不同贮藏温度对肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的影响

本文研究不同贮藏条件对腊肉、香肠、火腿肠、西式火腿和熏烤肉中亚硝酸盐含量的影响。比较了5种肉制品在冷冻(-18℃)、冷藏(4℃)、常温(25℃)条件下贮藏时,其亚硝酸盐的含量随着贮藏时间的变化趋势。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,肉制品中的亚硝酸盐含量呈下降趋势,且室温条件下亚硝酸盐的含量比冷藏低,冷藏条件下的亚硝酸盐含量比冷冻低。     

保存条件对肉制品中亚硝酸盐的影响

为研究保存条件对肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的影响,实验选用牛肉及猪肉制品为研究对象,将其一部分真空密封包装,一部分不包装,并分别保存于4、15、37℃3个温度条件中。考察其在不同保存条件中,随保存时间的延长亚硝酸盐含量的变化情况,同时检测牛肉制品的色差,探究亚硝酸盐与色泽的关系。结果发现:肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量随保存时间的延长会下降,且不同保存条件对肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量有明显的影响,真空密封包装和低温保存条件,肉制品中亚硝酸盐下降速率低于不包装和高温保存条件;当样品变质后,亚硝酸盐会出现回升,真空密封的15℃和37℃,猪肉在保存后期出现亚硝酸盐回升,而牛肉没有。真空密封保存条件下,色差L*值和a*值与牛肉中的亚硝酸盐含量呈显著的正相关,其相关系数分别为0.843、0.934(n-2=13,p0.05)。综上,对肉制品中亚硝酸盐进行检测时,应尽快进行检测,或将样品置于真空密封状态下进行低温保存。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐状况分析及快检技术研究进展

亚硝酸盐作为肉制品加工行业中一种常见的添加剂,不仅能够增加肉制品的色泽、避免不良风味形成,同时具有抑菌防腐的作用,但亚硝酸盐摄入过多会对人体产生一定的健康危害。在近年来对肉制品的监测中发现,亚硝酸盐的超标问题仍然比较常见。肉制品中亚硝酸盐通过细菌作用转化而来或于加工过程中添加后,在贮藏过程中还会发生含量变化。因此,应用快速可靠的亚硝酸盐快检产品显得尤为重要。本文主要对肉制品中亚硝酸盐的来源及对人体的危害、监测情况、贮藏时的含量变化、亚硝酸盐快检技术的研究进展和应用现状进行了概述,并分析了现有快检产品目前存在的问题及发展前景。     

关于传统中式禽肉制品的工业化生产

本文论述了中式禽肉制品的特点以及进行工业化生产加工所存在的问题，提出要实现重视禽肉制品的工业化生产，首先要重视适合工业化生产加工的原料的培育和养殖，其次要重视科学实验研究，使传统的加工工艺标准化并量化工艺参数。另外要借鉴西式肉制品的先进加工技术，改进中式禽肉制品的加工工艺，使之符合工业化生产的要求。同时，设计研制完整，成套的中式禽肉制品加工设备亦是实现中式禽肉制品工业化生产的必要条件。     

自然发酵香肠中亚硝酸盐残留量的变化规律

对自然发酵香肠加工成熟过程中的亚硝酸盐残留量、pH值和水分含量进行了测定。结果表明，按照肉制品生产的标准剂量添加发色剂，广味香肠自然发酵成熟过程中亚硝酸盐残留量在2．59～27．25mg／kg范围内，均未超过国家标准。亚硝酸盐残留量的变化规律是：先下降后上升，在第5天时达到最大值，然后从第9天开始下降，至第30天时达到最低值。第30-60天期间略有轻微升高；水分含量总体呈下降的趋势，在第30d后其水分含量与亚硝酸盐残留量基本趋于稳定；pH值总体呈下降的趋势，pH值和亚硝酸盐残留量的变化具有一定的相关性。     

磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐在肉制品中的使用现状

在我国的肉制品加工中,一般都会使用亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐,以此来提高肉制品的品质。因为亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐使用比较广泛,所以当前市场上的磷酸盐和亚硝酸盐种类较多。在本文中,主要介绍了肉制品加工中亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐的作用及应用情况,并对其检测方法进行了概述,最后对肉制品加工中应用亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐的一些注意事项进行了论述,以期能为肉制品加工起到一定的指导作用。     

蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的测定及含量分析

采用超声提取、活性炭柱脱色和微孔膜过滤等步骤对蔬菜进行预处理,离子色谱法测定蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。探讨不同贮藏条件下4种蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的变化情况。结果表明:无论常温贮藏还是低温贮藏,贮藏7d内,4种蔬菜中硝酸盐含量变化基本上是呈下降趋势,亚硝酸盐含量均呈现先急剧上升后近于平稳的趋势,但常温贮藏的亚硝酸盐含量高于低温贮藏,除韭菜外,其它蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量均低于限量标准4mg/kg。     

加工青菜贮藏过程中产生亚硝酸盐因素的机制研究

通过对青菜在不同温度下(常温20℃,低温4℃),不同包装条件下(家庭用保鲜膜包装与不包装),不同加工方式的处理下(分为炒蒸煮3种加工处理),研究青菜在加工后的贮藏期间亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、游离氨基酸、铵态氮等指标含量变化影响特征及其影响因素,探究其含量变化规律,并探究了各变量在贮藏期对产生亚硝酸盐是否具有一定的相互作用影响。研究发现:亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、游离氨基酸、铵态氮各指标在不同温度下、不同包装方式下和不同贮藏时间均具有显著性差异(P0.01)。其中,亚硝酸盐含量在3种加工方式下,在第1小时内只有炒加工含量有所上升,其余均表现为下降,在之后的贮藏期内含量均保持上升之势,且随时间的延长上升幅度越显著。常温贮藏含量明显高于低温贮藏,有包装的含量高于无包装,以炒加工方式亚硝酸盐含量增加幅度最大,平均增幅1212.9倍,以蒸加工方式亚硝酸盐增加幅度最小,平均增幅92.82倍;硝酸盐含量在常温无包装下呈上升之势,其余处理下均呈下降之势,同样以炒加工组含量增幅最大,蒸加工增幅最小。常温无包装在贮藏第72小时达到峰值11778.933 mg/kg;游离氨基酸含量在3种加工方式下均表现为上升,以常温无包装下的增幅最大,其他三者处理增幅较小。铵态氮含量在3种加工方式下其含量以上升为主,只有在煮加工下有且出现略微下降的趋势。对指标相关性方面研究发现,亚硝酸盐与铵态氮均存在相关系数大于0.3的显著相关性,说明亚硝酸盐在加工蔬菜的贮藏过程中,明显存在与铵态氮之间的相互转化的可能性,而亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐有且仅有在煮加工处理下出现显著的弱性相关,与游离氨基酸之间相关性不明显,要研究他们之间具体转变过程和机制,则需要更深入研究。     

肉制品加工中不同因素对亚硝酸盐含量的变化及影响

为深入研究肉制品在加工、贮藏期间亚硝酸盐的变化情况,本文主要对影响肉制品加工中亚硝酸盐残留的几个因素进行了研究:原料肉种类的不同、产品中肥瘦肉比例、抗氧化剂D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量的变化及产品出品率变化。在同一时间点进行测定的结果表明:1、D-异抗坏血酸钠的添加可以有效的降低肉灌肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量,以0.15%(以成品计)效果最佳,与不添加比较可以有效的降低11%左右;2、产品出品率的不断增加会导致肉灌肠产品亚硝酸盐残留量的上升;3、在亚硝酸钠添加量不变的情况下,原料肉种类不同可能会导致产品的亚硝酸盐残留量超标,用鸡肉为原料加工的产品亚硝酸盐残留量高于用猪肉加工产品的40%左右;4、肥瘦比的不同会影响最终产品亚硝酸盐残留量。     

不同烹饪加工豇豆在冷藏过程中亚硝酸盐含量及抗氧化性能的变化

研究了水煮、蒸和油炸3种烹饪加工豇豆在4℃冷藏过程中亚硝酸盐含量及抗氧化性能的变化。采用福林酚法和TEAC法分别测定了不同烹饪加工豇豆提取物的多酚含量和抗氧化能力。结果表明:烹饪加工豇豆的亚硝酸盐含量显著高于新鲜豇豆;在冷藏过程中亚硝酸盐含量均先升后降,在贮藏第3天时,含量最高。在整个贮藏过程中,水煮豇豆的亚硝酸盐含量均显著高于其他组的。豇豆经烹饪加工后,其游离酚含量显著下降,其中油炸豇豆下降最显著,蒸豇豆下降最少。经蒸和油炸后豇豆的结合酚含量显著增加,其中油炸后增加的量更多,而水煮后结合酚含量则显著下降。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同烹饪加工豇豆的游离酚含量均显示出先增加后下降的趋势,而结合酚含量则显著下降。总抗氧化能力与多酚含量变化趋势比较相似,它们之间存在高度相关性。     

