硫化物形貌对非调质钢力学性能各向异性的影响

为了明确硫化物变性处理前后材料力学性能各向异性的变化规律,利用金相显微镜、SEM、拉伸及冲击试验机研究了工业生产的具有不同硫化物形貌特征(硫化物变性与未变性处理)的35MnVS非调质钢锻态力学性能的各向异性。结果表明,经变性处理后硫化物由未经变性处理的细长条状向短棒状或纺锤状转变,硫化物长宽比在1～8范围内的个数比例由未经变性处理的不到40%提高到变性处理后的90%以上,且分布更加均匀,组织有所细化。硫化物变性处理能够明显地降低试验钢塑性和韧性的各向异性,断面收缩率和冲击功的各向异性分别减小了约10%和34%,横向断口形貌由脆性的朽木分层状向韧窝韧性断裂转变。     

硫化物形貌对非调质钢力学性能各向异性的影响

为了明确硫化物变性处理前后材料力学性能各向异性的变化规律，利用金相显微镜、SEM、拉伸及冲击试验机研究了工业生产的具有不同硫化物形貌特征(硫化物变性与未变性处理)的35MnVS非调质钢锻态力学性能的各向异性。结果表明，经变性处理后硫化物由未经变性处理的细长条状向短棒状或纺锤状转变，硫化物长宽比在1～8范围内的个数比例由未经变性处理的不到40%提高到变性处理后的90%以上，且分布更加均匀，组织有所细化。硫化物变性处理能够明显地降低试验钢塑性和韧性的各向异性，断面收缩率和冲击功的各向异性分别减小了约10%和34%，横向断口形貌由脆性的朽木分层状向韧窝韧性断裂转变。     

稀土对2Cr13不锈钢夹杂物的变质及对冲击韧性的影响

采用金相、扫描电镜和能谱等分析手段研究了稀土元素铈对2Cr13不锈钢中夹杂物的变质作用以及对冲击性能的影响.结果表明:稀土元素改善了2Cr13不锈钢夹杂物的形貌和大小,未加稀土的钢的断口是典型的解理断裂,加稀土后钢的断口是准解理+韧窝型,韧窝中出现的细小球状稀土硫氧化物夹杂是其转变的主要原因;加微量稀土元素铈的试样低温横向冲击性能比未加稀土的试样大幅度提高,-40℃时提高了54.55%.     

汽车用含硫非调质钢中夹杂物的研究

采用金相显微镜观察、扫描电镜结合能谱仪分析等方法,对不同的汽车用含硫非调质钢试样中的夹杂物进行研究.研究结果表明:汽车用含硫非调质钢中的夹杂物形态主要为条状、纺锤状和球状,呈弥散分布或群落状分布;夹杂物以单一的硫化物为主,存在少量以氧化物、氮化物为核心外裹硫化物的复合夹杂物,几乎没有单独存在的氧化物和氮化物;复合夹杂物多为球状或纺锤状(90％以上长宽比小于3);纺锤状硫化物25％为存在核心或为伴生的复合夹杂物;较高的氧含量有利于形成复合硫化物.     

Ce对A36船板钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和室温拉伸等检测技术研究了A36稀土船板钢的组织与力学性能。结果表明,在钢中添加稀土会细化和均匀组织,使铁素体晶粒明显变小,带状珠光体组织更加弥散地分布在铁素体基体中。稀土元素的加入能改善钢的力学性能,使抗拉强度提高了6%,屈服强度提高了8%,断面收缩率和伸长率均有提高。通过拉伸断口的宏观和微观形貌分析,A36稀土钢的断口呈韧性断裂,断口韧窝明显变深变小,在韧窝底部有球状夹杂物出现,经能谱分析,夹杂物主要是稀土硫氧化物和铝酸盐。     

钙处理对含硫非调质钢中夹杂物演变行为的影响

进行了钙处理变性含硫非调质钢中夹杂物的工业试验,通过SEM+EDS定性研究钢中夹杂物类型随工序的变化,得到钙处理对夹杂物演变的影响。针对硫化物夹杂的形态控制,用牛津INCA能谱仪Feature工具的自动扫描夹杂物功能定量分析钙处理前后钢中硫化物夹杂的类型、数量和尺寸的变化。研究结果表明,钙处理能够增加钢中复合硫化物数量,尤其是含钙复合硫化物,从而有利于降低轧材中长条状硫化物的比例,形成较多的球状或纺锤状硫化物,改善钢材的各向异性。进一步分析钙处理改性硫化物的作用机理,在不影响钢材机械性能前提下,钙处理适当降低钢液洁净度有利于含硫非调质钢中硫化物的形态控制,工业生产中采用钙处理的方法来进行硫化物的形态控制是可行的。     

