热处理对茶花鸡肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究热处理对茶花鸡肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响,本文以300日龄的云南本地茶花鸡公鸡的胸肌和腿肌为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)检测胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸含量,对其脂肪酸含量进行差异分析。结果表明在茶花鸡肌肉中共检测出32种脂肪酸,其主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸、硬脂酸及肉豆蔻酸。在原料肉中,胸肌和腿肌中总脂肪酸含量分别为3242.41与10026.31 μg/g,部位间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);胸肌与腿肌中脂肪酸类型以不饱和脂肪酸为主,含量分别占32种脂肪酸总量的60.92%与63.55%。经热处理后,胸肌中总脂肪酸含量比加热前胸肌中降低了9.37%(P<0.05),腿肌中总脂肪酸含量比加热前腿肌中降低了22.15%(P<0.05);胸肌、腿肌中脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量分别占32种脂肪酸总量的59.38%与61.20%;胸肌和腿肌之间脂肪酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),腿肌的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量与胸肌有显著差异(P<0.05)。可见,茶花鸡胸肌和腿肌脂肪酸含量存在显著差异,热处理对茶花鸡胸肌和腿肌脂肪酸组成有明显影响。     

Quality Characteristics of Broiler Chicken Meat on Salt at Different Temperatures

The aim of this investigation was to compare the quality characteristics and muscle structure of broiler chicken meat stored at different temperatures in the retail market in Oman. The meat quality characteristics of broiler breast meat were analysed. Ten samples were randomly selected from each group of fresh, frozen, and chilled chicken meat. Colour L?, a?, b?, pH, expressed juice, cooking loss, sarcomere length, W-B-shear force and muscle structure (using scanning electron microscopy) were determined. Fresh meat samples had significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH values and lightness L? than those of chilled and frozen samples. The chilled meat samples were significantly (P < 0.05) lighter and had lower shear force values than fresh and frozen samples. Frozen samples had significantly (P < 0.05) higher expressed juice and cooking loss values than either fresh or chilled samples. The pH values of fresh, chilled, and frozen breast samples were related to colour and expressed juice. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the changes in the physical properties of the chilled meat were related to breakdown of the muscle fiber bundles. The quality characteristics of broiler meat from different storage temperatures varied significantly.     

Addition of tea catechins and vitamin C on sensory evaluation, colour and lipid stability during chilled storage in cooked or raw beef and chicken patties

The effects of addition of tea catechins (TC) and vitamin C (VC) on sensory evaluation, colour and lipid stability in cooked or raw beef and chicken meat patties during refrigerated storage were studied. Fresh beef striploin and chicken breast muscles were minced, following removal of external fat and connective tissue. Following mincing, beef and chicken were assigned to one of the following five treatments: control (meat treated with no antioxidant); TC200, meat plus 200 mg TC/kg muscle; TC400, meat plus 400 mg TC/kg muscle; VC200, meat plus 200 mg VC/kg muscle, VC400, meat plus 400 mg VC/kg muscle. Sodium chloride (1%) was added to all samples. Patties (125 g portions), formed from the above-treated minced meat, were oven cooked, cooled, and packaged in 30% CO₂:70% N₂. Fresh raw beef and chicken patties were packaged in 80% O₂:20% CO₂. All samples were stored for up to 7 days under fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. Sensory parameters (colour, flavour, taste, tenderness and overall acceptability) were evaluated on cooked beef and chicken patties after 1, 3 and 6 days of storage. Surface colour (Hunter L, a and b values), and lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured on days 1, 3 and 6 of storage for cooked meats and on days 2 and 7 for raw beef and chicken. Tea catechins addition (200 or 400 mg/kg) to minced meat caused (P < 0.05) discolouration in cooked beef and chicken meat patties and significantly reduced (P < 0.001) lipid oxidation in cooked or raw beef patties compared to the control. Beef, either raw or cooked, was more susceptible (P < 0.01) to oxidation compared to chicken. Raw meat stored in high oxygen conditions was more susceptible to lipid oxidation than cooked meat stored in anaerobic conditions. Tea catechins treatments (TC200 and TC400) inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in raw beef to a greater extent than vitamin C treatments (VC200 and VC400). These results indicate that tea catechins are potent natural antioxidants and exhibit greater antioxidant efficacy compared to vitamin C.     

