High-temperature spectral emissivity of several refractory elements and alloys

Thermionic energy conversion has emerged as the method of choice for the direct space-based conversion of heat to electricity. An important parameter in the implementation of this method of direct energy conversion is the emissivity of the converter emitter and collector materials. This information is necessary to determine heat losses, heat transfer, and reservoir temperatures in the thermionic energy converter. Spectral normal emissivities were acquired at a wavelength of 0.65 ώm for a series of tungsten-rhenium alloys, tungsten-osmium alloys, and tungsten-iridium alloys in the temperature range 1400 to 2600 K. Additionally, the spectral normal emissivity for pure elements of molybdenum and ruthenium were obtained over the temperature range 1200 to 2600 K and 1400 to 2250 K, respectively. The spectral normal emissivities for a niobium-67% ruthenium (eutectic composition) in the temperature range 1400 to 2000 K were also obtained at the same wavelength. In all cases, the emissivity decreased linearly with increasing temperature. Both the tungsten-osmium and the tungsten-rhenium alloys exhibited emissivity values of 0.32 to 0.54 over the temperatures tested. The tungsten-iridium alloy yielded emissivity data of 0.35 to 0.47. The niobium-ruthenium emissivity data were within 0.34 and 0.36. The pure molybdenum and pure ruthenium experiments resulted in emissivity values ranging from 0.35 to 0.45 and 0.35 to 0.39, respectively.     

The oxidation of a directionally solidified cobalt-tungsten eutectic alloy

A study of the oxidation of directionally solidified Co-W alloys were performed at 750, 900, and 1050°C. The study involved a comparison of the oxidation behavior of directionally solidified and as-cast alloys along with the oxidation behavior of the pure components. The study incorporated both thermogravimetric kinetic measurements and morphological studies of the oxides as a function of both temperature and time. Differences were noticed in both the oxidation rate and the oxide morphology and were attributed to differences in alloy microstructure. The directionally solidified Co-W alloy was found to be more spall resistant but also oxidized more rapidly than the conventionally as-cast alloy. Both alloys were more oxidation resistant than the pure components.     

Fabrication of Ti-Cu-Ni-Al amorphous alloys by mechanical alloying and mechanical milling

Ti-based amorphous alloy powders were synthesized by the mechanical alloying (MA) of pure elements and the mechanical milling (MM) of intermetallic compounds. The amorphous alloy powders were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the vein morphology of these alloy powders shows deformation during the milling. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectral maps confirm that each constituent is uniformly dispersed, including Fe and Cr. The XRD and DSC results showed that the milling time required for amorphization for the MA of pure elements was longer than that of the MM for intermetallic compounds. The activation energy and crystallization temperature of the MA powder are different from those of the MM powder.     

Analysis of abrasive blasting of DOP-26 iridium alloy

The effects of abrasive blasting on the surface geometry and microstructure of DOP-26 iridium alloy (Ir—0.3% W—0.006% Th—0.005% Al) have been investigated. Abrasive blasting has been used to control emissivity of components operating at elevated temperature. The effects of abrasive blasting conditions on surface morphology were investigated experimentally using surface profilometry. A simplified model was used to estimate the effects of process parameters on surface deformation and residual strain distribution. The surface geometry is found to be insensitive to the abrasive blast process conditions of nozzle pressure and standoff distance considered in this study. Modeling results suggest that the angularity of the abrasive particle has an important role in determining surface geometry and residual strains. Abrasive blasting causes localized surface strains and localized recrystallization, but it does not affect grain size following extended exposure at elevated temperature. The dependence of emissivity of the DOP-26 alloy on mean surface slope follows a similar trend to that reported for pure iridium.     

