北秦岭太白山晚中生代正长花岗岩成因及其地质意义

本文对北秦岭中段太白岩体北部正长花岗岩进行了系统研究.结果表明,岩石为高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,SiO₂=68.49%~72.84%,富Al₂O₃(14.13%~16.48%),相对富K₂O,K₂O/Na₂O=0.45~1.57(多数样品大于1),A/CNK=0.97~1.05,属于准铝质-铝质系列.岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE),具弱负Eu 异常(δEu=0.58~0.89),高Sr、低Yb/Y.正长花岗岩锶同位素初始比值I_Sr=0.7053~0.7112,ε_Nd(t)=-18.6~-0.1(平均为-9.2),二阶段模式年龄t_2DM值为0.83~2.11Ga,变化较大,显示其源区主要为古老的壳源物质.铅同位素比值²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.492~17.524,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.470~15.485,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=37.750~38.097,与南秦岭基底相近.锆石U-Pb年龄为153.17±0.89Ma和151.0±1.4Ma,形成于晚中生代.太白正长花岗岩源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,并有年轻幔源组分的参与,形成于挤压向伸展转换的深部动力学背景.     

西秦岭夏河花岗岩的地球化学、年代学及地质意义

甘肃西秦岭夏河花岗岩主要由二长花岗岩及花岗闪长岩组成,岩体内发育较多暗色微粒包体。全岩地球化学分析结果表明,二长花岗岩SiO₂和全碱含量(分别为66.07%~69.18%、7.18%~7.69%)高于花岗闪长岩的平均值(分别为60.18%~66.22%、4.73%~6.72%),而 Al₂O₃ 和CaO含量(分别为15.21%~16.37%、2.23%~3.04%)则低于花岗闪长岩的平均值(分别为16.60%~17.39%、3.54%~5.86%),两类岩石的K₂O/Na₂O比值均大于1,Mg^#偏高(平均为55),铝饱和指数A/CNK介于1.0~1.1,属于弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩类。夏河花岗岩类富集轻稀土而亏损重稀土,(La/Yb)_N比值介于8.97~33.48,无或弱负Eu异常,以富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K并相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Zr为特征。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果确定夏河岩体的侵位年龄为244~248Ma,属印支早期。夏河花岗岩类具有较高的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i(0.70714~0.70743)、较低的ε_Nd(t)(-6.21~-8.36)和高放射性成因Pb(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.850~18.003,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.489~15.510,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=37.815~37.931)同位素组成,表明该花岗岩主要来自中元古代下地壳变基性岩的部分熔融,且幔源岩浆的参与可能对该岩体的形成具有重要作用。综合该区已有研究成果,本文提出夏河岩体形成于大陆边缘弧构造环境,推测西秦岭地区阿尼玛卿-勉略洋盆的闭合时间晚于244Ma。     

福建龙岩大洋-莒舟花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征及其地质意义

马坑铁矿是一个大型层控矽卡岩型矿床,大洋、莒舟花岗岩分布于铁矿东西两侧,与铁矿关系密切。本文利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年法测得莒舟花岗岩年龄为129.6±0.8Ma,MSWD=2.3,利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年法测得大洋花岗岩年龄为132.6±1.3Ma,MSWD=1.3,它们都形成于早白垩世,与马坑铁矿辉钼矿Re-Os年龄(130~133Ma)一致。大洋-莒舟花岗岩具高硅、富碱、贫钙镁和高分异指数等特点,属弱过铝或准铝质花岗岩;岩石稀土元素含量较高,配分模式呈轻稀土富集并缓向右倾斜,呈明显铕负异常的"V"型展布;微量元素具有Rb、U、Th、La等元素强烈富集而Ba、Sr、P、Ti 等元素相对亏损的特点;大洋岩体的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_ⅰ值变化于0.70878~0.71349之间;ε_Nd(t)值变化于-7.2~-8.6之间,f_Sm/Nd=-0.27~0.16,t_2DM =1511~1637Ma,(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i=18.588~18.955,(²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i=15.660~15.682,(²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i=38.935~39.168,μ值介于9.54~9.59,ω值介于36. 77~38.13。岩石地球化学和同位素组成特征表明大洋-莒舟花岗岩属于高分异壳源型花岗岩,形成于岩石圈减薄的背景下。花岗岩主要来源于元古代地壳物质,有EMⅡ型富集地幔组分的参与,使花岗岩的地壳留存年龄的降低(1.51~1.63Ga)。     

