定期冲洗式沉沙池泥沙沉降特性分析

以黄河东城提水工程首部的定期冲洗式沉沙池为研究对象,应用一维超饱和输沙法计算了泥沙的沉降历时,分析了泥沙恢复饱和系数、极限吸出高度、出池含沙量等泥沙沉降特性。结果表明:①泥沙恢复饱和系数随泥沙粒径的增大呈指数递减趋势,工作段上游泥沙恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈指数递减趋势,工作段下游恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈线性减小趋势;②随着沉沙池的运行,出池泥沙粒径逐渐变大,淤积泥沙粒径则逐渐变小;③在沉沙池运行期内,溢流堰极限吸出高度随沉降历时呈线性递减趋势;④溢流堰前分组含沙量参考点的相对水深均小于0.5;⑤在0～0.500 mm泥沙粒径范围内,出池平均含沙量参考点的相对水深与泥沙粒径呈对数递增。     

定期冲洗式沉沙池泥沙沉降特性分析

以黄河东城提水工程首部的定期冲洗式沉沙池为研究对象,应用一维超饱和输沙法计算了泥沙的沉降历时,分析了泥沙恢复饱和系数、极限吸出高度、出池含沙量等泥沙沉降特性。结果表明:①泥沙恢复饱和系数随泥沙粒径的增大呈指数递减趋势,工作段上游泥沙恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈指数递减趋势,工作段下游恢复饱和系数随沉降历时呈线性减小趋势;②随着沉沙池的运行,出池泥沙粒径逐渐变大,淤积泥沙粒径则逐渐变小;③在沉沙池运行期内,溢流堰极限吸出高度随沉降历时呈线性递减趋势;④溢流堰前分组含沙量参考点的相对水深均小于0.5;⑤在0～0.500 mm泥沙粒径范围内,出池平均含沙量参考点的相对水深与泥沙粒径呈对数递增。     

水利水电工程沉沙池的运行设计和原型观测

沉沙池作为多沙河流引水枢纽的重要建筑物,其正常运行是发挥枢纽工程效益的重要条件。沉沙池设计应根据河流泥沙情况及枢纽运行条件,提出合理的运行设计和原型观测设计。运行设计应满足沉沙池运行水位、设计入池流量、含沙量、泥沙沉降设计标准和运用时间等运用条件。原型观测设计要有针对性,根据工程等级、规模、类型、布置、水沙条件等,确定相应原型观测内容和观测布置。     

引黄工程中沉沙池的试验研究

禹门口引黄提水站是解决运城地区工农业用水的重要水源工程。总抽水量２８ｍ￣３／ｓ。为处理有害泥沙；设沉沙池而进行了模型试验。试验采用长度比尺Ｌ＝２０的单厢，正态模型。模型沙用干容重为１．４６ｔ／ｍ￣３的煤粉。模型主要考虑泥沙沉淀相似。黄河泥沙的主要特点泥沙颗粒细、含量高及沉淀难。根据这些特点，在水工模型试验基础上，选择了混合型沉沙池。混合型沉沙池。即平流式与竖流式相结合的一各形式。竖向流在沉沙池下游段装置的斜板之间产生，总池长１１８ｍ，其中平流区４０ｍ。斜板区７８ｍ；总宽度５９．６ｍ，分为三箱；设计入池流量６～２６ｍ￣３／ｓ，相应入池含沙量１２０～８０ｋｇ／ｍ￣３；沉沙池水深上游端５９．６ｍ，下游端７．０ｍ，池底坡度１／７０，试验表明混合型沉沙池，可缩短池长５０％，降低工程造价４５％。在沉沙池尾部或斜板区底部安装排沙管，随时排除沉沙池中细颗粒泥沙组成的淤积体，提高了沉沙池利用率。     

有压隧洞内沉沙池泥沙沉降特性研究——以尼泊尔尼亚迪水电站为例

目前国内水电工程的沉沙池大都为布置于枢纽首部的无压式地面沉沙池,实际工程中限于地形地质条件,在有压式隧洞内设置沉沙池可能更加经济合理。以尼泊尔尼亚迪水电站有压隧洞内沉沙池为例,采用一度流超饱和输沙法对有压隧洞内沉沙池泥沙沉降特性进行了计算分析。结果表明:在设计条件下,进入水轮机发电水中总含沙量为0.625 kg/m3,其中粒径不小于0.2 mm的泥沙含量为0.062 5 kg/m3,大于等于设计沉降粒径的泥沙沉降率为84.55%。分析结果证明有压式隧洞内设置沉沙池可实现沉降悬移质泥沙的功能,可为其他工程有压隧洞内沉沙池的设计提供参考。     