Q235B钢板冷弯性能和断后伸长率不合格原因分析

通过利用直读光谱仪检测化学成分,利用金相显微镜检测金相组织和夹杂物级别,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对拉伸试样断口形貌进行分析,发现Q235B钢中P、S含量偏高,导致钢中带状组织加重,沿轧向分布的大量长条状硫化物夹杂成为裂纹源,降低了钢板的横向塑性,导致冷弯试样开裂,拉伸断口出现分层,呈木纹形貌断口,造成Q235B钢板冷弯性能和断后伸长率不合格。采取工艺措施,提高钢的纯净度,有效减少钢中的P、S含量,严格控制钢中的硫化物夹杂的数量和形态,有利于使Q235B钢板冷弯性能和断后伸长率指标合格。     

硫化物变性处理45MnVS非调质钢的高周疲劳性能

 长条状的硫化物夹杂往往会导致热轧/锻造含硫钢的力学性能呈现出明显的各向异性。为了明确硫化物变性处理铁素体-珠光体型非调质钢的疲劳性能各向异性,采用轴向力控制高频疲劳试验机(应力比R=-1)研究了工业生产的45MnVS非调质钢锻态及调质态的高周疲劳断裂行为。结果表明,试验料纵向样中的MnS夹杂分布较为均匀,多呈短棒状或纺锤形,平均长宽比为3.4±1.7。与未变性处理的含硫非调质钢相比,试验料塑性和韧性的各向异性得到显著降低。锻态与调质态横向样的疲劳性能略低于纵向样,调质态样的疲劳极限比(0.52~0.54)明显高于锻态样(0.46)。在ΔK值大于约35 MPa·m1/2时,横向样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率略大于纵向样。疲劳断口分析表明,2种状态横向样的疲劳裂纹均主要起源于钢中条棒状MnS夹杂,且调质态样受影响的程度更大。上述结果表明,试验钢硫化物变性处理后的疲劳性能各向异性很小,锻态组织的各向异性程度略低于调质态组织,但后者具有更为优异的疲劳性能。     

稀土元素Ce对2Cr13不锈钢中夹杂物变性的影响

2Cr13(0.19％C、12.88％Cr)马氏体不锈钢由非自耗真空电弧炉冶炼,在铸模加入0～0.18％的Ce。用光学和扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线能谱仪观察和分析钢中夹杂物形貌和成分。结果表明,未加稀土元素Ce时,钢中夹杂物尺寸为19.33μm的不规则MnS、Cr₂S₃和FeS复合夹杂物;加入0.14％Ce,钢中夹杂物为近似椭球状稀土夹杂物,尺寸18.64μm;复合夹杂物内部为稀土硫化物,外部为稀土硅酸盐;加入0.16％～0.18％Ce时,钢中夹杂物为椭球或球形稀土硅酸盐,尺寸为7.69～8.15μm。     

氧含量对硫系易切削钢Y1215中硫化物的影响

研究了T[O]0.0074%～0.0145%对Y1215易切削钢(/%:0.05～0.06C,0.008～0.010Si, 1.26～1.27Mn, 0.049～0.051P,0.37～0.39S)160 mm×160 mm铸坯中硫化物夹杂的分布、尺寸、形貌的影响和轧制Φ8.0 mm热轧盘条中硫化物的变形情况。结果表明：随着氧含量增加,铸坯中硫化物夹杂的尺寸和分布无明显区别,但复合夹杂物数量明显增多,复合型的夹杂物有以MnS为核心包裹或附着MnO-SiO₂和以MnO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃为核心附着MnS夹杂物。在轧制Φ8.0 mm的盘条中,T[O]为0.0074%时,盘条中硫化物变形明显,部分硫化物由于拉伸变形严重而碎断,硫化物的长宽比为23.2,T[O]为0.0145%时,盘条中硫化物沿轧制方向变形小,主要以纺锤形为主,硫化物的长宽比为3.4。为获得球形或纺锤形的硫化物,冶炼时Y1215钢中的T[O]可控制在0.0095%～0.0145%。     

