萤火一号火星探测器有效载荷分系统设计

对萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器有效载荷分系统设计进行了研究.根据YH-1科学探测任务、约束条件和特点,确定了探测器有效载荷配置为等离子体包、磁强计、掩星接收机和光学成像仪.各有效载荷采取单一工作模式,以简化控制.介绍了各有效载荷的控制和数据处理方式,以及有效载荷分系统的巡航段自检、火星空间环境探测、星星掩星实验、拍照、星地掩星实验等工作模式.对有效载荷的数据量进行了分析和设计.分析表明:YH 1火星探测器有效载荷的配置和设计能满足科学探测任务的需要,且具协调性、可操作性和资源利用充分性.     

嫦娥二号再传佳音成功从172万千米外深空传回科学探测数据

9月中旬,我国第二颗月球探测卫星嫦娥二号成功从172万千米外深空,传回第一批科学探测数据。这些数据是嫦娥二号从月球飞往日地拉格朗日L2点过程中,太阳风离子探测器、太阳高能粒子探测器、Y射线谱仪等三种有效载荷开机,所获取的空间环境探测数据。根据工程总体安排,将于近日择机再次开启部分有效载荷,执行科学探测任务。     

到1995年宇宙神火箭将发射32次

美国通用动力公司的宇宙神运载火箭将于今年年中进行首次商业发射,其有效载荷是一颗科学卫星CRRES。到1995年将发射32次,预计1991年发射6次,有效载荷是静地轨道环境观测卫星1(GOES-1)、银河卫星、国际通信卫星K和3颗美国空军的国防卫星通信系统(DSCS)卫星3;1992年发射5次,有效载荷为两颗未来型DSCS和一颗GOES—J、另一颗银河卫星及美国海军的第一颗特高频(UHF)舰队通信卫星;     

萤火一号火星探测器有效载荷分系统集成技术

对萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器有效载荷分系统集成技术进行了研究.介绍了有效载荷数管分系统组成和任务,下行数据管理中数据采集、处理、存储和发送,以及遥控设计中遥控数据注入和宏指令方式等.给出了有效载荷分系统集成的地面技术支持,以及系统测试项目和系统模飞等内容.YH-1火星探测器采用有效载荷分系统集成技术明显减轻了整器测试的负担.     

月面巡视探测器关键技术分析

介绍了月面巡视探测器国内外的基本情况，分析了月面巡视探测器设计和研制的主要特点。并根据科学目标形成了月面巡视探测器的概念性设想，对月面巡视探测器的系统组成、工作程序与模式、有效载荷承载比例、工作寿命、移动范围、安全防护能力，以及集成化进行了初步设计。进而提出和分析了其主要关键技术。     

萤火一号火星探测器技术创新点

结合萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器的科学目标和工程目标,介绍了该探测器总体设计、结构、电源、测控数传、姿控、热控、综合电子和有效载荷等分系统设计的技术创新点.YH-1火星探测器秉持小型化、集成化、轻型化设计理念,电子单机采用栈接式集成结构,体积小,质量轻,成本低,基本符合国际未来深空探测发展趋势.     

火星空间环境探测设计与实施

介绍了萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器的轨道设计,以及火星空间磁场、电离层和粒子分布及其变化规律,火星大气离子逃逸率,火星地形、地貌和沙尘暴,火星重力场等科学目标.给出了探测器等离子体探测包、掩星接收机、磁通门磁强计、光学成像仪等有效载荷的组成、作用和性能指标.YH-1火星探测器的研制成功为我国后续深空探测活动打下了坚实的基础.     

印度“月船”1探测任务介绍（下）

科学仪器 “月船”1探测器携带的11台科学仪器有5台由印度自行研制,其余6台由国外提供。探测器的主要科学目标和相应的仪器有效载荷列于表1。     

第14颗返回式卫星和组装中的长征二号丙火箭

1.我国第14颗返回式科学卫星2.长征二号丙火箭与有效载荷舱3.有效载荷吊装第14颗返回式卫星和组装中的长征二号丙火箭     

萤火一号火星探测器有效载荷数管软件控制技术

对萤火一号(YH 1)火星探测器有效载荷数据管理软件控制技术进行了研究.介绍了软件的组成.给出了控制需求与约束.软件综合利用立即指令队列、事件表、宏指令和指令状态机等机制,实现了对光学成像仪、掩星接收机、磁强计、等离子体探测包4种有效载荷,以及测控数传分系统的控制,可满足YH-1火星探测器的要求.     