Al—Ti—C中间合金的相组成及其细化特性

用专利方法制备出各种成分的Al-Ti-C中间合金作为铝及铝合金的晶粒细化剂。对该系列中间合金的组织和物相分析表明：在制备中间合金过程中,C与Ti反应充分,生成TiC和TiAl3两种管二相,且TiAl3析出量取决于中间合金的Ti含量和Ti/C含量比。用于纯铝的晶粒细化试验表明：与Al-Ti-C中间合金相比,Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化效率更高;Al-Ti-C中间合金只有在组织中TiC与TiAl3保持适当比例时,才能对纯铝产生良好的晶粒细化效果,不含TiAl3的Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化作用很微弱;用Al-Ti-C中间合金细化纯铝晶粒时,响应时间短,但衰退较快,且不能通过熔体搅拌法予以消除。分析和探讨了Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化机理,认为“碳化物理论” 不能充分解释Al-Ti-C的晶粒细化机理,提出“Ti在TiC或TiAl3颗粒表面富集引发包晶反应”的晶粒细化机制。     

Investigation of erosion-corrosion of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol-water solution by impingement jet system

Erosion-corrosion (E-C) of 3003 aluminum (Al) alloy in ethylene glycol-water solutions were studied by weight-loss and electrochemical measurements as well as surface characterization through an impingement jet system. Al alloy E-C is dominated by erosion components, i.e., pure erosion and corrosion-enhanced erosion, which account for 92-97% of the total E-C rate under the various conditions in this work. Contribution from corrosion components, including pure corrosion and erosion-enhanced corrosion, is slight. With the increase of fluid flow velocity and sand concentration, the total E-C rate increases. Compared with the significant increase of the rates of erosion components, the increase of the rate of corrosion component is negligible. Upon fluid flow, passivity of Al alloy that develops in static solution cannot be maintained, and an activation mechanism dominates the corrosion process of Al alloy. The effect of fluid impact angle on Al alloy E-C depends on the competitive effect of normal stress and shear stress. Under normal impact, the surface film would be broken and damaged, but still remain on the electrode surface to provide somewhat protection. With the decrease of impact angle, shear stress becomes dominant, and it would thinner and even completely remove the film. The enhanced surface irregularity of electrode under fluid impact is indicated by the presence of inductive loop in EIS plots. The effects of impact angle on electrode surface status and E-C rate are confirmed by surface morphology observation.     

微弧氧化技术在热控涂层中的应用

热控涂层在航空、航天及其他许多领域有着广泛的应用。介绍了热控涂层的工作原理和热控涂层类型,着重论述了微弧氧化技术在钛、镁、铝合金表面制备热控涂层的研究现状,目前高吸收发射比的钛、镁、铝合金热控涂层的最大吸收率分别可以达到0.96、0.94、0.90,最大发射率分别可以达到0.95、0.87、0.90;低吸收发射比的钛、镁、镁锂合金涂层的吸收率分别可以达到0.237、0.35、0.33,发射率分别可以达到0.99、0.88、0.85。此外,还分析了涂层的组成结构和形貌,以及微弧氧化工艺条件对热控性能的影响。微弧氧化热控涂层的组成结构和形貌特征可以通过电解液配方和工艺参数调整来进行调控。适当延长反应时间、增加电流密度,涂层厚度增加、粗糙度变大,高吸收发射比涂层的吸收率和发射率升高,低吸收发射比涂层的吸收率降低、发射率升高。电解液中添加阴、阳离子或纳米/微米颗粒,或调控不同组分在微弧氧化涂层中的分布,对于改善涂层的吸收率和发射率具有重要作用。最后,从微弧氧化热控涂层的综合性能、实际应用环境、复合技术应用以及开发微弧氧化智能热控涂层四个方面进行了展望。     

加钛和加硼方式对铝合金的晶粒细化及其衰退行为的影响

通过对比实验,研究了电解加钛与经Al-Ti、Al-Ti-B中间合金向工业纯铝熔配加钛的晶粒细化效果及其衰退行为,以及Al-B中间合金对电解低钛铝合金的晶粒细化效果及衰退行为的影响,还分析了硼对电解低钛铝合金的晶粒细化和抗衰退行为的影响.结果表明,在钛含量为0.10%和0.15%的条件下,电解加钛晶粒细化作用的衰退速度比熔配加Al-Ti中间合金要慢;熔配加Al-Ti-B中间合金细化晶粒作用的抗衰退能力则明显高于电解加钛和熔配加Al-Ti中间合金;加Al-B中间合金可有效提高电解低钛铝合金的细化效果和抗衰退能力,并使其明显高于电解加钛和熔配加Al-Ti或Al-Ti-B中间合金.     