内蒙古敖包吐铅锌矿床花岗岩类年代学及其地球化学特征

内蒙古敖包吐铅锌矿是大兴安岭南段成矿带上新发现的矿床,成矿与花岗闪长斑岩关系密切。对矿区内花岗闪长斑岩和花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,形成年龄分别为（140.0±0.5）Ma（MSWD=1.3）和（151.6±0.4）Ma（MSWD=1.2）,为晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学测试结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩具有高硅（w（SiO₂）=65.51%~67.85%）,富碱（w（Na₂O+K₂O）=6.86%~7.81%）,贫P₂O₅的特征,A/CNK在0.95~1.02之间,富集微量元素K、Rb、Nd,亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti,为I型花岗岩。花岗岩的A/CNK值为1.58,属强过铝质岩石。Rb/Sr比值大于0.9,为S型花岗岩。敖包吐花岗岩的全岩Pb同位素组成显示,其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为18.398~18.755,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.534~15.541,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.386~38.542,铅具有混合来源特征。岩浆很可能来源于岩石圈地幔,并受到一定程度的混染。敖包吐花岗岩类可能与兴蒙造山带东段的后碰撞环境有关,并受到与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的弧后伸展影响。     

藏南洛扎地区淡色花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素、地球化学与岩石成因

洛扎岩体位于高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带的东部,锆石U-Pb测年显示其形成年龄为17.7Ma。洛扎岩体的岩性主要为电气石二云母花岗岩和电气石白云母花岗岩,岩石富硅(SiO₂为73%~75%)、富钾(K₂O为3.9%~4.9%),强过铝(Al₂O₃为14.5%~15.5%,A/CNK大于1.1),属于高钾钙碱性系列的强过铝淡色花岗岩。岩石具有明显的轻重稀土分异和Eu负异常(Eu/Eu^*=0.57),强烈富集大离子亲石元素,相对亏损高场强元素。岩石具有高Rb/Sr(>4)、低CaO/Na₂O (0.19~0.26)的特征,指示了其源岩为泥质岩石。(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t和ε_Nd(t)值的变化范围分别为0.725802~0.727276和-13.4~-12.9; 锆石的ε_Hf(t)变化范围为-13.9~-7.5,其较大的变化范围暗示了洛扎淡色花岗岩源区具有不均一性。洛扎岩体可能的构造-岩石成因是,藏南拆离系的启动使深部减压,致使变泥质岩中的白云母发生脱水熔融而形成淡色花岗岩岩浆。岩浆通过STDS所形成的构造薄弱带上侵,沿STDS主拆离断层分布。所以洛扎淡色花岗岩形成于STDS启动所引起的地壳伸展、快速隆起背景下,构造减压所导致的变质岩中白云母的脱水熔融。     

湖南邓阜仙印支晚期二云母花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其意义

邓阜仙花岗岩体位于湖南省东部,是印支期-燕山期多期次多阶段侵入的复式岩体。本文对邓阜仙岩体中部的两件二云母花岗岩样品进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,得到的锆石U-Pb年龄为222.9±1.6Ma和224.3±2.4Ma,首次证实了邓阜仙岩体存在有印支晚期二云母花岗岩。印支晚期二云母花岗岩具有高硅、高碱、强过铝质的特征,富集Cs、Rb、U、Pb而亏损Ba、Sr、Ti等元素,与华南己发现的其他印支期强过铝质花岗岩类似。花岗岩较高的（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i值（0.721463~0.728115）、较低的ε_Nd（t）值（-11.68~-11.33）以及1.92~1.95Ga的Nd模式年龄说明其主要起源于区内古元古代地壳的部分熔融。邓阜仙印支晚期二云母花岗岩与华南印支期强过铝质花岗岩的成岩时间一致,根据区域地质特征及花岗岩地球化学特征,认为其形成于后造山伸展的构造环境。邓阜仙钨矿与区内燕山期花岗岩有密切的成因联系。印支晚期二云母花岗岩具有较高的钨含量,属于富钨岩体,可能为燕山期的钨成矿作用提供了物质基础。     

