜温度做了相应的计算。将3种方法的计算结果和实验结果进行了比较,结果表明3种方法在预测三元系中CO₂的结霜温度时,都具有良好的精度。其中,PR状态方程法和HYSYS法的精度略高于道尔顿分压定律法;道尔顿分压定律法虽精度最低,但计算最简单,且也能获得满意的精度,可做工程快速估算使用。     

二价铬/钼/镍空配位MOFs的CH4/N2吸附分离研究

基于金属有机骨架材料中金属空配位对气体的强吸附作用,利用具有较高活性的二价金属Cr²⁺/Mo²⁺/Ni²⁺与均苯三酸（H₃BTC）配位合成了HKUST-1（Cu-BTC）同构系列材料M-BTC（M=Cr、Mo、Ni）,并与Cu-BTC对比分析了该类型材料中不同金属空配位对甲烷和氮气的吸附性能。实验结果显示,此三种材料均具有较好的甲烷选择吸附性,其中含Ni²⁺金属空位的Ni-BTC以其尤为突出的甲烷吸附热值而呈现较好的CH₄/N₂分离潜力;Cr²⁺空配位虽具有较强活性,但是对于甲烷的选择性吸附性能却低于含Cu²⁺空位的Cu-BTC材料。结合吸附选择性IAST计算分析得到此三种含较高活性不饱和金属空配位的MOFs材料对于甲烷选择性吸附作用能顺序为：Ni-BTC > Mo-BTC > Cu-BTC > Cr-BTC。     

金属有机骨架材料用于吸附分离CH4和N2的研究进展

非常规天然气的利用不仅可以有效缓解常规天然气不足带来的能源问题,而且可以降低其肆意排放带来的温室效应,无论是低浓度煤层气的提浓还是低品质天然气的提质都需要解决甲烷与氮气的分离难题。基于金属有机骨架（MOFs）材料结构和功能均呈多样化的特色,本文主要从CH₄选择型MOFs吸附材料和N₂选择型MOFs吸附材料两个方面,综述了近年来MOFs材料在CH₄与N₂吸附分离方面的研究进展,讨论了影响二者分离的影响因素,并对吸附与分离机理与MOFs结构和性能关联进行了详细的总结与分析,提出了CH₄与N₂选择性提升的方法,即需要合适的孔道尺寸与弱极性表面性质或有利骨架结构的协同作用,最后展望了MOFs材料在甲烷富集和纯化领域的应用前景和发展趋势。     

AC/X-G吸附剂的制备及CH4/N2吸附分离性能

采用浓度为0.2g·ml^-1的葡萄糖溶液对13X沸石/活性炭复合材料(AC/X)进行碳沉积,研究沉积次数对复合吸附剂(AC/X-G)孔结构、表面性质和CH₄/N₂吸附分离性能的影响。通过X射线衍射,77K下的N₂吸附/脱附,扫描电镜,CO₂-TPD以及红外光谱表征样品的晶型、孔结构和表面性质,在298K、100kPa下对其CH₄和N₂吸附等温线进行测定,并将吸附结果与文献中碳材料和13X沸石的吸附性能进行比较。结果表明:随着沉积次数的增加,AC/X-G吸附剂中X型沸石的相对含量降低,微孔比表面积和微孔体积减少。AC/X-G的表面被碳膜覆盖,碱量降低,但出现强碱位和含氧基团C-O键。AC/X-G的CH₄和N₂吸附量下降,但吸附分离系数提高,沉积3次的样品AC/X-G-3的CH₄/N₂吸附分离系数达到3.0,表面的含氧基团有利于提高复合材料的CH₄/N₂吸附分离性能。     

煤层气回收及CH4/N2分离PSA材料的研究进展

我国煤层气蕴藏丰富,在面临能源危机时代煤层气可作为天然气能源的有效补充。本文介绍了低浓煤层气回收即CH₄/N₂分离几种常见技术：低温技术、水合物技术、溶解技术、膜分离和变压吸附技术（PSA）的分离原理、技术开发和研究的现状,并分析了各项技术目前存在的问题。讨论了多孔材料,如活性炭、碳分子筛、沸石分子筛和新型金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）等对CH₄/N₂吸附分离效果的研究进展,由于MOFs材料的吸附性能随温度或压力的改变出现飞跃,预示了其在PSA领域广阔的应用前景。     

CH_4/N_2 separation on methane molecules grade diameter channel molecular sieves with a CHA-type structure

Samples of methane molecules grade diameter channel CHA-type molecular sieves(Chabazite-K, SAPO-34 and SSZ-13) were investigated using the adsorption separation of CH_4/N_2 mixtures. The isotherms recorded for CH_4 and N_2 follow a typical type-Ι behavior, which were fitted well with the Sips model(R~20.999) and the selectivity was calculated using IAST theory. The results reveal that Chabazite-K has the highest selectivity(SCH_4/N= 5.5).2 SSZ-13 has the largest capacity, which can adsorb up to a maximum of 30.957 cm~3·g~(-1)(STP) of CH_4, due to it having the largest pore volume and surface area, but the lowest selectivity(S_(CH_4/N_2)= 2.5). From the breakthrough test, we can conclude that SSZ-13 may be a suitable candidate for the recovery of CH_4 from low concentration methane(CH_420%) based on its larger pore volume and higher CH_4 capacity. Chabazite-K is more suited to the separation of high concentration methane(CH_450%) due to its higher selectivity.     

SAPO-34 membranes for CO2/CH4 separations: Effect of Si/Al ratio

Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) membranes with Si/Al gel ratios from 0.05 to 0.3 were synthesized by in situ crystallization onto porous, tubular stainless steel support. Pure SAPO-34 membranes were obtained when the Si/Al ratio was 0.15 or higher. The adsorbate polarizability correlated with the adsorption capacity on SAPO-34, and the amounts of gases adsorbed were in the order: CO₂ > CH₄ > N₂ > H₂. The Si/Al ratio did not affect the pore volume significantly, but it changed the CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption equilibrium constants. The SAPO-34 membranes effectively separated CO₂ from CH₄ for feed pressures up to 7 MPa. At 295 K, for a pressure drop of 138 kPa and a 50/50 feed, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was 170 for a membrane with a Si/Al gel ratio of 0.15. At 7 MPa, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was 100 and the CO₂ permeance was 4 × 10⁻⁸ mol/(m² · s · Pa) at 295 K. This membrane was also separated CO₂/N₂ (selectivity = 21) and H₂/CH₄ (selectivity = 32) mixtures at 295 K and a pressure drop of 138 kPa. Competitive adsorption and difference in diffusivities are responsible for CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ separations, whereas the H₂/CH₄ separation was due to diffusivity differences. For a membrane with Si/Al gel ratio of 0.1, a mixture of SAPO-34 and SAPO-5 formed, and the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was lower.