偏最小二乘回归法分析藏鸡胸肉质地特性

为揭示藏鸡肉独特的质地特性,探寻鸡胸肉质地特性与其化学成分和微观结构的关联性,本研究对5 种不同的鸡肉原料（藏鸡、与藏鸡同日龄或体质量接近的雪山草鸡、淘汰蛋鸡（对照）和白羽肉鸡（对照））进行剪切力、质地剖面分析（texture profile analysis,TPA）和应力松弛特性测定,并将上述质地特性分析结果和鸡肉的基本化学指标（水分质量分数、粗脂肪质量分数、粗蛋白质量分数、胶原蛋白质量分数、pH值）、组织学特征（肌纤维直径和密度）进行关联性分析,利用偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）法揭示影响鸡肉质地特征的显著因素。结果发现,利用PLSR能够将多个与肌肉质地特性相关的化学指标量化为鸡肉品质综合评价指标,其中剪切力的预测模型更适合预测鸡肉的质地特性。该模型的R2X为0.621,R2Y为0.739,模型拟合效果较好。Q2cum在0.6以上,说明该模型的可预测性能够被接受。载荷图显示剪切力与pH值、总胶原蛋白质量分数和肌纤维直径呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,而与粗脂肪质量分数、可溶性胶原蛋白质量分数、胶原蛋白溶解性和肌纤维密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。贡献度评价结果显示,胶原蛋白溶解性、肌纤维密度、可溶性胶原蛋白质量分数和肌纤维直径4 个指标均在模型中贡献显著。本研究可为从质地特性角度揭示藏鸡胸肉特有“咀嚼感”提供数据支持,并为丰富肉的力学特性研究提供一定的理论参考。     

内蒙古地区不同养殖草食动物背最长肌氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

以内蒙古地区集约化养殖草食动物牛、绵羊、山羊和驴背最长肌为研究对象,以鸡胸肉为参照,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪内标法检测氨基酸含量,评价肌肉氨基酸组成及营养价值。结果表明：各氨基酸在不同动物肌肉中的含量均呈显著差异（P＜0.05）;鸡胸肉、牛肉和山羊肉总必需氨基酸含量显著高于绵羊肉（P＜0.05）,驴肉与其他肉无显著差异;牛肉和驴肉总非必需氨基酸含量显著高于山羊肉（P＜0.05）,其他肉无显著差异。不同草食动物肌肉必需氨基酸指数（essential amino acid index,EAAI）均高于95,属于优质蛋白质来源,EAAI顺序为山羊肉＞鸡胸肉＞绵羊肉＞牛肉＞驴肉;驴肉甜味氨基酸含量显著高于其他肉（P＜0.05）,牛肉和绵羊肉鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于其他肉（P＜0.05）,鸡胸肉苦味氨基酸含量显著高于其他肉（P＜0.05）,牛肉和绵羊肉总呈味氨基酸含量显著高于其他肉（P＜0.05）;以氨基酸相对含量聚类,绵羊肉和牛肉在图谱中最接近,驴肉处于图谱最远端。     