无取向Fe-3.3%Si钢带材温拉伸变形行为分析

利用电子试验机对热轧后Fe-3.3%Si钢开展了温度范围为250~700 ℃及应变速率为0.001~0.1 s-1的单向拉伸试验,并对其拉伸后断口形貌和微观组织进行了观测与分析。结果表明,随着变形温度的升高,抗拉强度显著降低,伸长率呈指数增加;变形温度较低时,材料发生明显的加工硬化,非均匀塑性变形阶段较短,温度升高至550 ℃时,材料发生了明显的动态回复和动态再结晶;拉伸速率较低时断口存在明显的韧窝,与低温时发生的剪切断裂相比,温度较高时,韧窝基本与拉伸方向一致,属于拉伸断裂;变形速率较高时,断口出现部分河流花样准解理断裂,解理面由表面到芯部逐渐分层,形成了解理台阶或撕裂棱,多层解理面之间存在部分韧窝;拉伸过程中芯部变形量大,组织主要表现为变形带,温度较低时,表面组织为被拉长的晶粒,变形温度较高时,表面有大量的等轴晶。研究结果对硅钢温变形组织性能控制及温轧工艺制定和优化具有重要理论意义。     

含硫易切削模具钢高温热塑性行为探讨

为研究易切削模具钢高温热塑性,利用热膨胀仪分析了该材料在不同冷速下的微观组织转变规律及相变点,并绘制了CCT曲线;利用Gleeble-3800试验机模拟研究材料高温拉伸断裂行为,结合断口形貌分析材料热塑性规律。试验结果表明,该材料高温热塑性存在明显的3个区域,分别为第3脆性区、韧性区和第1脆性区。试验钢在950~1 150 ℃范围内变形性能最优,为高温塑性区;950 ℃以下为第3脆性区,断口形貌为韧窝和解理,且随着变形温度的升高,韧窝数量增多,伸长率增加,直至950 ℃拉伸后断口形貌基本上全为韧窝;1 300 ℃及以上为第1脆性区,伸长率随变形温度升高而下降。提高冷却速率,会增加冷却过程中奥氏体内部的热应力,导致在相同温度下变形时伸长率较低冷却速率时小。     

Sulfide shape control in high strength low alloy steels

Directionality of mechanical properties—such as toughness and bend formability—is typical of hot rolled steels processed on modern, hot strip mills. In aluminum killed steels, directionality results mainly from elongated (type II) manganese sulfide inclusions. Directionality can be reduced by retaining the original globular shape of the precipitated sulfides. This can be accomplished by promoting the formation of sulfides which are more stable and have a higher melting point than that of manganese sulfide. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that additions of Ti, Zr, Ca, Mg, and rare earths are suitable for this purpose. Experimental work on laboratory heats containing 0.020 to 0.25 pct S involved mainly additions of rare earths (mischmetal or silicides) to a V?Al?N high strength, low alloy steel. Other strong sulfide formers were not utilized either because of too high vapor pressure at steelmaking temperatures or because of their strong interaction with nitrogen. For cerium contents of 0.03 to 0.04 pct, the shape of inclusions, identified as rare earth sulfides, was globular. Control of sulfide shape contributed to a marked improvement in toughness and formability of steel in the direction transverse to the rolling direction. The results have been verified in full scale plant trials.     

Influence of sulfide inclusions and pearlite content on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled carbon steels

Sulfur content and sulfide shape are known to have a marked influence on the tensile ductility and notch toughness of plate steels. To investigate the initiation and growth of fractures at inclusions during plastic straining, a detailed study was conducted with a series of 0.1 and 0.2 pct carbon, 1.0 pct manganese steels containing either 0.004 or 0.013 pct sulfur with and without rare-earth additions. This paper describes the results of this study and evaluates the influence of sulfur content and sulfide shape on the anisotropy in tensile ductility and notch toughness in the steels and assesses the influence of other factors, such as pearlite content, affecting the ductility and toughness. Both globular and stringered sulfide inclusions had a detrimental effect on reduction of area, shelf energy, and transition temperature, which was particularly evident in deterioration of through-thickness properties and which was much more severe for stringered inclusions than for globular inclusions. Increased pearlite content was more detrimental to reduction of area and transition temperature when stringered inclusions were also present, whereas its effect on shelf energy appeared to be about the same regardless of the presence of inclusions or their morphology.     

