一粒小麦小孢子发生过程中的细胞并合

经检测,在正常的一粒小麦(TriticummonococumL.)中有细胞并合发生.细胞并合仅存在于减数分裂的凝线期,核物质从一个花粉母细胞到邻近花粉母细胞的转移是通过胞质通道进行的.细胞并合的发生是自发的,且在花粉母细胞中有方向性.本次调查中未观察到花粉败育现象,具细胞并合的植株结实也未受影响.中期Ⅰ一些花粉母细胞的染色体数目有变化,这造成一些花粉母细胞在后期Ⅰ时出现非正常分离.由于异常花粉母细胞很少,孟德尔分离比例仍然成立.这被认为是在常规遗传分析中不能检测出细胞并合的效应的原因.     

半夏绒毡层细胞降解的显微观察及花粉活力检测

本文对三叶半夏的变形绒毡层的降解过程进行了显微观察，发现绒毡层细胞随着花粉母细胞的减数分裂和小孢子发育的进行，其细胞位置、细胞壁和核的形态发生改变．Feulgen反应显示变化过程中细胞核内染色质结构是完整的，染色质与细胞结构随着花粉的成熟逐渐降解．FCR法检测，发现花粉活力在散落后逐渐降低．本文探讨了绒毡层与花粉活力的关系，以及半夏在自然情况下有性繁殖能力较低的原因．     

X射线对小麦花粉母细胞减数分裂的影响

1.在处理过的材料中,不少花粉母细胞在整个减数分裂的过程中,不论是在分裂的任何时期均观察到有不正常的染色体产生,染色体发生胶合或膨大,出现微核,后期桥,落后及先行染色体等。甚致在分裂间期也见到核呈现固缩。2.在处理过的材料中,由于其花粉母细胞的染色体遭受破坏产生了不正常的减数分裂,结果形成不少空的败育花粉粒,这可能是产量降低的因素之一。3.在处理过的材料中,也观察到有少数正常大小形态的花粉粒,这可能是由于处理休眠种子,其含水量少,细胞均处于休眠状态,对 X 射线的敏感性不强的关系,故一些花粉母细胞均能进行正常的减数分裂。4.在对照的材料中,亦见有极少数花粉母细胞产生不正常的分裂,染色体发生胶合,出现染色体桥及落后染色体等。5.在对照的材料中,花粉母细胞产生不正常染色体的原因是多方面的,外界条件不仅与不正常的温度有关,还可能与不同地区的某些条件如宇宙线照射等有关。内在因素可能与其花粉母细胞的生理生化活动有关。6.在对照和处理过的材料中,其花粉母细胞的减数分裂均为顺序型,四分孢子均为田字形。     

川谷×薏苡F_1减数分裂异常及花粉败育

本研究发现：川谷×薏苡Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中．在中期Ⅰ和后期Ⅰ，较多的母细胞中出现了落后染色体，并有多种其他异常现象。Ｆ１花粉败育率高达７９．５％，败育多发生在单核期，有两种败育类型。     

中国水仙的胚胎学研究

中国水仙(Narcissustazetta var．chinensis)只开花不结实．以鳞茎球营养繁殖．在花芽发育过程中．减数分裂前的小孢子母细胞发育未显示异常．但在减数分裂过程中．许多细胞中显示出了异常的落后染色体现象．小孢子四分体主要呈左右对称型。细胞质分裂为连续型．四分体时期后。大部分小孢子呈空瘪状态。少部分小孢子含有染色较深的细胞质．约27％的花粉可发育成比较正常的二胞花粉．离体萌发实验中，有极少数花粉可萌发出花粉管。但在授粉的花柱柱头上未观察到花粉管．雌蕊由三心皮构成3室子房．中轴胎座．其上着生了上60～90个胚珠．胚珠倒生．双珠被，薄珠心．胚囊发生属于单孢子型，但大多数胚囊发育中途失败。只有约4％的胚囊可发育成7胞8核的蓼型胚囊．中国水仙雌、雄配子体发育异常和花粉在柱头上不能萌发是它只开花不结实的两个根本原因．     

