某部潜艇人员长航期间膳食结构调查分析

目的 了解某部潜艇人员长航期间膳食营养状况和存在问题,为保障潜艇官兵健康以及制定军人营养素供给量、食物定量标准提供依据.方法 膳食调查采用记帐法,能量消耗采用能量平衡法.结果 (1)猪肉、牛羊肉、脏腑、禽蛋、鱼虾、乳粉、豆类及制品、食糖、蔬菜、木耳、海带、紫菜摄入量偏低.(2)热能71.1%来源于植物性食物,而摄入动物性蛋白质占摄入蛋白质总量的50.1%,符合军标要求,动物性脂肪占摄入脂肪总量的69.9%,超过军标要求.(3)人均每日维生素A、维生素E和维生素B1的摄入量明显低于军标,胆固醇摄入量明显超过军标.另外,人均每日摄人大量钠.结论 受调查的潜艇部队长航期间能量和多数营养素的摄入量能达到军标要求,维生素A、维生素E和维生素B1的摄入量偏低,胆固醇摄入量偏高,应增加牛羊肉、蔬菜、牛奶、禽蛋、鱼虾等水产品的供应,减少动物脂肪的摄人,减少食盐等调味品的摄入.     

装甲兵某部官兵膳食调查

目的 了解装甲兵某部的膳食营养状况,为制定合理的膳食结构和新的食物定量标准提供科学依据.方法 采用称量法连续4 d对装甲兵某部共142名官兵进行膳食调查;利用"部队营养配餐与评估系统V1.0"进行计算,依据GJB 823B—2016《军人营养素供给量》和GJB 826B—2010《军人食物定量》进行膳食营养评价;计算官兵平均每日的能量消耗,确定劳动强度等级;通过问卷调查和血液生化分析,了解常见营养缺乏情况.结果(1)所调查单位官兵平均每人每日的能量消耗为3315 kcal(13.9 MJ),属于中度体力劳动强度;(2)粮食、禽肉、鱼虾类、蔗糖、蔬菜、水果、食用菌(干)的摄入不足;植物油及大豆的摄入量偏高,植物油摄入量为军标的155.2％;(3)碳水化合物产能比(43.7％)低于军标,而脂肪产能比(42.8％)超过军标的规定;(4)膳食脂肪主要来源于植物性食物,其占总能量的60.8％;蛋白质主要来源于动物性食物;摄入的动物性蛋白质和大豆蛋白质之和占摄入蛋白质总量的61.7％,超过军标的要求;(5)所调查对象体质指数≥24 kg/m2者占受调查人数的26.5％;(6)每人每日的能量摄入量达标;蛋白质、钠、磷、铁的摄入超标,而维生素A、B1、B2的摄入不足;(7)少部分官兵存在眼睛发干、牙龈出血、口腔溃疡等营养缺乏症状.结论 装甲兵某部官兵目前能量和大多数营养素的摄入基本达到军标要求,但维生素A、B1、B2的摄入不足,蛋白质、钠、磷、铁和油脂摄入偏高.建议调整优化膳食结构,达到膳食营养平衡.     

武警某部战士膳食营养素与体成分的相关性

 目的 探讨武警某部战士膳食与体成分的关系,为进一步提供科学的膳食结构和强化战士体能水平打下理论基础。方法 整群选择武警某部137名战士作为调查对象,采用三日称重法对其食堂伙食供应情况连续调查,计算其能量及三大营养素摄入情况;采用人体成分分析仪测定体成分,包括身体总水分、肌肉量、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积和腰臀比,采用多元回归分析食物能量及三大营养素与体成分之间的关联。结果 调研的战士每日膳食能量摄入量为3591.5 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的摄入量分别为(98.6±18.2)g、(138.9±24.1)g和(484.8±78.2)g;调查对象的身体总水分为(38.5±7.2)kg,肌肉量为(43.7±10.7)kg,体脂百分比为(17.6±5.3)%,内脏脂肪面积为(58.6±14.2)cm²,腰臀比为(81.0±15.2)%。饮食蛋白质摄入量与身体总水分和肌肉量呈正相关,脂肪摄入量与体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积呈正相关(P<0.05),碳水化合物摄入量与体脂百分比和腰臀比呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论 饮食结构与战士体成分关系密切,应适当调整基层部队的膳食结构,对于降低体脂百分比、提高运动能力、保障军人身体健康具有重要意义。     

