利用扁桃斑鸠菊叶发酵高产粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖是粗毛纤孔菌液体发酵的重要活性代谢产物,但采用常规的发酵方法,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量较低。为更好地获取粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖,本文采用双向液体发酵的方法,通过向发酵培养基中添加适量的扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末,来提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,并对优化得到的胞外多糖抗氧化活性进行了研究。以发酵液中胞外多糖含量为指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化发酵条件;采用红外光谱对胞外多糖的结构特征进行分析;通过测定胞外多糖对ABTS、DPPH和羟基自由基的清除率来了解其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优发酵条件为:扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末添加量0.5g/L、发酵时间10d、pH 6.5、接种量5.0mL,在此条件下,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量达到(2.34±0.25)mg/mL,与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的空白组相比,其胞外多糖产量提高了约216.22%;红外分析与抗氧化活性实验结果表明,添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶后的胞外多糖与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的胞外多糖红外主要吸收峰一致,并且对ABTS、DPPH以及羟基自由基清除能力相近。本研究结果表明扁桃斑鸠菊叶能够有效地提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,为其他珍稀食药用菌胞外多糖的高效生产提供了新思路。     

魔芋内生拮抗细菌的分离及其抗菌物质特性研究

从魔芋的内生菌中筛选到能抑制魔芋软腐病病原菌生长、产芽胞的杆状细菌,16SrDNA序列分析表明该菌是一株枯草芽胞杆菌,命名为BSn5。BSn5的胞外蛋白提取液有抗菌活性,并具有对热不稳定,对蛋白酶K敏感,对胰蛋白酶不敏感的特性,SDS-PAGE检测显示该蛋白提取液仅由分子量为31.6kDa的蛋白质组成。通过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯化该蛋白,纯化的蛋白能够抑制软腐病病原菌的生长,进一步表明该31.6kDa蛋白即为该菌的抗菌活性物质。该蛋白与目前所知的枯草芽胞杆菌产生的抗菌物质均不同,可能是一种新的抗菌蛋白。     

抗植物病原真菌紫叶小檗内生真菌的筛选和鉴定

对紫叶小檗根、茎、叶和果实中分离纯化得到的28株内生真菌进行液体培养,培养物烘干研磨后用丙酮浸提,测定各提取物对5种供试植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,对抗菌谱较广的菌株进行分子鉴定,并分别测定其胞内、胞外代谢产物的抑菌活性.结果显示:(1)紫叶小檗25株内生真菌中有5株菌(R3、S4、L6、F2、F6)的抗菌谱较广,其中,茎中的内生菌S4抑菌活性最强,对5种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性均大于90％,对马铃薯干腐病菌的抑菌率最高达93.06％.(2)经鉴定S4为子囊菌门的Para phaeos phaeria属真菌.(3)S4菌丝体丙酮提取液对马铃薯干腐病菌的抑菌率随其浓度(加入体积)的增加而增大,呈正相关线性关系(y=15.334x+14.618,r=0.99),而S4发酵液对马铃薯干腐病菌的抑菌率随其浓度(加入体积)的增加而减小,呈负相关线性关系(y=-20.196x+64.984,r=0.99),即在较高浓度时促进病原菌生长.研究表明,紫叶小檗内生真菌S4菌株的抑菌活性成分主要为胞内代谢产物.     

一株产淀粉酶芽胞杆菌SY200的鉴定及其对动物病原菌的生物拮抗试验

目的对一株产淀粉酶芽胞杆菌SY200进行鉴定及其对动物病原菌的生物拮抗试验。方法提取芽胞杆菌SY200基因组DNA,采用细菌16S rRNA通用引物进行PCR扩增及对扩增到的目标片段的测序,将测序结果与NCBI上已知菌种的16S rRNA序列进行BLAST对比,并构建系统进化树进行分析。采用滤纸片法和牛津杯法分别研究该芽胞杆菌的全菌液及培养物上清液对3株病原菌的生物拮抗。结果结合细菌形态观察及生理生化特性鉴定,最终确定菌株SY200为甲基营养型芽胞杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus);芽胞杆菌SY200全菌培养液和培养上清液对产肠毒素大肠埃希菌、鸡白痢沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有较强的生物拮抗作用,抑菌物质主要为细菌的代谢产物。结论芽胞杆菌SY200被鉴定为甲基营养型芽胞杆菌,该菌株对3株动物性病原菌具有较强的生物拮抗作用。     