月亮女神探月计划及对我国月球与深空探测的思考

日本月亮女神月球探测器在顺利完成各项探测任务后,于北京时间2009年6月11日受控落月.该探月计划在一箭三星组网探测月球背面重力场、有效载荷创新设计、科研活动组织、成果产出、公众参与和科普宣传等方面有许多亮点,对我国探月工程有重要参考价值.文章综合回顾、分析和评述了月亮女神探月计划的任务、探测器、轨道与飞控、重要事件等...     

Introduction to Japanese exploration study to the moon

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) views the lunar lander SELENE-2 as the successor to the SELENE mission. In this presentation, the mission objectives of SELENE-2 are shown together with the present design status of the spacecraft. JAXA launched the Kaguya (SELENE) lunar orbiter in September 2007, and the spacecraft observed the Moon and a couple of small satellites using 15 instruments. As the next step in lunar exploration, the lunar lander SELENE-2 is being considered. SELENE-2 will land on the lunar surface and perform in-situ scientific observations, environmental investigations, and research for future lunar utilization including human activity. At the same time, it will demonstrate key technologies for lunar and planetary exploration such as precise and safe landing, surface mobility, and overnight survival. The lander will carry laser altimeters, image sensors, and landing radars for precise and safe landing. Landing legs and a precisely controlled propulsion system will also be developed. A rover is being designed to be able to travel over a wide area and observe featured terrain using scientific instruments. Since some of the instruments require long-term observation on the lunar surface, technology for night survival over more than 2 weeks needs to be considered. The SELENE-2 technologies are expected to be one of the stepping stones towards future Japanese human activities on the moon and to expand the possibilities for deep space science.     

同波束VLBI技术用于月球双探测器精密定轨及重力场解算

同波束VLBI通过同时观测两个探测器的多点频信号,可以得到两个探测器之间高精度的差分相位时延,日本月球探测计划SELENE充分体现了这一技术在月球探测器精密定轨中的贡献。本文针对采样返回的月球探测任务中,轨道器和返回器同时绕月飞行期间,研究利用同波束VLBI跟踪数据在探测器精密定轨和月球重力场仿真解算中的贡献。结果表明,加入同波束VLBI跟踪数据之后,探测器定轨精度有显著提高,改进超过一个量级。综合同波束VLBI跟踪数据解算得到的重力场模型相比于传统的USB双程测距测速数据,中低阶次位系数精度有明显改进,并且定轨精度有望能达到米级。
     

嫦娥一号卫星的初步科学成果与嫦娥二号卫星的使命

嫦娥一号卫星于2007年10月24日在西昌卫星发射中心成功发射,2009年3月1日受控落月,在轨运行495d,一共取得了1.37Tbyte的原始科学探测数据,在此基础上生产出4Tbyte科学应用数据产品。通过对这些科学探测数据的初步分析和应用研究,已经获得了包括＂我国首次月球探测工程全月球影像图＂等在内的一系列科学成果,圆满实现了预期的各项科学目标,为推动我国月球与行星科学的研究和后续月球探测工程的开展奠定了重要基础。嫦娥二号卫星在嫦娥一号卫星取得圆满成功之后,进行了一系列技术改进,作为探月二期工程的先导星,将于今年年底前发射升空。嫦娥二号卫星从发射到第一次近月制动所经历的时间由13d缩短为5d,环月轨道高度由200km降低为100km,CCD相机的像元分辨率由120m提高到10m,激光高度计测量月面高程由1次/s提高到5次/s。嫦娥二号卫星将重点开展对月面着陆区地形地貌的精细探测,试验验证相关关键技术,为探月二期月面软着陆奠定科学和技术基础。     