空军飞行人员营养膳食状况调查

目的 掌握当前飞行人员营养状况以及存在的问题,提出纠正措施. 方法 采用称重法进行膳食调查,食物重量精确到10 g,每个伙食单位连续调查3 d,其中包括1个飞行日.数据录入采用本所自行设计开发的"营养计算软件",该软件数据库采用中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所编制的<中国食物成分表2004>. 结果 飞行人员膳食摄入中蛋白质和脂肪偏高、碳水化合物偏低.维生素A、维生素B_1、维生素B_2摄入量仅达到或接近标准低限,微量元素达到标准要求.南方和北方部队在膳食结构上没有明显差别. 结论 飞行人员膳食结构不平衡,某些营养素超标和另一些营养素缺乏同时存在.应采取措施减少脂肪摄入量,增加水果蔬菜和动物脏腑以提高维生素摄入量.     

空降兵热能需要量与膳食调查

目的调查研究我军空降兵的膳食营养状况及营养需要量。方法采用生活观察法和周训练内容登记表记录法对某部６名战士分别在春、夏、秋、冬四个季节进行热能消耗调查;同时采用“查帐法”对该６名战士所在连全年（１～１２月）食物消耗品种、数量和用餐人数进行调查。结果热能消耗量平均每人每天１６３７０．４ｋＪ（３９１０ｋｃａｌ）;食物消耗量达到军人食物定量标准４类灶要求的低限。平均每人每日各种营养素的摄取量达到供给量的低限标准（以重度劳动强度计）,其中热量、钙、维生素Ｂ２、维生素ＰＰ等仍显不足。结论空降兵热能消耗较大,热能摄入不足,有可能发生热能代谢的负平衡问题;膳食质量较好,但也存在某些营养素摄入不足,达不到营养素供给量标准的问题。建议：①提高空降兵热能供给量标准,可考虑定为每人１６７４７～１７５８５ｋＪ／ｄ（４０００～４２００ｋｃａｌ／ｄ）;②提高空降兵现行灶别（从４类灶提高到５类灶）;③继续深入研究空降兵的营养需要量和供给量标准。     

心血管疾病住院患者饮食生糖负荷和糖类、脂肪及蛋白质摄入量的研究

目的研究成年心血管疾病住院患者饮食生糖负荷情况及与代谢性疾病发病相关性,了解成年心血管疾病住院患者能量和糖类、脂肪及蛋白质生热营养素摄入情况。方法采用膳食回顾法估算118例成年心血管疾病住院患者的总能量及三大营养素的摄入量,根据食物血糖生成指数（glycemic index,GI）和糖类摄入量计算饮食生糖负荷（glycemic load,GL）。分析住院患者饮食GL的性别和年龄分布,分析不同饮食水平患者的膳食结构。结果成年心血管疾病住院患者每日膳食GL平均为256.7,老年患者平均为222.0,中、青年患者平均为278.6,中、青年患者高于老年患者。低膳食GL的患者膳食糖类供能比低,脂肪供能比高,谷薯类摄入低,脂肪摄入高,超重和肥胖发生率高。结论低膳食GL的患者粮谷类消费过低,脂肪消费过高,膳食结构不合理,以此作为患者的住院及家用饮食指导的依据,从而提供平衡、合理的膳食结构。     