符离集烧鸡加工过程中的营养和理化品质变化

通过对符离集烧鸡在5个不同加工阶段下主要成分、pH、嫩度、食盐、总糖、氨基酸含量等的测定,探究其在加工过程中营养和理化品质的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉的水分含量、剪切力显著下降(P<0.05),灰分、蛋白质、脂肪以及食盐含量显著增加(P<0.05);卤制后鸡胸肉(pH=6.45)和鸡腿肉(pH=6.65)的pH达到最大,杀菌后有所下降;油炸时鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉总糖含量分别增加了75.34%和72.62%(P<0.05),卤制和杀菌后鸡肉的总糖含量下降。烧鸡加工过程中共检出17种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸(16.31%~17.11%)、天冬氨酸(9.53%~10.42%)、亮氨酸(8.16%~8.53%)、赖氨酸(8.48%~9.10%)是烧鸡中最主要的氨基酸,谷氨酸的含量最高。除苯丙氨酸外,成品烧鸡中必需氨基酸均高于FAO/WHO/UNU推荐含量,可见烧鸡具有较高的营养价值。卤制对烧鸡其营养品质影响较大,杀菌保证了产品安全性的同时,对其营养及理化品质无不良影响。     

循环补盐对德州扒鸡盐分变化规律的影响

扒鸡的风味形成离不开盐分作用,通过对卤煮过程中卤汤损耗、鸡肉质量损耗、老汤盐含量和鸡肉盐含量的测定,在卤煮的不同时间段采用循环补盐方式,研究扒鸡卤煮过程中循环补盐时卤汤和鸡肉盐含量的变化规律。结果表明：不同煮锅在卤煮过程中卤汤的质量变化无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,鸡肉质量变化也基本一致（P＞0.05）;煮制3.5 h后各煮锅之间卤汤盐含量无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,煮制过程中鸡腿肉盐含量的变化规律与鸡胸肉基本一致,且不受煮锅影响（P＞0.05）;使用不同批次卤汤的损耗量均有显著差异（P＜0.05）,煮制3.5 h以后,鸡肉质量损耗不再受生产批次的影响,各批次的卤汤盐含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;在保证产品滋味的条件下,德州扒鸡最佳煮制时间为5.0h。     

Dietary supplementation of α-tocopheryl acetate on α-tocopherol levels in duck tissues and its influence on meat storage stability

The effect of feeding three levels of α‐tocopheryl acetate on quality and stability of duck meat was studied. Day‐old white Peking ducklings (n = 75) were assigned to three dietary treatments (n = 25) 20 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg feed (E20, control), 400 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg feed (E400) and 1000 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg feed (E1000). α‐Tocopherol concentrations in breast, thigh, liver and heart tissues were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, in a dose‐dependent manner. Supplementation also enhanced oxidative stability of duck muscle. Breast muscle was more susceptible to lipid oxidation than thigh muscle for all groups studied, even though breast muscle contained higher α‐tocopherol levels than thigh muscle. These findings are significant because previous studies using chickens and turkeys showed that breast meat was always more stable than thigh meat and that thigh meat always had higher α‐tocopherol levels than breast meat. Supplementation with α‐tocopheryl acetate did not improve the colour stability of duck meat.     

Combined effect of salt addition and high-pressure processing on formation of free radicals in chicken thigh and breast muscle

The effect of working pressure, processing time, and salt addition on formation of free radicals in chicken breast and thigh muscle was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using α-(pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) as spin trap in order to detect early events in lipid oxidation following high-pressure meat processing. Chicken breast and thigh with and without 3.0% salt added were subjected to high hydrostatic pressure at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 MPa for 5, 15 (only breast), and 30 min. Radical formation increased with increasing pressure and processing time and reached a maximum value in chicken breast for 15 min of processing at 1000 MPa and in chicken thigh for 5 min of processing at 600 MPa. Radical formation was found to be more significant in thigh meat compared to breast meat and salt addition further promoted radical formation in chicken breast and especially in chicken thigh.     

Effect of high-pressure treatment on the quality of prepared chicken breast

In this study, the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the physico-chemical properties and microstructure of prepared chicken breast meat products was investigated. The result showed that the pH and TBARS values of the prepared chicken breast gradually increased, while the total volatile basic nitrogen value constantly decreased with the increase of pressure (0.1–500 MPa). In addition, the colour attributes (L* and a* values) and texture indexes (hardness and chewiness) significantly improved as the pressure increased. The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated that the peak area of immobilised water (T₂₂) first enhanced and then declined with the increase of pressure, reaching the maximum value at 200 MPa. Moreover, the integrity of microstructure and protein secondary structure of prepared chicken breast were also disrupted. These findings could serve as a theoretical basis for a better application of HPP in prepared chicken breast meat products.     