40 t EBT EAF-LF-VD-铸锭工艺冶炼模具钢H13的洁净度分析

试验用热作模具钢H13(/%:0.36~0.38C、0.36~0.38Mn、0.89~0.91Si、0.007~0.010P、0.006~0.011s、5.10~5.15Cr、1.12~1.18Mo、0.84~0.89V)的冶炼工艺流程为40 t偏心炉底出钢电弧炉-钢包炉精炼-VD处理4.65 t铸锭工艺。通过对各冶炼工序钢水的总氧和氮含量-T[O]和[N]的分析以及钢中夹杂物的形貌和组成的分析,研究了该工艺流程生产的H13钢的洁净度。结果表明,经LF-VD精炼后H13钢中的平均总氧含量-T[O]为22×10^-6,平均氮含量-[N]为95×10^-6;Φ200 mm锻坯中夹杂主要以脱氧产物氧化铝为主,同时含有硫化锰等硫化物和偏析产生的氮化物;夹杂物尺寸集中在5μm左右,较大尺寸的夹杂物为10μm左右。采用该流程冶炼的H13钢可以满足对该钢种洁净度的要求。     

Effect of Sulfides and Sulfide Morphology on Anisotropy of Tensile Ductility and Toughness of Hot-Rolled C-Mn Steels

The effects of sulfur content (0.004 or about 0.013 pct) and sulfide morphology (stringered or globular) on anisotropy of tensile ductility and Charpy V-notch (CVN) shelf energy were investigated in a series of 0.1 and 0.2 pct carbon, 1.0 pct manganese steels. The effect of sulfide inclusions on fracture strain or CVN shelf energy correlated with a single parameter,P, regardless of inclusion shape, stringered or globular, or test direction, longitudinal, transverse, or through-thickness. The parameterP was defined as the total projected length of inclusions per unit area on a plane parallel to the fracture plane. The fracture strain and CVN shelf energy decreased with an increase inP. The magnitude ofP was directly proportional to the volume fraction of inclusions and inversely proportional to the inclusion dimension perpendicular to the fracture plane. The lower tensile ductility and CVN shelf energy in the 0.2 as compared with the 0.1 pct carbon steels was a consequence of the greater pearlite content in the former steels. This greater pearlite content had no apparent effect on the work-hardening rate,H, but decreased the strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress,M, and the strain-rate sensitivity of the work-hardening rate,B. The decrease inM andB with increasing pearlite content is in accord with a decrease in tensile ductility according to recent models of neck development in tension tests. It appears that the decrease in tensile ductility with increasing pearlite content is a result of enhanced localized shearing, which promotes the coalescence of voids nucleated at second phases.     

Stress corrosion cracking of pressure vessel steels in high-temperature caustic aluminate solutions

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of three kinds of low alloy pressure vessel steels in high-temperature (200 °C to 300 °C) caustic aluminate (AIO_-2) solutions has been studied by slow strain rate tests (SSRT). The results indicate that these pressure vessel steels are susceptible to SCC in caustic aluminate solution and that the SCC susceptibility increases with increasing temperature between 200 °C to 300 °C. Sulfide content and stringered sulfide inclusions severely and anisotrop-ically affect the caustic SCC of these low alloy steels. The inclusions in the rare-earth-treated steel are predominantly globular rare-earth sulfides or oxysulfides, resulting in improved transverse prop-erties. The effect of inclusions on SCC behavior correlates with the projected area of inclusions perunit volume at the crack tip,A _v , on the plane perpendicular to the tensile direction. The susceptibility to SCC increases with increasingA _v .     

Effect of shape of sulfide inclusions on anisotropy of inclusion spacings and on directionality of ductility in hot-rolled C-Mn steels

The effects of sulfur content (0.004 or 0.013 pct) and sulfide morphology (stringered or globular) on anisotropy of tensile ductility and Charpy shelf energy were investigated in a series of 0.1 and 0.2 pct carbon, 1.0 pct manganese steels. The effect of sulfide inclusions on fracture strain or Charpy shelf energy correlated with the projected area of inclusions per unit volume,A _v , on a plane perpendicular to the tensile direction and the mean free distance between inclusions, λ, in a direction parallel to the tensile direction regardless of the amount or the shape of the inclusions or the test direction: longitudinal, transverse, or through-thickness. The magnitude ofA _v is directly proportional to the volume fraction of inclusions and inversely proportional to the inclusion dimension parallel to the tensile direction. The mean free distance, λ, is inversely proportional toA _v . Approximate relations were obtained for the nearest-neighbor distances between inclusions on the longitudinal, transverse, and through-thickness planes. These distances were incorporated into a model for ductile fracture based on an adaptation of a previously proposed criterion for the linkage of voids nucleated at second-phase particles. The agreement between the observed and predicted fracture strains for longitudinal, transverse, and through-thickness specimens of the steels studied is encouraging. Formerly with United States Steel Corporation, Research Laboratory, Monroeville, PA 15146