我军炮兵部队膳食调查与评价

目的：调查、评价我军炮兵部队膳食情况。方法：选择南京、北京、沈阳、广州四军区炮兵部队伙食单位作为调查对象,采用称重法进行为期5 d的膳食调查,同时采用军人食物定量、军人营养素供给量标准和膳食平衡指数法评价膳食结构存在的问题。结果：调查单位膳食结构不尽合理,谷类、豆类及其制品、蔬菜、水产品等摄入不足较普遍;猪肉、食用油的消费较高;奶类、蛋类、牛羊肉等摄入量则参差不齐。人均能量和大部分营养素摄入量基本达到军人营养素供给量规定水平;脂肪产能过高,达到34%-46%;钙摄入不足较突出;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2缺乏比较普遍。结论：我军膳食结构存在一定问题,应用膳食平衡指数评价军人膳食结构简便易行,但需要针对部队实际情况进行完善。     

高原边防部队膳食营养调查分析

目的 了解高原边防部队膳食营养现状,为高原部队食物及营养素推荐摄入量标准的制定提供依据.方法 采用GJB 1636A-2016中称重法和体格检查法对驻海拔4600 m(A部)和4030 m(B部)单位的膳食营养情况进行调查.按GJB826B-2010和GJB823B-2016进行膳食质量评价;高效液相色谱法检测血浆维生素A含量,ELISA法检测血浆25-OH VD含量;上臂肌围采用GJB1636A-2016评价,体脂率采用体成分仪所附标准评价.结果 A部禽蛋、牛奶和植物油摄入达标,其余食物未达标;B部粮食和植物油摄入达标,其余食物摄入未达标.A部蛋白质、钙、磷、钠、铁、硒、碘、铜、锰、维生素E、B3摄入充足,能量、钾、锌、镁、维生素D、C、B1和B2摄入不足,维生素A、B6、B9和B12严重缺乏;B部能量、蛋白质、磷、钾、钠、锌、铁、硒、镁、铜、锰、维生素E、C、B1和B3摄入充足,维生素B2摄入不足,钙、碘、维生素A、D、B6、B9和B12严重缺乏.A部蛋白质和脂肪产热达标,碳水化合物产热过低;B部蛋白质产热达标,脂肪产热超标,碳水化合物产热过低.两单位人员血浆维生素A含量充足;血浆25-OH 维生素D含量不足及缺乏.A部和B部上臂肌围正常人数比分别为93.5%和97.7%,体脂率偏瘦人数比分别为80.6%和70.5%.结论 高原边防部队的食物和营养素摄入不均衡,机体维生素D缺乏,但蛋白质营养状况较好,体脂较低,还需调整膳食结构和进行营养宣教来改善高原部队膳食营养现状.     

某野战医疗所演习期间膳食情况调查

目的：了解某部野战医疗所官兵演习期间的营养状况,为今后演习训练中合理调配膳食提供依据。方法：采用记账法,对某部野战医疗所参加演习的官兵118例进行30天膳食情况调查,以军队食物定量标准及营养素供给量标准进行统计分析。结果：食物摄入以谷类、蔬菜为主,平均每人每天摄入的热能为15.5MJ;蛋白质、脂肪、糖类三大营养素占总热量的比例分别为14.8%、36.1%和49.1%。结论：总热量摄入可以满足野外演习训练的需要,但三大营养素摄入比例不合理,脂肪摄入超标,糖类摄入不足。     