向日葵枯萎病拮抗芽胞杆菌的筛选与生防评价

目的筛选向日葵枯萎病拮抗芽胞杆菌菌株并研究其抗菌谱,探讨环境条件对菌株抑菌活性的影响并通过植物栽培完成生防评价。方法从向日葵根际土壤中选择性分离芽胞杆菌,通过5点对峙法确定1株高效拮抗菌株,进行鉴定后,测定其抑菌谱;单因素实验探讨环境条件对抑菌活性的影响;向日葵发芽实验完成生防评价。结果确定1株高效的枯萎病拮抗菌株WBFL-1,经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌,该菌对镰刀菌属具有广谱抗性,其抑菌活性的最佳条件是温度40℃,pH值7.0,接种量150μL,发酵时间48 h。生防评价表明该菌对枯萎病的拮抗效果显著。结论该菌可为农作物枯萎病的生物防治提供有效菌种储备。     

地衣芽抱杆菌C碱性蛋白酶基因在枯草芽抱杆菌中的克隆及表达

本文采用DNA重组技术,用鸟枪法克隆获得地衣芽抱杆菌C1213碱性蛋白酶基因。对胞外蛋白酶 酶活测定表明,此基因在枯草芽抱杆菌中获得表达及分泌。用SDS-聚丙烯酚胺凝胶电泳法测定其胞外 蛋白质分子量,得知此基因产物与C1213碱性蛋白酶分子量相同。用酶切和琼脂糖凝胶电泳法确定了所 克隆DNA片段的物理图谱,并确定其大小为2.3kb     

一株蝗虫病原菌的分离和鉴定

从内地黄脊竹蝗自然病死虫尸内分离到一种病原菌,其纯培养物经KOCK病症律证明,并按《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》(第九版)的方法进行了生物学测定、生理生化实验,并测定了其DNA中G+Cmol含量为63.73％,确定该病原物为类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)。经生物测定,该菌对草地蝗虫和黄脊竹蝗有较强的感染力,对草地其他害虫也有一定的感染力。     

林麝化脓病病原菌化脓隐秘杆菌与铜绿假单胞菌互作机制研究

化脓隐秘杆菌Trueperella pyogenes是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物林麝Moschus berezovskii的化脓病原发病原菌,但在化脓病后期的病灶中常能检测到大量铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa。虽然在病灶中能同时分离到这2种病原菌,但是它们的种间关系以及优势菌转换机制很大程度上未知。本研究通过构建多种铜绿假单胞菌群体感应基因敲除菌株并结合平板距离培养实验,探讨了化脓隐秘杆菌与铜绿假单胞菌的种间互作关系。结果发现,野生型铜绿假单胞菌的胞外产物可以显著抑制化脓隐秘杆菌的生长;不同铜绿假单胞菌群体感应关键基因缺失菌株均表现出对化脓隐秘杆菌不同程度的抑制作用,但与单突变菌株相比,lasR和rhlR双突变菌株对化脓隐秘杆菌的抑制作用明显减弱。这些发现表明,铜绿假单胞菌可以通过群体感应系统介导的胞外产物来提高对化脓隐秘杆菌的竞争优势。因此,本研究为林麝化脓病过程中的优势病原菌的替换和病情恶化甚至死亡提供了合理的解释,也有助于进一步提高对林麝化脓病病理的认识、治疗方案的改进和新型抗感染药物的研发。     