重力沉沙过滤池对高含沙河水的沉沙效果分析

由于地下水的严重超采,河水将逐步作为新疆农田节水灌溉的替代水源,河水中泥沙的去除率是河水能否推广的主要障碍,目前科技人员在研究各种装置用于降低河水中的泥沙。其中重力沉沙过滤池是清除泥沙比较好的一种除沙装置,其构造包括沉沙池、过滤网、清水池、集污槽等。该工程利用沉淀池与过滤网对泥沙进行两级处理,出池水质泥沙含量有明显降低。通过对玛纳斯县五圣宫村重力沉沙池一个灌溉期的现场含沙量试验研究和分析,结果表明,该重力沉沙过滤池对河水泥沙总处理率可以达到46%左右,出池泥沙粒径在0.05 mm以下。重力沉沙池增加过滤网结构型式后,沉沙效率可以提高30%以上。可以看出,采用这种结构型式的沉沙池,在处理泥沙方面较传统的沉沙池有一定的优势,利用过滤网可以将水沙进行强制分离,尤其对细颗粒泥沙比自然沉降效果显著。更多还原     

山西省三大引黄泵站泥沙处理标准分析

目前，国内泥沙处理方面尚无统一标准可循，需依据各站具体条件而定。夹马口、尊村、小樊是山西省三大引黄泵站。三站干渠渠道淤积物大部分是０．０５ｍｍ以上粗沙。夹马口站含沙量与单机流量相关式为Ｑ＝０．７９７６—０．００１２Ｓ，相关系数为－０．８。泵站装置效率随含沙量的增大而减小。综合研究含沙量与出水流量及装置效率关系及渠道挟沙能力要求后，确认三大泵站的泥沙处理标准应为：对粒径大于０．０５ｍｍ的粗沙应予以处理，汛期出池含沙量应小于１５ｋｇ／ｍ３，非汛期出池含沙量应小于５ｋｇ／ｍ３。     

新型矩形沉沙池在节水灌溉中的应用研究

一种新型矩形沉沙池已在新疆建设兵团大面积推广使用，这种沉沙池在进口增设了调流墙，在溢流堰上沿设置了溢流槽。从泥沙沉淀特性和经济性能两个方面对新型矩形沉沙池与传统沉沙池进行了比较。结果表明，新型矩形沉沙池的泥沙沉淀率比传统沉沙池提高了6%，出池含沙量由1.63 g/L降到了0.86 g/L，工程造价降低了20%左右，其泥沙处理效果和经济性更优，适宜在新疆地区农业节水灌溉中推广应用。     

基于CCHE模型的重力沉沙池水沙数值模拟

为了研究重力沉沙池流量、含沙量与水沙分离效率的关系,借助CCHE软件,建立CCHE2D水沙两相流数学模型,采用混合掺长紊流模型,对重力沉沙池进行数值模拟,得到沉沙池内水流流态、悬移质输移规律以及沉沙池的水沙分离效率,并在前人研究的基础上,进一步对不同流量、含沙量情况下,其流量和含沙量对沉沙池水沙分离效率的影响进行分析。结果表明:当流量在0. 05～0. 30 m~3/s时,随着流量增大,则流速增大,水流挟沙力增大,不利于泥沙沉降,使沉沙池的水沙分离效率降低;改变初始含沙量(5～20 kg/m~3),随着初始含沙量的增大,由于沉淀池尾部回流区存在,使得部分泥沙直接被带入清水池,使得沉沙池水沙分离效率降低。     

中部引黄工程泵站出水池泥沙淤积模型试验研究

在隧洞输水过程中,由于来水含沙量大,容易产生泥沙淤积对工程运行造成威胁。文中对于中部引黄工程泵站出水池各种可能工况进行了模型试验,根据模型试验的结果对出水池设计体型进行了验证。试验结果表明,出水池能起到一定的沉沙池作用,但无论何种工况,如果不能将出水池中泥沙清除,都将在一定时间内淤积至冲淤平衡状态,使入池泥沙基本送入隧洞中。所取得的试验成果对工程设计有一定的指导意义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.