Identification of animal meat muscles by visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Visible (VIS) and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to identify and authenticate different meat muscle species. Samples from beef (n: 100), lamb (n: 140), pork (n: 44) and chicken (n: 48) muscles were homogenised and scanned in the visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) region (400-2500 nm) in a monochromator instrument in reflectance. Both Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and dummy partial least-squares regression (PLS) models were developed to identify different meat species. The models correctly classified more than 80% of the meat sample muscles according with the muscle specie. The results showed the potential of VIS and NIR spectra as an objective and rapid method for authentication and identification of meat muscle species.     

桉叶多酚对胡须鸡肌肉抗氧化性能和肉质品质影响的研究

本文旨在研究在日粮中添加桉叶多酚对胡须鸡肌肉抗氧化性能和肉质品质的影响。试验选用324只90日龄胡须鸡,设置6个实验组,每组6个重复,每个重复9只鸡,连续喂养40 d,宰杀后采集胸肌和腿肌,分析胡须鸡肌肉抗氧化性能、肉色、滴水损失和营养成分等指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,在抗氧化指标方面,桉叶多酚可以显著提高胡须鸡肌肉中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力,同时显著降低丙二醛值(MDA)含量;在肉质品质方面,桉叶多酚能够显著改善肌肉肉色、提高肌肉中肌内脂肪含量;此外,桉叶多酚显著改善肌肉脂肪酸组成,提高油酸、亚麻酸相对含量,降低饱和脂肪酸含量,提高了肉质品质。综上所述,桉叶多酚具有提高胡须鸡肌肉抗氧化性能、改善肉质品质的作用,本文为桉叶多酚在禽类高品质肉制品方面的应用提供了实验基础。     

离子色谱法研究多聚磷酸盐在肌肉中的动态水解变化

采用免试剂离子色谱法同时检测焦磷酸四钠（tetrasodium pyrophosphate,TSPP）、三聚磷酸钠（sodiumtripolyphosphate,STPP）和混合磷酸盐（m（TSPP）∶m（STPP）∶m（六偏磷酸钠）=3∶4∶3）在猪背最长肌、鱼背侧肌以及鸡胸大肌中的水解情况。结果表明,多聚磷酸盐在肌肉中的水解情况存在着差异。单一的TSPP在鸡胸大肌中的水解速率最快,TSPP在猪背最长肌中水解量比在鱼背侧肌中多。将STPP或混合磷酸盐加入到肌肉中,均在猪背最长肌中的水解速率最快,在鸡胸大肌中次之,在鱼背侧肌中最慢。本研究探索多聚磷酸盐在不同物种肌肉中的动态变化,为调控多聚磷酸盐的水解进程,指导多聚磷酸盐在不同物种肌肉中的合理添加提供了理论依据。     

The cytochrome c content of various poultry meats

The cytochrome c content and total haem pigments in the breast and thigh meat of broiler chickens, hens out of lay, turkeys, geese, duckling (Peking), and muscovy ducks were determined. The levels of cytochrome c in the breast and thigh meat were: for chicken 11.4 and 35.5; for hens 14.0 and 84.2; for turkeys 13.1 and 47.4; for geese 141.0 and 107.8; for duckling 111.2 and 149.9 and for muscovy ducks 81.5 and 97.3 μg per g of tissue, respectively. The correlation coefficient between cytochrome c and total haem pigments concentration was r=0.98 for breast, and r=0.85 for thigh meat. The authors postulate that the cytochrome c may play a noticeable role in the colour of fresh and processed poultry meat, but further investigations are needed to confirm this.     

