基于COM的地图投影选择专家系统实现

现有的GIS软件中通常提供一定数量的地图投影方式供用户选择,地图投影选择是一个复杂的系统问题,需要考虑多方面的因素,对投影的各种参数进行评估,没有现成的公式、方案或规范可以遵循。本文通过分析地图投影选择问题的信息层次,论述了专家系统解决地图投影选择问题的可行性,讨论了详细的系统建立方法,并通过COM技术实现了地图投影选择的专家系统,并将系统与专业的GIS软件集成,为地图投影选择问题提供了一条解决思路。     

地图投影在《新疆资源经济地图集》中的设计

地图的数学基础包含了地图投影方式,在地图集设计中以地理空间数据集为基础,通过对各种多源数据的分析、处理、加工,使多源数据投影变换到一个统一地理坐标系中,达到数据使用的统一性。简要介绍了地图投影的原理及投影变形对地图的影响,阐述了在专题地图设计中选择确定地图投影的方式和对投影转换的应用。     

地图投影计算机代数分析研究进展

地图投影是现代地图学的重要组成部分,涉及大量的椭圆函数幂级数展开、隐函数复合函数微分、椭圆积分、复变函数运算等一系列烦琐的数学分析过程,人工推导不但费时费力,而且容易出错,有时由于难以忍受的复杂性等各种原因,甚至根本无法实现。本文主要从椭球各纬度间正反解符号表达式、不同变形性质地图投影间的直接变换、高斯投影的复变函数表示、斜轴墨卡托投影数学分析、极区海图投影及变换等5个方面,论述了地图投影计算机代数分析取得的研究进展,讨论了该领域有待进一步解决的主要问题,对推动地图投影学的发展具有积极意义。     

关于微分圆投影变成变形椭圆的分析与研究

针对各种地图学教材中关于变形椭圆的证明提出了三个问题,通过对地图投影中的微分圆垂直投影或 斜投影分析,不仅证明了微分圆投影变成了变形椭圆,而且利用几何分析解决了各种地图学教材中关于变形椭圆 证明出现的三个问题,对进一步了解地图投影的变形分布规律有着重要的意义。     

地图投影解析变换的数值实现方法

系统阐述了地图投影、地图投影变换,以地图投影及其变换为基础,采用Visual C++6.0作为软件平台,开发了GIS的地图投影变换软件。本系统分为解析正算和解析反算两部分,其中解析反算先用数值变换方法求得相应变换系数,然后再按照解析变换的方法实现相应功能,这也是本文的主要思想。同时本文以公式较为简单的墨卡托投影和公式较为复杂的圆锥投影为例说明了以上过程。该系统不仅可以单独使用,也可以与其他GIS软件进行接口,增强GIS的地图投影变换功能。     

大比例尺数字地图通用投影变换算法设计与实现

随着地理信息系统的广泛应用,如何实现不同投影方式、不同椭球参数、不同坐标单位的多源化空间数据流畅无缝集成与融合,成为GIS软件很有研究价值的课题方向。通过对地图投影变换算法的分析,研究设计了一种基于大比例尺数字地图的通用地图投影变换算法。     

基于Matlab的地图投影程序设计

随着地理信息系统(GIS)的发展与应用,地图投影转换成为GIS软件是当前面临的一个主要问题。本文首先分析和阐述了Matlab的程序设计基础、图形用户界面及地图投影整体程序设计,然后结合Matlab的计算程序,实现了高斯投影正算与反算、高斯投影换带、高斯投影与UTM投影之间转换的计算。通过实例验证了程序的可行性,满足了工程需要,为基于Matlab的地图投影程序设计提供了重要的参考依据。     

等分分层组合投影研究

针对中国地理格网(1°、10°等多级格网系统)的分割方法,设计了一种适合该格网系统的新型地图投影——分层组合投影。从微分几何的观点出发,把地球椭球按等纬度分割成若干层圆台,分别建立每个圆台的投影模型,即可得到一种地图投影。这种投影还可根据格网间隔的不同进行细分,从而发展成为一种适合多分辨率格网模型的动态地图投影。通过对该投影进行变形计算表明,该投影可以保持等角,而且面积和长度变形都很小,特别是在高纬度地区,与Mercator投影相比变形明显减小。     

地图投影的坐标变换

地图投影的坐标变换方炳炎，王桥，胡毓钜第三讲圆锥投影的反解公式地图投影的反解变换，是地图投影变换中一种常用的方法。它主要是通过原投影方程得出其反解变换关系式再代入新投影方程中，来实现两投影间的坐标变换。这里关键是要得到原投影的反解公式。本讲将利用第二...     