武警某机动部队官兵膳食营养调查

 目的 了解武警某机动部队官兵的膳食结构和营养状况,为指导其合理膳食提供参考。方法 选取某机动部队共514名官兵作为调查对象,采用称重法进行连续4 d的膳食调查,计算能量及营养素摄入情况,了解官兵的营养缺乏状况,采取体格检查和问卷调查的方式评估官兵的膳食结构和营养状况。结果 机动部队一类灶和二类灶官兵日人均能量摄入量符合军标,三类灶官兵日人均能量摄入量低于军标。一类灶官兵畜肉、鱼虾、大豆、蔗糖和干菜等摄入量低于军标,钠和维生素D摄入量低于军标;二类灶官兵鱼虾、大豆、蔗糖、食用菌、干菜和饮料等低于军标,磷、锌、硒和维生素D、E、B₁、B₂、B₆、C以及烟酸低于军标;三类灶官兵水果、鱼虾、牛奶、豆类等低于军标,钾、钙、磷、铁、锌、硒和维生素A、B₁、B₂、B₆以及维生素C低于军标。体格检查发现二类灶中有44.45%的官兵体质指数和体脂异常,问卷调查显示45.04%的官兵训练后感到疲乏和睡眠不好。结论 某机动部队官兵存在膳食结构不合理、供能比例不合理的情况。建议增加多种类型果蔬、鱼虾的摄入,适当减少动物性油脂的摄入。     

Vegetarian diets : nutritional considerations for athletes

The quality of vegetarian diets to meet nutritional needs and support peak performance among athletes continues to be questioned. Appropriately planned vegetarian diets can provide sufficient energy and an appropriate range of carbohydrate, fat and protein intakes to support performance and health. The acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for carbohydrate, fat and protein of 45-65%, 20-35% and 10-35%, respectively, are appropriate for vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes alike, especially those who perform endurance events. Vegetarian athletes can meet their protein needs from predominantly or exclusively plant-based sources when a variety of these foods are consumed daily and energy intake is adequate. Muscle creatine stores are lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians. Creatine supplementation provides ergogenic responses in both vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes, with limited data supporting greater ergogenic effects on lean body mass accretion and work performance for vegetarians. The potential adverse effect of a vegetarian diet on iron status is based on the bioavailability of iron from plant foods rather than the amount of total iron present in the diet. Vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes alike must consume sufficient iron to prevent deficiency, which will adversely affect performance. Other nutrients of concern for vegetarian athletes include zinc, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and calcium. The main sources of these nutrients are animal products; however, they can be found in many food sources suitable for vegetarians, including fortified soy milk and whole grain cereals. Vegetarians have higher antioxidant status for vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherol), and beta-carotene than omnivores, which might help reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress. Research is needed comparing antioxidant defences in vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes.     

Redox,iron, and nutritional status of children during swimming training

Effects of exercise training on important determinants of children's long-term health, such as redox and iron status, have not been adequately investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine changes in markers of the redox, iron and nutritional status of boy and girl swimmers during a prolonged period of training. 11 boys and 13 girls, aged 10–11 years, were members of a swimming club. They were assessed at the beginning of the training season, at 13 weeks and at 23 weeks through blood sampling and recording of the diet. Reduced glutathione increased at 13 and 23 weeks, whereas oxidised glutathione decreased at 13 weeks, resulting in an increase of the reduced/oxidised glutathione ratio at 13 and 23 weeks. Total antioxidant capacity, catalase, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation and ferritin did not change significantly. Carbohydrate intake was below 50% of energy and fat intake was above 40% of energy. Intakes of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol were excessive. Iron intake was adequate but intakes of folate, vitamin E, calcium and magnesium did not meet the recommended daily allowances. No significant differences were found between sexes in any of the parameters measured. In conclusion, child swimmers improved the redox status of glutathione during training, although the intake of antioxidant nutrients did not change. The iron status was not impaired by training. Suboptimal intake of several nutrients suggests the need for nutritional monitoring and education of children athletes.     