镁合金表面制备高红外发射率和高导电率热控膜层

目的通过电沉积方法在镁锂合金表面制备具有高红外发射率以及高导电率的镀层,满足其在太空中散热以及电磁屏蔽的需要。方法通过前处理工艺(碱洗→酸洗→预钝化→化学镀镍磷→电镀铜)提高镁锂合金基体的耐蚀性能以及与后续镀层的结合力,并在此镁锂合金前处理工艺的条件下,电沉积多孔Zn-Ni合金镀层。通过热循环测试和电化学方法评价各镀层的电化学腐蚀行为和各镀层之间的结合力。结果各镀层之间的结合力良好,化学镀Ni-P层、电镀Cu层和多孔Zn-Ni层的耐蚀性能均优于镁锂合金基体,该组合镀层的协同作用可以有效地保护镁锂合金基体,提高其耐蚀性。结论最外层多孔Zn-Ni合金镀层主要由Ni2Zn11、NiO、NiS组成,其红外发射率为0.90,电阻率小于0.01 m?/cm。这表明多孔结构可以有效提高金属合金镀层的红外发射率,并保持合金镀层的高导电性。     

Study of Steel Emissivity Characteristics and Application of Multispectral Radiation Thermometry (MRT)

Experiments were first conducted to measure the emissivity values of a variety of steel samples at 700, 800, and 900 K. The effects of wavelength, temperature, alloy composition, and heating time on emissivity were investigated. Multispectral radiation thermometry (MRT) with linear emissivity models (LEMs) and log-linear emissivity models (LLEs) were then applied to predict surface temperature. Parametric influences of the number of wavelengths and order of emissivity models were examined. Results show that the spectral emissivity decreases with increasing wavelength and increases with increasing temperature. Steel with higher chromium content has lower emissivity value because of the chromium oxide protection layer. The spectral emissivity reaches steady state after the third hour heating due to the surface oxidation becoming fully developed. Increasing the order of polynomial and increasing the number of wavelengths cannot improve temperature measurement accuracy. Overall, the first-order LEM and the first-order LLE showed the best accuracy for different alloys, the number of wavelengths, and temperatures.     

铈对激光熔覆钴基自熔合金的改性

阐述了一种新型钴基合会激光熔覆后的组织与性能，该合金是在２０４钴基合金成分的基础上研制的。试验结果表明，铈明显改变了共晶成分，使合金具有更高的硬度及耐磨性，可以作为承受低应力磨粒磨损部件的表面熔覆材料。     

稀土系贮氢合金中14种主量元素配分量的测定-X射线荧光光谱法

通过各元素谱线的选择、滤纸片以及测定方法的优化,建立各元素工作曲线。用滤纸片X射线荧光光谱法实现稀土系贮氢合金合金样品中镁、铝、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、钇14种主量元素配分量的快速测定。点滴方法采用塑料环托法滴加0.1ML,滤纸选择慢速滤纸,溶液总浓度选择40mg/mL,测定方法为样片上覆锡片。对同一样品制备11个样片后测定的14种主量元素配分量的相对标准偏差均在2%以下。回收率为92%~106%。该方法具有较好的精密度和准确性,可用于稀土系贮氢合金中14种主量元素配分量快速测定。     

Microstructure and tensile properties of magnesium alloy modified by Si/Ca based refiner

Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure magnesium and AZ31 alloy with Ca/Si based refiner addition were investigated. The results indicate that addition of Ca/Si based refiners to pure magnesium and AZ31 alloy results in remarkable microstructure refinement. With proper amount of refiner addition, the grain size in as cast ingots can be one order of magnitude lower than that without refiner addition. Small amount of refiner addition to AZ31 alloy increases both ultimate strength and yield strength significantly,while the ductility of the alloy with refiner addition is similar to that without refiner addition. Addition of refiner improves the deformability of AZ31 alloy and extruded or hot rolled specimens （rods or sheets） with refiner addition exhibit higher surface quality and mechanical properties than those without refiner addition.     

Zn-Mg-Ti中间合金对纯镁组织及性能的影响

本文通过模铸法制备了一种Zn-Mg-Ti中间合金,并研究分析了Zn-Mg-Ti中间合金对纯镁显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：中间合金主要由基体及“花朵状”Zn-Mg-Ti三元相组成。Zn-Mg-Ti中间合金对纯镁的晶粒组织有显著影响,镁合金晶粒尺寸随中间合金添加量的增大先减小后增大,当中间合金添加量为8%时,镁合金晶粒尺寸最小。镁合金晶粒细化主要归因于Ti原子在固液界面前沿偏聚,造成成分过冷,抑制晶粒长大。对比Mg-6.4wt.%Zn合金和Mg-8（Mg+8wt.%Zn-Mg-Ti中间合金）合金微观组织,发现Ti元素不仅能显著细化Mg-Zn合金晶粒尺寸,而且能够促进M-8合金中的第二相固溶于基体中。挤压态合金力学性能测试结果表明镁合金力学性能随Zn-Mg-Ti中间合金添加量增加先增大后减小,当中间合金添加量为8%时,镁合金综合力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度和延伸率分别为308MPa和21.5%。     

热镀锌层在模拟湿热酸性大气环境中的耐蚀性研究

目的研究Q420钢表面热镀锌工艺中,Zn和Zn-Al-Ni-RE合金镀层在酸性铜离子加速盐雾试验条件下的耐蚀性能。方法 Q420钢表面预处理后进行热镀锌,根据GB 6460—1986进行铜加速醋酸盐雾腐蚀试验,对比纯Zn镀层与Zn-Al-Ni-RE合金镀层的耐蚀性。结果 Ni,RE等元素的加入使镀层表面光亮,组织更加细密。在酸性铜离子加速实验进行到192 h时,纯锌镀层的腐蚀质量损失是合金镀层的2.7倍;72 h后纯锌镀层出现红锈,120 h后合金镀层出现红锈,说明Zn-Al-Ni-RE合金镀层比纯Zn镀层更耐腐蚀。结论通过适量添加Al,Ni与稀土元素,能使Q420钢合金镀层的耐蚀性能大幅度提高。     

铝合金表面ZnO/Y2O3/Al2O3微弧氧化涂层的制备及其热控性能研究

目的 改善铝合金表面热控性能。方法 通过微弧氧化技术,采用六水合硝酸钇(Y(NO3)3.6H2O)为稀土改性剂,在铝合金表面原位构筑ZnO/Y2O3/Al2O3微弧氧化涂层。利用X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和扫描电子显微镜,分析涂层晶体结构、化学组成和表面形貌;利用红外发射率仪和紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计分别测量涂层的发射率与太阳吸收率,进而探究涂层热控性能及其影响因素。结果 实验表明,钇源的用量能够显著影响涂层结构和热控性能,当钇源质量浓度为6 g/L时,所得ZnO/Y2O3/Al2O3涂层的红外发射率为0.859,太阳吸收率为0.405,具有最低吸辐比0.471,显示出优异的热控性能。结论 原位构筑稀土元素Y改性的微弧氧化涂层可有效提高铝合金表面的热控性能。这得益于微弧氧化过程中所生成的Y2O3,它可有效调控涂层的形貌、粗糙度和厚度。此外,由于Y2O3具有较大的禁带宽度,可降低微弧氧化涂层中ZnO在高能紫外光波段的吸收。     