肌红蛋白在加工贮藏过程中结构与功能特性的变化及其对肉制品色泽的影响研究进展

肌红蛋白是一种主要存在于肌浆中的色素蛋白质,可以赋予和提升肉及肉制品在加工、贮藏和消费过程中的色泽。在肉制品加工过程中,引起肌红蛋白结构变化的因素有很多,而蛋白质结构的改变会引起其功能特性的改变,从而对肉制品的色泽产生影响。本文主要介绍肉及肉制品中肌红蛋白在加工和贮藏过程中的结构变化,并综述了结构变化引起的肌红蛋白功能特性改变,以期为肉及肉制品的品质控制提供参考。     

Influence of turkey meat on residual nitrite in cured meat products

A response surface experimental design was employed to estimate residual nitrite level at various initial nitrite concentrations, percent turkey meat in the formula, and heat quantity (F) values using a typical wiener as the test system. Pork and mechanically separated turkey were used as the meat ingredients. Residual nitrite and pH were measured at day 1, 7 days, 14 days, and 49 days after processing. Protein, fat, salt, moisture, and CIE (L*a*b*) color values were also determined. Results showed that the effect of turkey meat on residual nitrite level was significant (P < 0.01). An increased amount of turkey meat in the formula resulted in lower residual nitrite levels at a fixed pH. The residual nitrite level was initially proportional to initial nitrite concentration, but it became a nonsignificant factor during longer storage time. Differences in heat quantity had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on residual nitrite level initially. Greater heat quantity decreased residual nitrite level in finished cured meat products at a fixed pH. However, this effect became nonsignificant during longer storage. Reduction of residual nitrite in wieners because of turkey meat addition at a fixed pH was due to characteristics of the turkey tissue, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. It was also established that commercial wieners had a higher pH if poultry meat was included in the formulation.     

Effect of Sodium Nitrite on Flavor and TBA Values in Canned, Comminuted Ham

Canned, comminuted ham was manufactured with and without sodium nitrite to investigate the role of nitrite in developing and preserving cured meat flavor. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were measured throughout processing and the canned storage period, and compared with sensory triangle testing and preference evaluations of the canned products at intervals throughout 26 weeks storage. The development of oxidative rancidity as measured by TBA values was also evaluated on refrigerated products held aerobically. Results show decreased TBA values in product with nitrite. Statistically significant flavor differences were observed in products with and without nitrite; statistically significant preferences were observed only when product color was evident.     

Color compensation in nitrite-reduced meat batters incorporating paprika or tomato paste

BACKGROUND: Nitrite is a key ingredient the manufacture of meat products, forming a stable pink color characteristic of cured products, retarding the development of rancidity and off‐odors and flavors during storage, and preventing microbial growth. The negative aspects of nitrite and the demands for healthy foods result in the need to reduce nitrite in cured meat products. Paprika or tomato has been employed as natural pigments in meat products. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of incorporating paprika powder or tomato paste on the texture, rancidity and instrumental and sensory color compensation in nitrite‐reduced meat batters. RESULTS: Addition of tomato paste improved moisture content, resulting in harder but less cohesive samples as compared to control and paprika‐containing meat batters. Color characteristics of reduced nitrite samples obtained higher a* red coloration (8.9 for paprika and 7.7–8.0 for tomato paste), as compared to control samples (5.65). Instrumental color was low in control samples, with high values for tomato paste and paprika samples. Nonetheless, tomato paste used to compensate color in nitrite‐reduced meat batters was ranked closer to the control sample in sensory evaluation. CONCLUSION: Color characteristics—instrumental and sensory—in these kinds of meat products were enhanced by the addition of 2.5–3.0% of tomato paste, presenting results close to the non‐reduced nitrite control. Similarly, antioxidant components of tomato paste or paprika reduced lipid oxidation. Nitrite reduction from 150 to 100 ppm could be achieved employing tomato paste as a natural pigment to improve color and texture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