Nutritional needs of female athletes

Nutritional intake is undoubtedly an important component that has an impact on physical performance of all athletes, women as well as men. Clearly, this fact is recognized and is acted upon by the athlete in seeking nutritional advice from sources reliable and otherwise in the hope of finding a food or nutrient that provides the "competitive edge." The nutritional advice that will best serve female athletes in their physical endeavors and in their health is based on a few sound nutritional principles. The nutrients required for physically active women are the same as for women in the general population and for men. Although the nutrients required are the same, physical activity does influence the amount of some nutrients needed by female athletes. In general, female athletes will need more energy, water, sodium, potassium, and certain vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) than nonathletic females. Fortunately, this does not require special dietary adjustments, since when a balanced diet is eaten to meet additional energy needs, the requirements for sodium, potassium, and vitamins are usually more than met. The female athlete should be encouraged to give special attention to two nutrients, water and iron. Any female athlete participating in physical activity causing significant sweat loss should understand the importance of fluid balance and how to properly rehydrate during and following exercise. Iron is not required at increased levels for the female athlete; however, it is frequently limited in the diet of women in general. If the diet is inadequate and biochemical abnormalities are found, supplementation should be considered under the guidance of a physician. Lastly, although studies repeatedly show the general adequacy of female athletes' diet, there is evidence that some individual athletes do consume a marginal diet. By evaluating the typical pattern of dietary intake, these athletes can be identified and provided with nutritional counseling or supplementation, or both.     

The effects of exercise-training on energy balance and adipose tissue morphology and metabolism

The effects of exercise training on energy expenditure, energy intake, fat cell size and adipose tissue lipolysis have been reviewed. Individuals engaged in regular and intense training programmes, e.g. long distance runners, seem to exhibit an elevated resting metabolic rate but moderate training is not accompanied by any important change. Diet-induced thermogenesis is a significant component of daily energy expenditure. It is still unclear whether or not exercise or training causes significant alteration in the thermic response to food intake. Energy expenditure associated with physical activity can play a meaningful role in body composition and adipose tissue metabolism. Largest weight losses have been achieved with programmes of long duration, presumably without marked compensation in food intake. However, it has been shown repeatedly that an increase in energy expenditure with exercise training tends to be associated with an elevation in food intake in free-living individuals. Weight loss is concomitant with a reduction in fat cell diameter and, when caused by an exercise training programme, it is generally accompanied by an increase in fat cell lipolytic activities. There are clear indications that weight loss induced by exercise training has a much higher fat content than weight loss caused by dieting. In addition, data suggest that exercise training may result in a greater depletion of fat stores than a low calorie diet, thus delaying the advent of the resistance phase to fat loss. Data on human subjects derived from well controlled energy balance and metabolic experiments are needed to further advance our understanding about the effects of exercise training on the adipose tissue.     

Exercise and food intake. What is the relationship?

Understanding the effects of exercise on food intake is complicated by limitations of methodology. One primary limitation with human subjects is food intake assessment. Highly accurate techniques may not represent usual eating patterns. Present techniques representative of usual eating habits lack accuracy. Several independent variables also affect the results of exercise-food intake studies, even with laboratory rats where food intake measurements can be quite accurate. These variables include exercise protocols, subject characteristics, types and amounts of food available for consumption, environmental conditions, and sociocultural factors. Most investigations have focused on the effects of exercise training protocols on energy intake. When forced to run on treadmills, energy intake of laboratory rats usually decreases in males and increases in females. In response to forced swimming protocols, energy intake in male rats is usually unchanged and increased by female rats. In contrast, voluntary running (in running wheels) usually results in an increase in energy intake in both male and female rats. However, energy intake may also be unaffected or reduced in male rats given access to running wheels. These gender differences may be related to much lower levels of voluntary wheel running observed in male rats. The gender difference observed with rats is not apparent in humans. Energy intake of humans is usually increased or unchanged in response to exercise training programmes. However, when energy intake is increased, it is usually below the increased expenditure, resulting in negative energy balance. Highly trained athletes and lean individuals usually increase energy intake in response to increased physical activity, whereas, obese untrained subjects commonly do not change energy intake when exposed to exercise training. Few studies have investigated the effects of exercise on changes in food selection in laboratory animals; the results of studies with humans also have been inconsistent. Research results range from increased carbohydrate, fat, or protein consumption to no change in diet composition. Rats respond to detraining (cessation of exercise) with increased or unchanged energy intake. Men who detrain after 9 months of training regain bodyweight and body fat lost during training despite a reduction of energy intake and the percentage of calories from dietary fat. The relationship between exercise and food intake is complex. These often inconsistent or conflicting results reflect this complexity. Further understanding awaits additional research to clarify confounding variables.     