黄牡丹花粉母细胞减数分裂过程的细胞遗传学观察

对黄牡丹花粉母细胞的减数分裂过程进行了全面的观察，发现在其减数分裂中存在诸如单价体、四价体、多价体、同源染色体联会不分离，后期Ⅰ～Ⅱ染色体桥及染色体断片、落后染色体、微核等一系列异常现象．统计了异常现象出现的频率；从细胞遗传学水平上分析了黄牡丹在野外结实率低与花粉母细胞减数分裂异常的关系．     

烟草花药发育过程中钙动态分布的初步观察

在烟草花药发育过程中,用焦锑酸钾沉淀的松弛结合钙显示出了一个与花药发育事态有关的动态:在孢原细胞时期的花药中几乎看不到钙颗粒.但到小孢子母细胞时期,花药中开始有钙颗粒沉淀,而且显示出向花药室中流动的迹象.当花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时,花药绒毡层细胞和花粉母细胞中出现了许多的细小钙颗粒.在小孢子发育时期,在绒毡层细胞解体之前,细胞中的钙被集中到小液泡中.在小孢子细胞质中仍有较多的钙颗粒,同时在花粉壁上也有钙颗粒沉积在外壁的基部.到小孢子分裂形成二胞花粉后,细胞质中的钙明显减少.当二胞花粉中的大液泡消失,细胞质中积累淀粉粒以后,花粉中可看到的钙颗粒很少.同时,在花药维管束周围的薄壁细胞中,又出现了较多的钙颗粒,表明花粉对钙离子的需求可能已降低.烟草花药发育过程中钙的动态分布特征暗示着钙参与了调控花粉发育过程,尤其是与小孢子转变过程中的重要事态有密切关系.     

花粉母细胞减数分裂细胞及染色体变化研究

为了帮助细胞分子生物学初学者在显微镜下尽快识别植物花粉母细胞减数分裂细胞及染色体变化特征,以玉米花粉母细胞为材料,制作了玉米花粉母细胞减数分裂的细线期、偶线期、粗线期、双线期和终变(浓缩)期、前Ⅰ、中Ⅰ、后Ⅰ、末Ⅰ、前Ⅱ、中Ⅱ、后Ⅱ、末Ⅱ玻片并在显微镜下拍照,依据照片描述各时期细胞及染色体变化特征,以期为细胞分子生物学初学者系统学习植物花粉母细胞减数分裂玻片制片,识别各时期(尤其是终变期和Ⅰ中花粉母细胞)细胞及染色体动态变化提供参考。     

巨峰葡萄小孢子的发生和雄配子体发育的研究

本试验进行了巨峰葡萄小孢子的发生和雄配子体发育的观察研究。花序长4.0cm时为小孢子母细胞发生期,花序长5.0～5.8cm时为小孢子母细胞减数分裂集中期,花序长6.0cm时为花粉单核中央期,花序长8.5cm时为单核花粉靠边期,开花前1week左右观察到成熟花粉,巨峰葡萄成熟花粉为2细胞花粉。     

沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）小孢子发育的超微结构研究

本文对沙冬青小孢子发育的超微结构进行了观察，主要结果为：１）小孢子母细胞早期壁上有胞间连丝，随着发育，壁上出现了胞质通道．母细胞中内质网、线粒体和质体丰富，细胞处于明显的代谢活跃状态．四分体时期内质网消失．２）在小孢子发育各期质体和线粒体一直存在，细胞质中分布着小液泡，质膜上有泡状内陷．小孢子核靠壁后发生有丝分裂形成两个大小悬殊的细胞，此时，可见到大量的质体集中分布在营养细胞质中靠近生殖细胞壁的附近．３）在小孢子早期，绒毡层中内质网、线粒体和质体丰富，内质网持续产生大量小泡并在其中沉积电子致密物形成球状体（Ｏｒｂｉｃｕｌｅ）．小孢子后期，绒毡层细胞中内质网消失，出现大量的多泡体、球状体和脂体，绒毡层开始解体．在２－细胞花粉时绒毡层的解体产物大量流入花药腔中．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-