GIS中开放式地图投影变换组件的设计

针对现有地图投影变换系统大都是内含于特定软件中的状况 ,本文提出顺应GIS向组件GIS和开放GIS发展的潮流 ,设计并实现了一个基于COM组件技术的规范通用的开放式地图投影变换组件。参照OpenGIS协会发布的有关地图投影变换的接口规范 ,设计了基于COM的开放式地图投影变换组件的接口、组件对象及总体构架 ;详细分析了地图投影变换的理论基础及方法 ,并选择适合计算机高效实现的反解变换法 ,实现了该地图投影变换组件。     

Enhancing adaptive composite map projections: Wagner transformation between the Lambert azimuthal and the transverse cylindrical equal-area projections

The adaptive composite map projection technique changes the projection to minimize distortion for the geographic area shown on a map. This article improves the transition between the Lambert azimuthal projection and the transverse equal-area cylindrical projection that are used by adaptive composite projections for portrait-format maps. Originally, a transverse Albers conic projection was suggested for transforming between these two projections, resulting in graticules that are not symmetric relative to the central meridian. We propose the alternative transverse Wagner transformation between the two projections and provide equations and parameters for the transition. The suggested technique results in a graticule that is symmetric relative to the central meridian, and a map transformation that is visually continuous with changing map scale.     

契比雪夫投影的研究

根据等角投影理论,推导出了契比雪夫投影公式的具体形式,并对契比雪夫投影在制作中国全图的应用和变形与等角方位投影、等角圆锥投影进行了比较分析.结果表明,契比雪夫投影要优于等角方位投影和等角圆锥投影.     

Symbolization of Map Projection Distortion: A Review

One of the most fundamental steps in map creation is the transformation of information from the surface of a globe onto a flat map. Mapmakers have developed and used hundreds of different map projections over the past 2,000 years, yet there is no perfect choice because every map projection uniquely alters some aspect of space during the transformation process. Detailed information about the type, amount, and distribution of distortion is essential for choosing the best projection for a particular map or data set. The distortion inherent in projections can be measured and symbolized much like any other map variable. Methods for symbolizing map projection distortion are reviewed, with each method described and illustrated in graphical form. The symbolization methods are collected under ten separate headings organized from simple to more complex in terms of interpretation. Most of these methods are highly effective at communicating distortion, yet they are rarely used beyond textbooks and technical documentation. Map projections and the distortions they carry need to be better understood by spatial data developers, distributors, and users. Map distortion should be carried along with map data as confidence layers, and the easily accessible distortion displays should be available to help in the selection of map projections. There is a suitably wide array of symbolization methods to match any need from basic education to research.     

An adaptable equal-area pseudoconic map projection

Equivalence (the equal-area property of a map projection) is important to some categories of maps. However, unlike conformal projections, completely general techniques do not exist for creating new, computationally reasonable equal-area projections. The literature describes many specific equal-area projections and a few equal-area projections that are more or less configurable, but flexibility is still sparse. This work describes a new, highly configurable equal-area projection system consisting of arcs of concentric circles, placing it in the pseudoconic class. The system uses a novel technique to hybridize the Bonne pseudoconic projection and the Albers conic projection, subsuming many existing projections as degenerate cases. With the resulting system and the technique used to develop it, map projection designers will have greater choice in tailoring the projection to the need. The system may be particularly suited to maps that dynamically adapt to changing scale and region of interest, such as required for online maps.     

New Equal-Area Map Projections For Noncircular Regions

A series of new equal-area map projections has been devised. Called Oblated Equal-Area, its lines of constant distortion follow approximately oval or rectangular paths instead of the circles of the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection or the straight lines of the Cylindrical Equal-Area projection. The projection series permits design of equal-area maps of oblong regions with less overall distortion of shape and scale than equal-area maps on other projections.     