H62铜合金和T2纯铜不同塑性应变状态微结构演变及其力学性能

对相同退火温度和相同尺寸的T2纯铜板和H62铜合金进行单向拉伸试验,分析两种材料在不同应变状态下对损伤度的影响。结果表明,T2纯铜和H62铜合金的断裂与损伤与其在拉伸作用微结构演变密切相关,微结构的演变对认识两种材料的断裂机理非常重要。两种材料的形状因子随着应变增大具有相似的变化趋势,但不同的是H62铜合金形状因子较大并且快速增大,而T2纯铜的形状因子较小并且缓慢增大。两种材料相对形状因子的变化非常相似,形状因子的相对增长趋势完全一致。H62铜合金比T2纯铜较早进入塑性变形阶段,并且比T2纯铜的塑性变形阶段较短。在突破一定阈值以后,比T2纯铜更快发生破坏变形。通过指数函数对两种材料的归一化形状因子曲线进行了拟合,建立了拟合方程,揭示材料宏观变形与微结构之间的关系。     

Experimental investigation of emissivity of aluminum alloys and temperature determination using multispectral radiation thermometry (MRT) algorithms

Experiments were performed to measure the emissivity spectra for aluminum (Al) surfaces that are subject to variations in alloy, temperature, heating time, and surface finish. The linear emissivity model (LEM) and log-linear emissivity (LLE) model were tested against thermocouple measurements to explore the accuracy of these models at inferring surface temperature. The data show emissivity decreases with increasing wavelength for λ<3.5 μm, but the trend is reversed at higher wavelengths. Except for AL 1100 (commercially pure Al), the emissivity of all alloys tested decreased 600–700 K and increased 700–800 K. The increased emissivity at 800 K was closely associated with a discoloration of surfaces from light gray into black. Surface roughness produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in emissivity compared with polished surfaces. Overall, the third-order LEM model showed the best overall accuracy for different alloys, temperatures, and surface roughness. Nonetheless, this study points to a need for more accurate models that could handle the diverse operating environment of Al processing plants.     

Oxidation behavior of three-phase Cu-25Ni-30Cr alloy at 700- 800℃ under high oxygen pressures

The thermogravimetric analysis of a ternary Cu-25Ni-30Cr alloy prepared by conventional casting was performed in 0.1 MPa pure O2 at 700 - 800 ℃. The results show that the alloy is composed of three phases,where the phase with the largest copper and lowest chromium content forms the matrix, while the other two,much richer in chromium, form a dispersion of isolated particles. At variance with another three-phase Cu-20Ni-20Cr alloy, which forms complex scales containing the oxides of the various components and double oxides plus an irregular region composed of alloy and oxides, the present alloy can form a very irregular but continuous chromia layer at the base of the mixed internal region, producing a gradual decrease of the oxidation rate down to very low values. A larger chromium content needed to form chromia layer for a ternary three-phase alloy is attributed to the limitations to the diffusion of the alloy components in the metal substrate imposed by their multiphase nature.     

纯铝中间层厚度对铝/钢点焊接头性能的影响

采用纯铝作为中间层对铝合金与低碳钢进行了电阻点焊,分析中间夹层厚度对界面反应层厚度和接头抗拉强度的影响。在钢/中间夹层界面观察到有界面反应层生成,其主要由靠近钢侧的Fe2Al5和靠近中间夹层铝侧的FeAl3两种金属间化合物组成。与不加中间夹层相比,利用纯铝作为中间夹层点焊的铝合金与低碳钢的接头具有较薄的界面反应层和较高的接合强度。随着中间夹层厚度的增加,界面反应层厚度逐渐减小,而接头抗拉强度则呈增大趋势。结果表明,采用纯铝作为中间夹层点焊铝合金与钢具有一定的有效性。