Calcium requirements for the athlete

There is oftentimes a notion of "the more, the better" with regard to vitamin and mineral intake among individuals, and especially among athletes. Although adequate calcium intake is necessary to promote bone health and prevent osteoporosis, increased physical activity alone does not necessarily demand an increased intake of dietary calcium or other micronutrients. Athletes may lose calcium via sweat, in which case replenishment is advocated either via dietary intake of calcium-rich foods or a commercial calcium supplement. The important message to athletes is to consume a diet adequate in energy, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and fluids to support the physical demands and replenish the physiologic losses incurred with physical training.     

Vitamins and endurance training. Food for running or faddish claims?

The inter-relationship of food and physical performance, food is considered as a conglomerate of nutrients and man is depicted as a kind of organic pudding. This 'machine' concept of human performance in combination with the mysticism surrounding vitamins, has led to the faddish belief that additional vitamins are necessary to improve physical performance by means of supercharging the metabolic processes in the body. Various vitamins and their dietary recommendations as well as the indicators for vitamin status are discussed. It is concluded that a marginal or subclinical deficiency state can be defined as an intermediate between optimal vitamin status and frank clinical deficiency. Marginal deficiency is characterised by biochemical values deviating from statistically derived reference limits as well as the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of vitamin deficiency. Besides the static, mostly biochemical, indicators of vitamin status, more functional indicators are considered, among them work capacity. An extensive historical review on depletion studies, epidemiological surveys and supplementation studies is presented. It is concluded that a restricted intake of some B-complex vitamins-individually and in combination-of approximately less than 35 to 45% of the recommended dietary allowance may lead to decreased endurance capacity within a few weeks. Studies on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) depletion and fat-soluble vitamin A deficiency have noted no decrease of endurance capacity. However, in a few recent epidemiological surveys, biochemical vitamin C deficiency was actually shown to decrease aerobic power. Although the general conclusion is that a reduced water-soluble vitamin intake decreases endurance capacity, it is believed that further controlled experimentation is needed with B-complex vitamins and vitamin C individually. Furthermore, usually employed reference limits for vitamins need reappraisal translating them into impairment limits. With respect to the available evidence, it can be concluded that supplementation of diet with either single or multivitamin preparations containing B-complex vitamins, vitamin C or E does not improve physical performance in athletes with a normal biochemical vitamin balance resulting from a well-balanced diet. Although vitamin supplementation does not seem to produce any effect when the diet is adequate, it is possible that vitamin B-complex supplementation is useful in sports with a high energy expenditure, because of the unavoidable consumption of 'empty calories' i.e. food products with a low nutrient density. The side effects of megavitamin supplementation are discussed briefly.     

驻湘武警部队战士膳食成分的调查

 目的 了解我部战士的营养状况。方法 采用3 d膳食称量法进行膳食调查,按标准方法进行体格检查,并随机抽取263名战士进行血红蛋白、血钙、血铁、尿维生素C的测定。结果三大营养素摄入量达到标准,但钙及维生素B2摄入不足;身高发育属中等,按BMI评价方法,调查人群中,体格发育标准者占82％,消瘦者占12％,肥胖者占5.49％;生化结果血红蛋白、血铁均正常,平均血钙虽达到标准,但低于正常值者占调查人群的39％,所占比例较大;维生素C含量严重缺乏,低于正常值者占92％。结论 我部战士营养状况基本良好,建议合理调整膳食结构,注意食品多样化,提高谷类、豆类、蔬菜类的摄入,尤其是豆类。