饲喂不同配比油脂饲料对肉鸡肉品质及肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

研究日粮中添加不同配比油脂对肉鸡肉品质、肌肉胆固醇含量及脂肪酸组成的影响。选取648只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成6组,CON为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO为正对照组(日粮中添加豆油),LO为负对照组(日粮中添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂、多种植物油组成的配比油脂,实验期为42d。结果表明：COP组胸肌24h的滴水损失显著升高(P＜0.05);COC组腿肌烹饪损失显著降低(P＜0.05)。LO组胸肌不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、LO、COP、COC组n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量均得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、COC组n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量高于CON组(P＜0.05);除COV组外,各组n-6/n-3低于CON组(P＜0.05)。SO组胸肌胆固醇含量低于除LO组外的各组(P＜0.05)。结论：配比油脂组提高了肉鸡肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量,对肉鸡肉品质没有产生不良的影响,豆油组改善了胸肌中脂肪酸比例并降低胆固醇含量,以椰子油为主的配比油脂次之。     

Physicochemical properties of thawed chicken breast as affected by microwave power levels

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of microwave thawing at different power levels on the physicochemical properties of chicken breast. Each frozen chicken breast samples were thawed in microwave oven at microwave power levels of 125, 250, and 375W. To compare the effect of microwave thawing on meat quality, refrigerator thawing was used as a control. As the microwave power level increased, the thawing rate increased and temperature differences between the edge position and center position of the samples also increased. Treatment at a power level of 250 W resulted in a lower thawing loss and a higher moisture content, water holding capacity, and tenderness than the other treatments (p<0.05). However, there were no significantly differences of proximate composition excluding moisture content, pH, lightness, and yellowness. The use of excessive input energy during microwave thawing (higher microwave power level) damaged the physicochemical properties of the thawed chicken breast; therefore, the microwave power level of 250 W is the best thawing method on the frozen chicken breast to minimize the changes in meat quality in this study.     

湖南石门县地方品种鸡肉氨基酸组成分析及蛋白质营养价值评价

目的 探究湖南省石门当地7个品种鸡肉中的基本营养成分及氨基酸组成差异,并对其进行蛋白质营养价值评价。方法 采用相关国家标准测定7个品种鸡肉中水分、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量,并利用高效液相色谱仪对鸡肉氨基酸含量进行测定,基于联合国粮食及农业组织和世界卫生组织(Foodand Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, FAO/WHO)标准模式谱对不同品种鸡胸肉和腿肉蛋白质分别进行营养学评价。结果 7个品种鸡胸肉、腿肉中水分含量分别为71.20～74.97 g/100 g、72.65～76.22 g/100 g,粗灰分含量分别为0.90～1.38 g/100 g、0.91～1.28 g/100 g,粗脂肪含量分别为0.15～0.64 g/100 g、2.30～7.74 g/100 g,粗蛋白质含量分别为22.29～24.61 g/100 g、19.00～21.80 g/100 g,不同品种、部位间存在差异。7个品种鸡肉均检测出17种氨基酸,均以谷氨酸含量为最高;胸肉氨基酸含量高于腿肉(除壶瓶山鸡),其中青脚鸡胸肉和壶瓶山鸡腿肉的...     

Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Studies of the Time-Dependent Changes in Chicken Meat as a Tool for Recording Spoilage Processes

Time-dependent changes of chicken meat were studied using Fourier transform IR and Raman techniques. Small pieces of intact chicken breast muscle (pectoralis major) were used in the investigations. They were stored in air at 22 °C up to 10 days and their IR and Raman spectra were measured successfully. Analysis of the obtained spectra was performed using a deconvolution of the experimental bands into Lorentz components. All integral intensities of the observed bands were standardized using the statistical R2 coefficient of determination. The R² values were automatically created as the output of the Origin software. The time-dependent changes of the spectra were used for meat spoilage detection. The analytical relationships between the integral intensities of selected bands have been derived indicating an increase of free amino acids content as the main effect of the chicken breast muscle spoilage.