Rationale and systems architecture for a near-term human lunar return

Early human missions to the Moon have landed on six different sites on the lunar surface. These have all been in the low-latitude regions of the near side of the Moon. Early missions were designed primarily to assure crew safety rather than for scientific value. While the later missions added increasingly more challenging science, they remained restricted to near-side, low-latitude sites. Since the 1970s, we have learned considerably more about lunar planetology and resources. A return within the next five to ten years can greatly stimulate future human space exploration activities. We can learn much more about the distribution of lunar resources, especially about hydrogen, hydrated minerals, and water ice because they appear to be abundant near the lunar poles. The presence of hydrogen opens the possibility of industrial use of lunar resources to provide fuel for space transportation throughout the solar system.This paper discusses the rationale for near-term return of human crews to the Moon, and the advantages to be gained by selecting the Moon as the next target for human missions beyond low-Earth orbit. It describes a systems architecture for early missions, including transportation and habitation aspects. Specifically, we describe a primary transportation architecture that emphasizes existing Earth-to-orbit transportation systems, using expendable launch vehicles for cargo delivery and the Space Shuttle and its derivatives for human transportation. Transfer nodes should be located at the International Space Station (ISS) and at the Earth-Moon L1 (libration point).Each of the major systems is described, and the requisite technology readiness is assessed. These systems include Earth-to-orbit transportation, lunar transfer, lunar descent and landing, surface habitation and mobility, and return to Earth. With optimum reliance on currently existing space systems and a technology readiness assessment, we estimate the minimum development time required and perform order-of-magnitude cost estimates of a near-term human lunar mission.     

Lunar transportation scenarios utilising the Space Elevator

The Space Elevator (SE) concept has begun to receive an increasing amount of attention within the space community over the past couple of years and is no longer widely dismissed as pure science fiction. In light of the renewed interest in a, possibly sustained, human presence on the Moon and the fact that transportation and logistics form the bottleneck of many conceivable lunar missions, it is interesting to investigate what role the SE could eventually play in implementing an efficient Earth to Moon transportation system. The elevator allows vehicles to ascend from Earth and be injected into a trans-lunar trajectory without the use of chemical thrusters, thus eliminating gravity loss, aerodynamic loss and the need of high thrust multistage launch systems. Such a system therefore promises substantial savings of propellant and structural mass and could greatly increase the efficiency of Earth to Moon transportation. This paper analyzes different elevator-based trans-lunar transportation scenarios and characterizes them in terms of a number of benchmark figures. The transportation scenarios include direct elevator-launched trans-lunar trajectories, elevator launched trajectories via L1 and L2, as well as launch from an Earth-based elevator and subsequent rendezvous with lunar elevators placed either on the near or on the far side of the Moon. The benchmark figures by which the different transfer options are characterized and evaluated include release radius (RR), required delta v, transfer times as well as other factors such as accessibility of different lunar latitudes, frequency of launch opportunities and mission complexity. The performances of the different lunar transfer options are compared with each other as well as with the performance of conventional mission concepts, represented by Apollo.     

Experiment LEND of the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter for high-resolution mapping of neutron emission of the Moon

The scientific objectives of neutron mapping of the Moon are presented as 3 investigation tasks of NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. Two tasks focus on mapping hydrogen content over the entire Moon and on testing the presence of water-ice deposits at the bottom of permanently shadowed craters at the lunar poles. The third task corresponds to the determination of neutron contribution to the total radiation dose at an altitude of 50 km above the Moon. We show that the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) will be capable of carrying out all 3 investigations. The design concept of LEND is presented together with results of numerical simulations of the instrument's sensitivity for hydrogen detection. The sensitivity of LEND is shown to be characterized by a hydrogen detection limit of about 100 ppm for a polar reference area with a radius of 5 km. If the presence of ice deposits in polar "cold traps" is confirmed, a unique record of many millions of years of lunar history would be obtained, by which the history of lunar impacts could be discerned from the layers of water ice and dust. Future applications of a LEND-type instrument for Mars orbital observations are also discussed.     

嫦娥一号月球探测卫星轨道设计

嫦娥一号卫星航天使命的主要科学目标是对月球及月地空间进行多种遥感探测,航天使命设计的主要和基本的部分是卫星飞行轨道的设计,其中包括在飞行过程中的轨道控制策略的设计。嫦娥一号的这条飞行轨道由三大部分组成:第一部分是绕地飞行的调相轨道,它们由周期为16h、24h、48h的三段轨道组成;第二部分是关键的地月转移轨道;第三部分是200km高度绕月飞行的使命轨道。文章给出了整个飞行轨道的设计思想。     

Scientific investigations at a lunar base.