嗜盐古菌Halorubrum sp. CY的分离、鉴定及胞外淀粉酶特性初步研究

本研究从云南一平浪盐矿分离到一株产胞外淀粉酶的嗜盐古菌, 通过形态观察, 生理生化特性实验, 并结合16S rRNA序列分析, 初步鉴定为嗜盐古菌Halorubrum属, 命名为Halorubrum sp. CY。另外对该菌产生的胞外淀粉酶的性质进行初步研究, 结果显示其胞外淀粉酶发挥最大活性的pH值和温度分别为6.0和60oC, Zn2+、Cu2+、Al3+、SO32-对胞外淀粉酶的活性有抑制作用, 而Mn2+则有促进作用。     

混合培养中巨大芽孢杆菌对氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌的作用

为查明维生素Ｃ二步发酵混合培养中巨大芽孢杆菌与氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌间的关系,通过生长曲线测定、静息细胞实验及摇瓶发酵实验研究了巨大芽孢杆菌对氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌生长和产生２－酮基－Ｌ－古龙酸作用的影响;采用超滤分离、凝胶层析及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对巨大芽孢杆菌胞外液中具有促进氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌产酸作用的活性物质进行了分离和纯化。结果表明,大菌胞内液和胞外液均可促进小菌生长,大菌胞外液中具有该作用的组分分子     

Pathogenic activities of live cells and extracellular products of the fish pathogen Pasteurella piscicida.

The pathobiological activities in vivo and in vitro of live cells and extracellular products (ECP) of eleven Pasteurella piscicida strains of different origin were examined. Infectivity trials showed that P. piscicida did not possess strict host specificity since the majority of the isolates were virulent for gilthead seabream, rainbow trout and turbot, with LD50 values ranging between 10(3) and 10(6) live cells. However, none of the strains tested were pathogenic for mice (LD50 > 10(8) cells)). In addition, the ECP were strongly toxic for fish (LD50 ranging from 1.0 to 4.6 micrograms protein per g fish), which clearly demonstrates their important role in the pathogenesis of pasteurellosis. All the ECP samples were cytotoxic for fish and homoiothermic cell lines, possessed notable phospholipase activity and displayed haemolytic activity for sheep, salmon and turbot erythrocytes (but not for trout erythrocytes). However, the production of proteolytic enzymes differed among the P. piscicida strains. Although no strain displayed elastase activity, five isolates (the Japanese and Italian strains) hydrolysed casein and gelatin. All these biological activities in vivo and in vitro were lost after heat treatment (100 degrees C for 10 min). The general enzymic patterns of both live cells and ECP evaluated by the API-ZYM system also revealed some variation among the P. piscicida isolates. Generally, whole cells showed a wider range of enzymic activities than ECP. The results presented here are important for the selection of strains in the development of effective polyvalent pasteurellosis vaccines containing both whole cells and ECP.     

Analysis of extracellular proteins of two Perkinsus spp. isolated from the softshell clam Mya arenaria in vitro

Biochemical characterization of the extracellular proteins (ECP) of two softshell clam Perkinsus spp. cloned isolates, Perkinsus chesapeaki isolate G-117 and Perkinsus marinus H-49, was performed and compared to that of the oyster-derived P. marinus isolate P-1. G-117 and H-49 demonstrated distinct differences in enzyme activities; however, all three isolates shared common bands. Substrate-impregnated gels showed H-49 to possess proteolytic activities while G-117 did not. Inhibition studies revealed that H-49 ECP contain serine proteases similar to those described for P-1. The G-117 ECP lacked proteolytic activity but showed a higher production of lipolytic enzymes than H-49 or P-1. Optimal in vitro growth temperatures for the two clam isolates were generally lower than those for P-1. G-117 showed faster growth at lower salinities than either H-49 or P-1. Clam Perkinsus spp. isolates appear to be better adapted to lower salinities and temperatures than the P. marinus isolate of the eastern oyster.     

Ribonuclease activity and substrate preference of human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP).