湘东北地区连云山花岗岩的成因及地球动力学暗示

江南古陆是华南地区一个重要的花岗岩和金及金多金属矿床集中区。位于该区中段的连云山晚中生代花岗岩具有高的SiO₂ (69.41%~75.14%)和Al₂O₃ (13.61%~17.46%)、相对偏低的铁镁质 (0.92%~3.14%)以及变化范围较大的Na₂O (2.04%~3.83%)、K₂O (1.94%~4.94%)和CaO (0.82%~3.24%)等氧化物含量;在微量元素和稀土元素组成上,Y (5.2×10^-6~18.0×10^-6)和Yb (大多数在0.29×10^-6~0.70×10^-6)丰度普遍偏低、而Sr/Y (多数在55与82之间)和(La/Yb)_N (大多数在31与111之间)比值较高,且普遍表现LREE强烈富集的REE配分特征。结合Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i=0.71008~0.73852)-Nd (ε_Nd(t)=-9.95~-12.37)-Pb (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb _i=17.972~19.959)同位素组成,以及野外地质和岩相学特征,连云山岩体为典型的强过铝质花岗岩,并显示埃达克质岩地球化学亲和性,是玄武质岩浆底侵作用下由加厚的下地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆经同化混染和分异结晶而形成,其源岩可能主要为变杂砂岩、长英质片麻岩和变英云闪长岩。结合区域构造演化,我们推测晚中生代连云山花岗岩是三叠纪时期华北板块和扬子板块碰撞导致地壳加厚及随后的太平洋板块向华南大陆俯冲导致华南大陆伸展、减薄的联合作用构造背景下,主要由古元古代连云山群(?)物质部分融熔而产生。连云山花岗岩的成因及地球动力学背景的研究将有助于深刻揭示湘东北地区金和金多金属矿产形成的地球动力学机制。     

藏东同普杂岩体年代学、地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素特征及大地构造意义

同普杂岩体位于藏东江达地区。本文对该杂岩体岩相学、年代学、主微量元素以及Sr-Nd同位素进行了详细的研究。结果表明,该杂岩体主要由石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、含黑云母花岗岩和斑状花岗岩4种岩石类型组成,前三者形成时代分别为262.8±1.5Ma、263.9±1.9Ma、263.7±1.6Ma。其中,含黑云母花岗岩与斑状花岗岩呈渐变过渡关系,它们和花岗闪长岩一起均具有高SiO₂(65.1%~76.6%)、高K₂O+Na₂O(4.84%~8.13%),低MgO(0.25%~2.28%),低FeO^T(0.99%~4.44%),高A/CNK值(除一件样品外两者A/CNK值均大于1.1),以及Ba、Sr、Eu亏损等,均符合强过铝质S型花岗岩的特征。但前两者与后者CaO/Na₂O、Rb/Ba、Rb/Sr值均存在明显差异,哈克图解上也不存在线性关系,表明它们源区存在差异。石英闪长岩则具有相对低的SiO₂(54.2%~55.4%)、低K₂O+Na₂O(3.15%~4.72%),高MgO(3.78%~4.79%),高FeO^T(6.13%~8.09%)等特征。其还具有明显的Nb负异常,不具有Sr的负异常,以及轻稀土相对富集等,均符合岛弧岩浆岩的特征。Sr-Nd同位素特征显示,斑状花岗岩与花岗闪长岩具有相似的初始Sr比值(分别为0.7099,0.7125)和ε_Nd(t)值(分别为-8.6,-10.3),而石英闪长岩则具有较低的初始Sr比值(0.7062),较高的ε_Nd(t)值(1.37)。前两者均落入研究区S型花岗岩与高硅流纹岩区域,后者落在金沙江MORB的下方。通过综合分析,本文认为同普杂岩体形成于火山弧环境,且各岩石类型具有不同的源区:含黑云母花岗岩、斑状花岗岩与花岗闪长岩的源区分别为古老的泥质变质岩和贫泥质的变质砂岩;石英闪长岩则来自富集地幔。表明在晚二叠世早期(~263Ma)金沙江洋盆仍处于俯冲阶段,江达地区主要受金沙江洋盆俯冲消减体系控制而非地幔柱体系。     