等角圆锥投影基准纬度非迭代算法

为简化传统正轴等角圆锥投影求解基准纬度时繁琐的迭代算法,引入平均纬度和平均纬差的概念,借助计算机代数系统Mathematica,在平均纬差处级数展开,导出了基于球体模型的正轴等角圆锥投影求解基准纬度的非迭代算法。以全国和不同纬差的省区为例,将其与传统椭球迭代算法进行对比分析。结果表明,推导的基于球体模型的非迭代公式计算基准纬度B0、B1、B2的相对误差最大值为2.011%,长度变形的相对误差小于1×10-6,基本可满足全国以及各省区地图制图的精度要求,从而验证了所研究算法的精确性与实用性。     

Minimum conformal mapping distortion according to Chebyshev’s principle: a case study over peninsular Spain

Defining the distortion of a conformal map projection as the oscillation of the logarithm of its infinitesimal-scale σ, Chebyshev’s principle states that the best (minimum distortion) conformal map projection over a given region Ω of the ellipsoid is characterized by the property that σ is constant on the boundary of that region. Starting from a first map of Ω, we show how to compute the distortion δ₀(Ω) of this Chebyshev’s projection. We prove that this minimum possible conformal mapping distortion associated with Ω coincides with the absolute value of the minimum of the solution of a Dirichlet boundary-value problem for an elliptic partial differential equation in divergence form and with homogeneous boundary condition. If the first map is conformal, the partial differential equation becomes a Poisson equation for the Laplace operator. As an example, we compute the minimum conformal distortion associated with peninsular Spain. Using longitude and isometric latitude as coordinates, we solve the corresponding boundary-value problem with the finite element method, obtaining δ₀(Ω)=0.74869×10⁻³. We also quantify the distortions δ_l and δ_utm of the best conformal conic and UTM (zone 30) projections over peninsular Spain respectively. We get δ_l=2.30202×10⁻³ and δ_utm=3.33784×10⁻³.     

Mixed cylindric map projections of the ellipsoid of revolution

The mixed spherical map projections of equiareal, cylindric type are based upon the Lambert projection and the sinusoidal Sanson–Flamsteed projection. These cylindric and pseudo-cylindric map projections of the sphere are generalized to the ellipsoid of revolution (biaxial ellipsoid). They are used in consequence by two lemmas to generate a horizontal and a vertical weighted mean of equiareal cylindric map projections of the ellipsoid of revolution. Its left–right deformation analysis via further results leads to the left–right principal stretches/eigenvalues and left–right eigenvectors/eigenspace, as well as the maximal left–right angular distortion for these new mixed cylindric map projections of ellipsoidal type. Detailed illustrations document the cartographic synergy of mixed cylindric map projections. Received: 23 April 1996 / Accepted: 19 April 1997     

海岸带数据集成中的空间坐标转换方法研究

就海岸带空间数据集成中所涉及的多种坐标系统一、多种地图投影转换等问题作了详细分析。并提出了有效的解决方案。     

New measures for analysis and comparison of shape distortion in world map projections

ABSTRACT

World maps can have quite different depictions of reality depending on the projection adopted, and this can influence our perception of the world. In this respect, shape is a significant property that needs to be considered, especially when representing large regions in general-purpose world maps. A map projection distorts most geometric properties (area, distance, direction/angle, shape, and specific curves) and usually preserves a single property or provides a compromise between different properties when transforming terrestrial features from globe to plane. The distortions are mainly classified based on area, distance and direction/angle and analyzed with Tissot’s theorem. However, this theorem offers a local (pointwise) solution, so the distortion assessment is valid at infinitesimal scale (i.e. for very small regions). For this reason, different approaches are required to analyze the distortions at finite scale (i.e. for larger regions). However, there are very few attempts at analyzing and comparing shape distortion of landmasses in world map projections owing to the fact that shape measurement is difficult and usually involves measuring different characteristics. Seeking to fill this gap, in this study, compactness and elongation distortion measures are introduced. In this regard, 16 world map projections are analyzed and compared with these distortion measures in a GIS environment, based on map datasets of continents and countries. An analysis of the effect of the levels of detail of the datasets is also presented.