The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a potent helminthotoxin with considerable neurotoxic activity, was recently shown to also have ribonucleolytic activity. In this work the substrate preference of ECP ribonuclease action was studied in detail. With single-stranded RNA or synthetic polyribonucleotide substrates ECP showed significant but low activity, 70- to 200-fold less than that of bovine RNase A. ECP hydrolyzed RNA more rapidly than it did any synthetic polynucleotide. Poly(U) was degraded more rapidly than poly(C), and poly(A) and double-stranded substrates were extremely resistant. Defined low molecular weight substrates in the form of the 16 dinucleoside phosphates (NpN') and uridine and cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphates were tested, and none showed hydrolysis by ECP at a significant rate. The results link ECP ribonucleolytic activity to the 'non-secretory' liver-type enzymes rather than to the 'secretory' pancreatic-type RNases.     

Ribonuclease activity associated with human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein

The eosinophil granule contains a series of basic proteins, including major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Both EDN and ECP are neurotoxins and helminthotoxins. Comparison of the partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of EDN and ECP showed 67% identity; surprisingly, they also showed structural homology to pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase). Therefore, we determined whether EDN and ECP possess RNase enzymatic activity. By spectrophotometric assay of acid soluble nucleotides formed from yeast RNA, purified EDN showed RNase activity similar to bovine pancreatic RNase, whereas ECP was 50 to 100 times less active. The RNase activity associated with ECP was not significantly inhibited after exposure of ECP to polyclonal or monoclonal antibody to EDN. These results indicate that EDN and ECP both possess RNase activity, the RNase activity of EDN and ECP is specific, and EDN and ECP have maintained not only structural but also functional homology to pancreatic RNase.     

Toxicity of the extracellular products ofVibrio damsela isolated from diseased fish

In this work we analyzed the pathogenic in vivo and in vitro activities for both fish and mammals of extracellular products (ECP) of several isolates ofVibrio damsela implicated in disease problems in marine culture. The ECP from all the strains were strongly lethal for fish (LD₅₀ ranging from 0.06 to 3.7 g protein/g fish) and mice (LD₅₀ ranging from 0.02 to 0.43 g protein/g mouse), causing death between 4 and 72 h after inoculation. These ECP samples possessed low proteolytic activity without production of caseinase, gelatinase, or elastase. However, most of them showed remarkable phospholipase and hemolytic activity for sheep, human, and turbot red blood cells. In addition, all the ECP samples were cytotoxic for fish and homoiothermic cell lines. The levels of enzymic and cytotoxic activities were clearly associated with the degree of virulence for fish. Moreover, the enzymic patterns of both live cells and ECP evaluated with the API-ZYM system were very similar among the strains, indicative that most of the activities are associated with exoenzymes.The in vivo and in vitro biological activities were considerably reduced after heat treatment (100°C for 10 min), but not totally lost in the highly virulent strains. Although we have demonstrated that the toxicity of the ECP is not directly associated with their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) content, these compounds could confer some heat-stabilizing effect to the toxic fractions.     

Antibacterial properties of eosinophil major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein

We examined the bactericidal activity of two proteins that are abundant in the cytoplasmic granules of human eosinophils, major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Unlike the human neutrophil's peptide defensins, both MBP and ECP killed stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus 502A in a simple nutrient-free buffer solution. Although MBP also killed Escherichia coli ML-35 with considerable efficacy under these experimental conditions, the in vitro activity of ECP against E. coli was considerably enhanced if mid-logarithmic phase bacteria replaced stationary phase organisms or if the assay medium was enriched with trypticase soy broth. The antibacterial activity of both eosinophil proteins was modulated by incubation time, protein concentration, temperature and pH. A pBR322-transformed derivative of E. coli ML-35 was used to examine the effects of ECP and MBP on integrity of the bacterial inner membrane (IM) and outer membrane. Although both MBP and ECP caused outer and inner membrane permeabilization when nutrients were present, only MBP was effective under nutrient-free conditions. Two proton ionophores (DNP and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) protected E. coli from the bactericidal effects of ECP but not from MBP. These findings establish that MBP and ECP have bactericidal properties and suggest that these proteins kill E. coli by similar but nonidentical mechanisms marked by an attack on the target cell's membranes. In view of evidence that high concentrations of ECP and MBP exist in cytoplasmic granules whose contents are translocated to phagocytic vacuoles, we suggest that MBP and ECP contribute to the eosinophil's ability to kill ingested bacteria.     