河北赞皇地区许亭花岗岩的时代及成因:对华北克拉通中部带构造演化的制约

许亭花岗岩出露于赞皇杂岩中,位于河北省赞皇县西部山区,呈岩基状侵入新太古代TTG片麻岩和变质地层中,SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄为2090±10Ma。岩体主要由钾长-二长花岗岩组成,无暗色包体,偶见围岩的捕掳体。岩体组成不均匀,局部含石英和少量钾长石斑晶,构成似斑状结构。主要的矿物组合为石英+钾长石+斜长石+黑云母+绿帘石±白云母±角闪石,含萤石副矿物。岩石具有高硅(SiO₂＞75%)、富碱(ALK=6.90%~8.75%)、低铝(Al₂O₃ =10.32%~11.64%)、钛(TiO₂=0.26%~0.36%)和贫钙(CaO=0.18%~0.48%)、镁(MgO=0.16%~0.40%)、铁(Fe₂O^T₃=2.58%~3.46%)的特征,为偏铝质到弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列。岩石的稀土总量较高(293.8×10^-6 ~702.8×10^-6),轻稀土相对富集,有明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu^*=0.1~0.35)。微量元素中,富Zr、Nb和Y,而贫Ba、Sr和P等元素,Rb/Sr比值较高,介于1.45~7.52之间,平均4.31。岩石还具有高的Ga/Al值(3.04×10^-6~4.08×10^-6),具有A型花岗岩特征。在同位素组成方面,具有较低的ε_Nd(t)值(-14.29~-0.29,平均为-5.58)。许亭花岗岩具有板内花岗岩特征,可能与2.1Ga时岩浆板底垫托,导致新太古代TTG岩石部分熔融,并可能有少量古老地壳物质加入。根据岩体性质及岩石组合等特征推测赞皇、阜平、五台等地区的2.1Ga岩浆活动形成于统一的拉张裂解环境。     

南天山拜城县波孜果尔A型花岗岩类锆石U-Pb定年及其Lu-Hf同位素组成

新疆拜城县波孜果尔A型花岗岩类岩体位于塔里木地台北缘及邻区的近东西向碱性侵入岩带上,主要岩石类型为霓石钠闪石英碱长正长岩、霓石钠闪碱长花岗岩、黑云母碱长正长岩。全岩SiO₂=68.97%~74.14%,Na₂O+K₂O=9.67%~11.19%,Al₂O₃=13.72%~15.26%,Fe₂O₃=0.18%~1.41%,FeO=0.91%~1.51%,CaO=0.35%~0.63%。稀土元素总量较高,ΣREE=298×10^-6~1286×10^-6,平均706×10^-6,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,强烈的Eu负异常,呈“右倾海鸥型”的稀土元素配分模式。富Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=936×10^-6~3684×10^-6,平均1813×10^-6。为A1型花岗岩。岩体形成于早二叠纪。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为287.7~291.6Ma,平均289.8Ma,岩体形成后,在279.1~282Ma左右经历了后期热液流体的改造。锆石ε_Hf（t）值为-6.3~9.0,两阶段模式年龄（t_DM2）跨越古元古代晚期-新元古代中期,主要集中在中元古代。岩浆平均温度832~839℃,形成于非造山的板内构造环境,且具高温、无水、低氧逸度的成岩特点。该岩体具有壳幔混源的特点。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。