Scientific investigations to be carried out at a lunar base can have significant impact on the location, extent, and complexity of lunar surface facilities. Among the potential research activities to be carried out are: (1) Lunar Science: Studies of the origin and history of the Moon and early solar system, based on lunar field investigations, operation of networks of seismic and other instruments, and collection and analysis of materials; (2) Space Plasma Physics: Studies of the time variation of the charged particles of the solar wind, solar flares and cosmic rays that impact the Moon as it moves in and out of the magnetotail of the Earth; (3) Astronomy: Utilizing the lunar environment and stability of the surface to emplace arrays of astronomical instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum to improve spectral and spatial resolution by several orders of magnitude beyond the Hubble Space Telescope and other space observatories; (4) Fundamental physics and chemistry: Research that takes advantage of the lunar environment, such as high vacuum, low magnetic field, and thermal properties to carry out new investigations in chemistry and physics. This includes material sciences and applications; (5) Life Sciences: Experiments, such as those that require extreme isolation, highly sterile conditions, or very low natural background of organic materials may be possible; and (6) Lunar environmental science: Because many of the experiments proposed for the lunar surface depend on the special environment of the Moon, it will be necessary to understand the mechanisms that are active and which determine the major aspects of that environment, particularly the maintenance of high-vacuum conditions. From a large range of experiments, investigations and facilities that have been suggested, three specific classes of investigations are described in greater detail to show how site selection and base complexity may be affected: (1) Extended geological investigation of a complex region up to 250 kilometers from the base requires long range mobility, with transportable life support systems and laboratory facilities for the analysis of rocks and soil. Selection of an optimum base site would depend heavily on an evaluation of the degree to which science objectives could be met. These objectives could include lunar cratering, volcanism, resource surveys or other investigations; (2) An astronomical observatory initially instrumented with a VLF radio telescope, but later expanding to include other instruments, requires site preparation capability, "line shack" life support systems, instrument maintenance and storage facilities, and sortie mode transportation. A site perpetually shielded from Earth is optimum for the advanced stages of a lunar observatory; (3) an experimental physics laboratory conducting studies requiring high vacuum facilities and heavily instrumented experiments, is not highly dependent on lunar location, but will require much more flexibility in experiment operation and EVA capability, and more sophisticated instrument maintenance and fabrication facilities.     

Low cost planetary exploration: surrey lunar minisatellite and interplanetary platform missions

In order to meet the growing global requirement for affordable missions beyond Low Earth Orbit, two types of platform are under design at the Surrey Space Centre. The first platform is a derivative of Surrey's UoSAT-12 minisatellite, launched in April 1999 and operating successfully in-orbit. The minisatellite has been modified to accommodate a propulsion system capable of delivering up to 1700 m/s delta-V, enabling it to support a wide range of very low cost missions to LaGrange points, Near-Earth Objects, and the Moon. A mission to the Moon - dubbed “MoonShine” - is proposed as the first demonstration of the modified minisatellite beyond LEO. The second platform - Surrey's Interplanetary Platform - has been designed to support missions with delta-V requirements up to 3200 m/s, making it ideal for low cost missions to Mars and Venus, as well as Near Earth Objects (NEOs) and other interplanetary trajectories. Analysis has proved mission feasibility, identifying key challenges in both missions for developing cost-effective techniques for: spacecraft propulsion; navigation; autonomous operations; and a reliable safe mode strategy. To reduce mission risk, inherently failure resistant lunar and interplanetary trajectories are under study. In order to significantly reduce cost and increase reliability, both platforms can communicate with low-cost ground stations and exploit Surrey's experience in autonomous operations. The lunar minisatellite can provide up to 70 kg payload margin in lunar orbit for a total mission cost US$16–25 M. The interplanetary platform can deliver 20 kg of scientific payload to Mars or Venus orbit for a mission cost US$25–50 M. Together, the platforms will enable regular flight of payloads to the Moon and interplanetary space at unprecedented low cost. This paper outlines key systems engineering issues for the proposed Lunar Minisatellite and interplanetary Platform Missions, and describes the accommodation and performance offered to planetary payloads.