The cytotoxic eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) has ribonuclease activity

The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a specific cytotoxic constituent of granules. In this work we demonstrated that ECP has a ribonuclease activity. Purified ECP was resolved by ion exchange chromatography into subfractions, which all showed ribonuclease activity. Another eosinophil granule protein, EPX, identical with eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) had a 125-fold higher RNase activity than ECP. ECP may exert its cytotoxic effects on parasites and cells because of its extreme basicity alone or it may be internalized and act by degrading mRNA.     

Mapping the eosinophil cationic protein antimicrobial activity by chemical and enzymatic cleavage

The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a human antimicrobial protein involved in the host immune defense that belongs to the pancreatic RNase A family. ECP displays a wide range of antipathogen activities. The protein is highly cationic and its bactericidal activity is dependant on both cationic and hydrophobic surface exposed residues. Previous studies on ECP by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the RNase activity is not essential for its bactericidal activity. To further understand the ECP bactericidal mechanism, we have applied enzymatic and chemical limited cleavage to search for active sequence determinants.Following a search for potential peptidases we selected the Lys-endoproteinase, which cleaves the ECP polypeptide at the carboxyl side of its unique Lys residue, releasing the N-terminal fragment (0-38).Chemical digestion using cyanogen bromide released several complementary peptides at the protein N-terminus. Interestingly, ECP treatment with cyanogen bromide represents a new example of selective chemical cleavage at the carboxyl side of not only Met but also Trp residues. Recombinant ECP was denatured and carboxyamidomethylated prior to enzymatic and chemical cleavage. Irreversible denaturation abolishes the protein bactericidal activity.The characterization of the digestion products by both enzymatic and chemical approaches identifies a region at the protein N-terminus, from residues 11 to 35, that retains the bactericidal activity. The most active fragment, ECP(0-38), is further compared to ECP derived synthetic peptides. The region includes previously identified stretches related to lipopolysaccharide binding and bacteria agglutination. The results contribute to define the shortest ECP minimized version that would retain its antimicrobial properties. The data suggest that the antimicrobial RNase can provide a scaffold for the selective release of cytotoxic peptides.     

Role of unique basic residues in cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of human eosinophil cationic protein

Eosinophil granule proteins, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin are members of the RNase A superfamily, which play a crucial role in host defense against various pathogens as they are endowed with several biological activities. Some of the biological activities possessed by ECP have been attributed to its strong basic character. In the current study, we have investigated the role of five unique basic residues, Arg22, Arg34, Arg61, Arg77 and His64 of ECP in its catalytic, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. These residues were changed to alanine to generate single and double mutants. None of the selected residues was found to be involved in the RNase activity of ECP. The substitution of all five residues individually was detrimental for the cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of ECP; however, mutation of Arg22 and Arg34 resulted in the most significant effects. The double mutants also had reduced biological activities. All ECP mutants that had significantly reduced toxicity also had reduced membrane destabilization activity. Our study demonstrates that Arg22, Arg34, Arg61, Arg77 and His64 of ECP are crucial for its membrane destabilization activity, which appears to be the underlying mechanism of its cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities.     

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy reduces the severity of Lewis rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis through a modulation of the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Extra corporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is an immunomodulating procedure used in several nonneurological diseases which, similarly to multiple sclerosis, are likely to be due to T-cell-mediated autoimmunity and it is probable that ECP can modulate the normal activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Using the Lewis rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of human multiple sclerosis (MS) we examined the effect of extracorporeal UV-A irradiation on psoralen-activated PBMC. In our experiment the comparison between the two groups of animals (ECP or sham-treatment) evidenced that the ECP treatment reduced the severity of EAE on clinical grounds and this result was confirmed by the pathological examination. The changes in the titers of anti-myelin antigen antibodies typical of EAE were also modulated by the procedure. Ex vivo examination evidenced a significant reduction in tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) released by PBMC after lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation in culture. We conclude that ECP modifies the normal activity of PBMC during the course of EAE and it is possible that one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of ECP is correlated to a down-regulation of T-helper 1 lymphocytes activity.