猪血亚硝基血红蛋白亚基色素的保存期限及其应用研究

以猪血和亚硝酸钠合成的亚硝基血红蛋白亚基色素为对象,通过光谱扫描、菌落总数测定和肉制品发色试验,研究色素在不同保存状态下的稳定性,以确定其保质期限。另外通过色差计测定该色素所制肉制品在贮藏期内的颜色变化,来判断色素发色的稳定性。结果表明:在-29℃冷冻条件下和采用真空冷冻干燥手段保存亚硝基血红蛋白亚基色素较为理想,保质期为6个月之久。而在肉制品贮藏期内,其色泽同样保持稳定,证实该色素添加到灌肠肉制品中是可行的。     

Carbon Monoxide as a Colorant in Cooked or Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT:  The study aimed at substituting nitrite with carbon monoxide (CO) in cooked or fermented meat batter products by investigating color and color stability in myoglobin solutions, model meat systems, and full-scale hotdog and salami sausages of pork and beef. For cooked model meat systems and hotdogs at 75 to 80 °C core temperatures, direct flushing with a 1% CO gas mixture during the last stage of the batter chopping produced an initial red color equal to nitrite or more intense than with nitrite. For fermented model meat systems and salami sausages with a final pH of 4.7, pretreatment and storage of ground raw meat in a 1% CO mixture, and later use of the pretreated meat in batters, also formed an initial red color in the final products. The color stability during air and light display of cooked and fermented meat products with CO was inadequate compared to products with nitrite, although the red color of CO products was largely maintained by anaerobic packaging and storage. Spectra of carboxy- and nitrosomyoglobin at pH 4.7 demonstrated higher absorbance for carboxymyoglobin.     

The effects of nitrite on the survival of Clostridium sporogenes and the autoxidation properties of the Kavurma

Kavurma is a traditional cooked (fried) meat product manufactured to preserve meat. Some bacterial genera, e.g., clostridia are important in kavurma. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of nitrite and the traditional cooking process on the survival and proliferation of Clostridium botulinum and the autoxidation properties of the kavurma. For this purpose, Clostridium sporogenes having similar characteristics to C. botulinum was used, and the samples were inoculated with 10(6) CFU/g C. sporogenes cells before the traditional cooking. The final products were packaged and stored under refrigeration for 6 months, and then the oxidation parameters (TBA, peroxide and free fatty acid values) and C. sporogenes counts of samples were determined. It was observed that C. sporogenes could survive during the traditional cooking process and storage. However, counts decreased during storage; for example, nitrite containing samples initially had 3.21logCFU/g C. sporogenes and 2.73logCFU/g at the end of storage. While nitrite had a slight antimicrobial effect on clostridia, it significantly reduced the TBA, peroxide and FFA values of the samples. In conclusion, it is suggested that addition of 100ppm of nitrite might be useful in kavurma processing because of its role in limiting oxidation as well as its antimicrobial effect.     

The application of wheat fibre and soy isolate impregnated with iodine salts to fortify processed meats

The aim was to use wheat dietary fibre and soy protein isolate as carriers of KI and KIO₃ for fortification of processed meat with iodine. Products from minced pork were prepared with addition of iodised wheat fibre and soy isolate, and iodised table salt for comparison and the effects of thermal processing and storage on changes in iodine content were determined. It was shown that both alternative carriers limited the iodine changes in meat products compared with iodised table salt. However, wheat fibre was more effective in limiting iodine losses during thermal processing and soy protein during storage of the products. The greatest effect of the carriers was found in meat products fortified with the less stable KI.     

The application of wheat fibre and soy isolate impregnated with iodine salts to fortify processed meats

The aim was to use wheat dietary fibre and soy protein isolate as carriers of KI and KIO₃ for fortification of processed meat with iodine. Products from minced pork were prepared with addition of iodised wheat fibre and soy isolate, and iodised table salt for comparison and the effects of thermal processing and storage on changes in iodine content were determined. It was shown that both alternative carriers limited the iodine changes in meat products compared with iodised table salt. However, wheat fibre was more effective in limiting iodine losses during thermal processing and soy protein during storage of the products. The greatest effect of the carriers was found in meat products fortified with the less stable KI.